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Wellinger RE, Aguilar-Ruiz JS. A new challenge for data analytics: transposons. BioData Min 2022; 15:9. [PMID: 35337342 PMCID: PMC8957154 DOI: 10.1186/s13040-022-00294-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf E Wellinger
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla - CSIC - Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, 41092, Spain.,Department of Genetics, University of Seville, Seville, 41012, Spain
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Guintini L, Tremblay M, Toussaint M, D'Amours A, Wellinger RE, Wellinger RJ, Conconi A. Repair of UV-induced DNA lesions in natural Saccharomyces cerevisiae telomeres is moderated by Sir2 and Sir3, and inhibited by yKu-Sir4 interaction. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:4577-4589. [PMID: 28334768 PMCID: PMC5416773 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet light (UV) causes DNA damage that is removed by nucleotide excision repair (NER). UV-induced DNA lesions must be recognized and repaired in nucleosomal DNA, higher order structures of chromatin and within different nuclear sub-compartments. Telomeric DNA is made of short tandem repeats located at the ends of chromosomes and their maintenance is critical to prevent genome instability. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the chromatin structure of natural telomeres is distinctive and contingent to telomeric DNA sequences. Namely, nucleosomes and Sir proteins form the heterochromatin like structure of X-type telomeres, whereas a more open conformation is present at Y’-type telomeres. It is proposed that there are no nucleosomes on the most distal telomeric repeat DNA, which is bound by a complex of proteins and folded into higher order structure. How these structures affect NER is poorly understood. Our data indicate that the X-type, but not the Y’-type, sub-telomeric chromatin modulates NER, a consequence of Sir protein-dependent nucleosome stability. The telomere terminal complex also prevents NER, however, this effect is largely dependent on the yKu–Sir4 interaction, but Sir2 and Sir3 independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Guintini
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201 rue Jean-Mignault, Sherbrooke J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Maxime Tremblay
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201 rue Jean-Mignault, Sherbrooke J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Martin Toussaint
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201 rue Jean-Mignault, Sherbrooke J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Annie D'Amours
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201 rue Jean-Mignault, Sherbrooke J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Ralf E Wellinger
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Universidad de Sevilla, CSIC, Avda Américo Vespucio s/n, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Raymund J Wellinger
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201 rue Jean-Mignault, Sherbrooke J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Antonio Conconi
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201 rue Jean-Mignault, Sherbrooke J1E 4K8, Canada
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Abstract
Inorganic Se forms such as selenate or selenite (the two more abundant forms in nature) can be toxic in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, which constitute an adequate model to study such toxicity at the molecular level and the functions participating in protection against Se compounds. Those Se forms enter the yeast cell through other oxyanion transporters. Once inside the cell, inorganic Se forms may be converted into selenide through a reductive pathway that in physiological conditions involves reduced glutathione with its consequent oxidation into diglutathione and alteration of the cellular redox buffering capacity. Selenide can subsequently be converted by molecular oxygen into elemental Se, with production of superoxide anions and other reactive oxygen species. Overall, these events result in DNA damage and dose-dependent reversible or irreversible protein oxidation, although additional oxidation of other cellular macromolecules cannot be discarded. Stress-adaptation pathways are essential for efficient Se detoxification, while activation of DNA damage checkpoint and repair pathways protects against Se-mediated genotoxicity. We propose that yeast may be used to improve our knowledge on the impact of Se on metal homeostasis, the identification of Se-targets at the DNA and protein levels, and to gain more insights into the mechanism of Se-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Herrero
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, IRBLleida, Rovira Roure 80, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Ralf E Wellinger
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
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Manzano-Lopez J, Perez-Linero AM, Aguilera-Romero A, Martin ME, Okano T, Silva DV, Seeberger PH, Riezman H, Funato K, Goder V, Wellinger RE, Muñiz M. COPII coat composition is actively regulated by luminal cargo maturation. Curr Biol 2014; 25:152-162. [PMID: 25557665 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Export from the ER is an essential process driven by the COPII coat, which forms vesicles at ER exit sites (ERESs) to transport mature secretory proteins to the Golgi. Although the basic mechanism of COPII assembly is known, how COPII machinery is regulated to meet varying cellular secretory demands is unclear. RESULTS Here, we report a specialized COPII system that is actively recruited by luminal cargo maturation. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are luminal secretory proteins anchored to the membrane by the glycolipid GPI. After protein attachment in the ER lumen, lipid and glycan parts of the GPI anchor are remodeled. In yeast, GPI-lipid remodeling concentrates GPI-APs into specific ERESs. We found that GPI-glycan remodeling induces subsequent recruitment of the specialized ER export machinery that enables vesicle formation from these specific ERESs. First, the transmembrane cargo receptor p24 complex binds GPI-APs as a lectin by recognizing the remodeled GPI-glycan. Binding of remodeled cargo induces the p24 complex to recruit the COPII subtype Lst1p, specifically required for GPI-AP ER export. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that COPII coat recruitment by cargo receptors is not constitutive but instead is actively regulated by binding of mature ligands. Therefore, we reveal a novel functional link between luminal cargo maturation and COPII vesicle budding, providing a mechanism to adjust specialized COPII vesicle production to the amount and quality of their luminal cargos that are ready for ER exit. This helps to understand how the ER export machinery adapts to different needs for luminal cargo secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria E Martin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Tatsuki Okano
- Department of Bioresource Science and Technology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Daniel Varon Silva
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Howard Riezman
- NCCR Chemical Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Sciences II, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Kouichi Funato
- Department of Bioresource Science and Technology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Veit Goder
- Department of Genetics, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Ralf E Wellinger
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Manuel Muñiz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
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Assali M, Cid JJ, Pernía-Leal M, Muñoz-Bravo M, Fernández I, Wellinger RE, Khiar N. Glyconanosomes: disk-shaped nanomaterials for the water solubilization and delivery of hydrophobic molecules. ACS Nano 2013; 7:2145-2153. [PMID: 23421374 DOI: 10.1021/nn304986x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the first report on a new class of disk-shaped and quite monodisperse water-soluble nanomaterials that we named glyconanosomes (GNS). GNSs were obtained by sliding out the cylindrical structures formed upon self-organization and photopolymerization of glycolipid 1 on single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) sidewalls. GNSs present a sheltered hydrophobic inner cavity formed by the carbonated tails, surrounded by PEG and lactose moieties. The amphiphilic character of GNSs allows the water solubility of insoluble hydrophobic cargos such as a perylene-bisimide derivative, [60]fullerene, or the anti-carcinogenic drug camptothecin (CPT). GNS/C60 inclusion complexes are able to establish specific interactions between peanut agglutinin (PNA) lectin and the lactose moiety surrounding the complexes, while CPT solubilized by GNS shows higher cytotoxicity toward MCF7-type breast cancer cells than CPT alone. Thus, GNS represents an attractive extension of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohyeddin Assali
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis and Functional Nanosystems, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, C/Américo Vepucio 49, 41092 Seville, Spain
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de la Loza MCD, Wellinger RE, Aguilera A. Stimulation of direct-repeat recombination by RNA polymerase III transcription. DNA Repair (Amst) 2009; 8:620-6. [PMID: 19168400 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2008.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Revised: 12/13/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells have to regulate the progression and integrity of DNA replication forks through concomitantly transcribed genes. A transcription-dependent increase of recombination within protein-coding and ribosomal genes of eukaryotic cells is well documented. Here we addressed whether tRNA transcription and tRNA-dependent transcription-associated replication pausing leads to genetic instability. Thus, we designed a plasmid based, LEU2 direct-repeat containing system for the analysis of factors that contribute to tRNA(SUP53)-dependent genetic instability. We show that tRNA(SUP53) transcription is recombinogenic and that recombination can be further stimulated by deletion of the 5' to 3' helicase Rrm3. Furthermore, tRNA(SUP53)-dependent recombination was markedly increased in the presence of 4-NQO in rrm3Delta cells only. The frequency of recombination events mediated by tRNA(SUP53) transcription does not correlate with the appearance and intensity of replication fork pausing sites. Our results provide evidence that the convergent encounter of replication and RNA polymerase III transcription machineries stimulates recombination, although to a lesser extent than RNA polymerase I or II transcription. However, there is no correlation between recombination and the specific replication fork pausing sites found at the tRNA (SUP53) gene. Our results indicate that tRNA-specific replication fork pausing sites are poorly recombinogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Díaz de la Loza
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Universidad de Sevilla - CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
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de la Loza MCD, Wellinger RE. A novel approach for organelle-specific DNA damage targeting reveals different susceptibility of mitochondrial DNA to the anticancer drugs camptothecin and topotecan. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 37:e26. [PMID: 19151088 PMCID: PMC2651790 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn1087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA is susceptible of being damaged by chemicals, UV light or gamma irradiation. Nuclear DNA damage invokes both a checkpoint and a repair response. By contrast, little is known about the cellular response to mitochondrial DNA damage. We designed an experimental system that allows organelle-specific DNA damage targeting in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. DNA damage is mediated by a toxic topoisomerase I allele which leads to the formation of persistent DNA single-strand breaks. We show that organelle-specific targeting of a toxic topoisomerase I to either the nucleus or mitochondria leads to nuclear DNA damage and cell death or to loss of mitochondrial DNA and formation of respiration-deficient ‘petite’ cells, respectively. In wild-type cells, toxic topoisomerase I–DNA intermediates are formed as a consequence of topoisomerase I interaction with camptothecin-based anticancer drugs. We reasoned that targeting of topoisomerase I to the mitochondria of top1Δ cells should lead to petite formation in the presence of camptothecin. Interestingly, camptothecin failed to generate petite; however, its derivative topotecan accumulates in mitochondria and induces petite formation. Our findings demonstrate that drug modifications can lead to organelle-specific DNA damage and thus opens new perspectives on the role of mitochondrial DNA-damage in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Díaz de la Loza
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Universidad de Sevilla - CSIC, Avda, Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
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Huertas P, García-Rubio ML, Wellinger RE, Luna R, Aguilera A. An hpr1 point mutation that impairs transcription and mRNP biogenesis without increasing recombination. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:7451-65. [PMID: 16908536 PMCID: PMC1636866 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00684-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
THO/TREX, a conserved eukaryotic protein complex, is a key player at the interface between transcription and mRNP metabolism. The lack of a functional THO complex impairs transcription, leads to transcription-dependent hyperrecombination, causes mRNA export defects and fast mRNA decay, and retards replication fork progression in a transcription-dependent manner. To get more insight into the interconnection between mRNP biogenesis and genomic instability, we searched for HPR1 mutations that differentially affect gene expression and recombination. We isolated mutants that were barely affected in gene expression but exhibited a hyperrecombination phenotype. In addition, we isolated a mutant, hpr1-101, with a strong defect in transcription, as observed for lacZ, and a general defect in mRNA export that did not display a relevant hyperrecombination phenotype. In THO single-null mutants, but not in the hpr1 point mutants studied, THO and its subunits were unstable. Interestingly, in contrast to hyperrecombinant null mutants, hpr1-101 did not cause retardation of replication fork progression. Transcription and mRNP biogenesis can therefore be impaired by THO/TREX dysfunction without increasing recombination, suggesting that it is possible to separate the mechanism(s) responsible for mRNA biogenesis defects from the further step of triggering transcription-dependent recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Huertas
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avd. Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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Wellinger RE, Prado F, Aguilera A. Replication fork progression is impaired by transcription in hyperrecombinant yeast cells lacking a functional THO complex. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:3327-34. [PMID: 16581804 PMCID: PMC1446968 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.26.8.3327-3334.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
THO/TREX is a conserved, eukaryotic protein complex operating at the interface between transcription and messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) metabolism. THO mutations impair transcription and lead to increased transcription-associated recombination (TAR). These phenotypes are dependent on the nascent mRNA; however, the molecular mechanism by which impaired mRNP biogenesis triggers recombination in THO/TREX mutants is unknown. In this study, we provide evidence that deficient mRNP biogenesis causes slowdown or pausing of the replication fork in hpr1Delta mutants. Impaired replication appears to depend on sequence-specific features since it was observed upon activation of lacZ but not leu2 transcription. Replication fork progression could be partially restored by hammerhead ribozyme-guided self-cleavage of the nascent mRNA. Additionally, hpr1Delta increased the number of S-phase but not G(2)-dependent TAR events as well as the number of budded cells containing Rad52 repair foci. Our results link transcription-dependent genomic instability in THO mutants with impaired replication fork progression, suggesting a molecular basis for a connection between inefficient mRNP biogenesis and genetic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf E Wellinger
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Seville, Spain
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Abstract
The neutral/neutral (N/N) two-dimensional (2-D) agarose gel technique is a useful tool for understanding the mechanisms leading to the complete duplication of linear eukaryotic chromosomes. For the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it has been used to localize and characterize origins of replication as well as fork progression characteristics in a variety of experimental settings. The method involves running a first-dimension gel in order to separate restriction-digested replication intermediates of different mass. A gel slice containing the continuum of replicating DNA is then cut and subjected to a second-dimension gel, such as to resolve replication intermediates of varying topology. The 2-D gel is then blotted and probed to allow an examination of replication intermediates in specific DNA regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain T Dandjinou
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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11
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González-Barrera S, Cortés-Ledesma F, Wellinger RE, Aguilera A. Equal sister chromatid exchange is a major mechanism of double-strand break repair in yeast. Mol Cell 2003; 11:1661-71. [PMID: 12820977 DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(03)00183-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Equal sister chromatid exchange (SCE) has been thought to be an important mechanism of double-strand break (DSB) repair in eukaryotes, but this has never been proven due to the difficulty of distinguishing SCE products from parental molecules. To evaluate the biological relevance of equal SCE in DSB repair and to understand the underlying molecular mechanism, we developed recombination substrates for the analysis of DSB repair by SCE in yeast. In these substrates, most breaks are limited to one chromatid, allowing the intact sister chromatid to serve as the repair template; both equal and unequal SCE can be detected. We show that equal SCE is a major mechanism of DSB repair, is Rad51 dependent, and is stimulated by Rad59 and Mre11. Our work provides a physical analysis of mitotically occurring SCE in vivo and opens new perspectives for the study and understanding of DSB repair in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio González-Barrera
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
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12
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Abstract
Every unit of the rRNA gene cluster of Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains a unique site, termed the replication fork barrier (RFB), where progressing replication forks are stalled in a polar manner. In this work, we determined the positions of the nascent strands at the RFB at nucleotide resolution. Within an HpaI-HindIII fragment essential for the RFB, a major and two closely spaced minor arrest sites were found. In the majority of molecules, the stalled lagging strand was completely processed and the discontinuously synthesized nascent lagging strand was extended three bases farther than the continuously synthesized leading strand. A model explaining these findings is presented. Our analysis included for the first time the use of T4 endonuclease VII, an enzyme recognizing branched DNA molecules. This enzyme cleaved predominantly in the newly synthesized homologous arms, thereby specifically releasing the leading arm.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gruber
- Institute of Cell Biology, ETH Hönggerberg, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Wellinger
- Institut für Zellbiologie, Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule, Hönggerberg, Zürich, Switzerland
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14
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Abstract
DNA damage formation and repair are tightly linked to protein-DNA interactions in chromatin. We have used minichromosomes in yeast as chromatin substrates in vivo to investigate how nucleotide excision repair (NER) and repair by DNA-photolyase (photoreactivation) remove pyrimidine dimers from an origin of replication ( ARS1 ). The ARS1 region is nuclease sensitive and flanked by nucleosomes on both sides. Photoreactivation was generally faster than NER at all sites. Site-specific heterogeneity of repair was observed for both pathways. This heterogeneity was different for NER and photoreactivation and it was altered in a minichromosome where ARS1 was transcribed. The results indicate distinct inter-actions of the repair systems with protein complexes bound in the ARS region (ORC, Abf1) and a predominant role of photolyase in CPD repair of an origin of replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Suter
- Institut für Zellbiologie, ETH-Zürich, Hönggerberg, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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15
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Keller RC, Mossi R, Maga G, Wellinger RE, Hübscher U, Sogo JM. Electron microscopic analysis reveals that replication factor C is sequestered by single-stranded DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 1999; 27:3433-7. [PMID: 10446230 PMCID: PMC148584 DOI: 10.1093/nar/27.17.3433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication factor C (RF-C) is a eukaryotic heteropentameric protein required for DNA replication and repair processes by loading proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) onto DNA in an ATP-dependent manner. Prior to loading PCNA, RF-C binds to DNA. This binding is thought to be restricted to a specific DNA structure, namely to a primer/template junction. Using the electron microscope we have examined the affinity of human heteropentameric RF-C and the DNA-binding region within the large subunit of RF-C from Drosophila melanogaster (dRF-Cp140) to heteroduplex DNA. The electron microscopic data indicate that both human heteropentameric RF-C and the DNA-binding region within dRF-Cp140 are sequestered by single-stranded DNA. No preferential affinity for the 3' or 5' transition points from single- to double-stranded DNA was evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Keller
- Institute for Cell Biology, ETH-Hönggerberg, CH-8049 Zürich, Switzerland
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Nightingale KP, Wellinger RE, Sogo JM, Becker PB. Histone acetylation facilitates RNA polymerase II transcription of the Drosophila hsp26 gene in chromatin. EMBO J 1998; 17:2865-76. [PMID: 9582280 PMCID: PMC1170627 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/17.10.2865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of activators are known to increase transcription by RNA polymerase (pol) II through protein acetylation. While the physiological substrates for those acetylases are poorly defined, possible targets include general transcription factors, activator proteins and histones. Using a cell-free system to reconstitute chromatin with increased histone acetylation levels, we directly tested for a causal role of histone acetylation in transcription by RNA pol II. Chromatin, containing either control or acetylated histones, was reconstituted to comparable nucleosome densities and characterized by electron microscopy after psoralen cross-linking as well as by in vitro transcription. While H1-containing control chromatin severely repressed transcription of our model hsp26 gene, highly acetylated chromatin was significantly less repressive. Acetylation of histones, and particularly of histone H4, affected transcription at the level of initiation. Monitoring the ability of the transcription machinery to associate with the promoter in chromatin, we found that heat shock factor, a crucial regulator of heat shock gene transcription, profited most from histone acetylation. These experiments demonstrate that histone acetylation can modulate activator access to their target sites in chromatin, and provide a causal link between histone acetylation and enhanced transcription initiation of RNA pol II in chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Nightingale
- Gene Expression Programme, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
By the use of psoralen crosslinking and primer extension, a method was developed which allows the analysis of chromatin structure in vivo. Using a yeast minichromosome, >9 nucleosomes were mapped with a resolution of at least +/-30 bp.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Wellinger
- Institut fur Zellbiologie, ETH-Hönggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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18
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Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a major pathway to remove pyrimidine dimers (PDs), a class of DNA lesions generated by ultraviolet light. Since folding of DNA into nucleosomes restricts its accessibility and since transcription and DNA repair require access to DNA, nucleosome structure and positioning as well as the transcriptional state may affect DNA repair. We recently determined the chromatin structure of the yeast URA3 gene at high resolution and found multiple positions of nucleosomes as well as strand- and site-specific variation in DNA accessibility to DNase I (internal protected regions). Here, the same high-resolution primer extension technique was used to investigate NER of PDs in the URA3 gene of a mini-chromosome in vivo. In the non-transcribed strand (NTS), fast repair correlates with PD locations in linker DNA and towards the 5' end of a positioned nucleosome. Slow repair correlates with the internal protected region of the nucleosome. This repair heterogeneity reflects a modulation of NER by positioned nucleosomes in the NTS. NER in the transcribed strand (TS) is fast, less heterogeneous and shows no correlation with chromatin structure. Apparently, transcription-coupled repair overrides chromatin modulation of NER in the TS. Heterogeneity in NER generated by chromatin structure on the NTS may contribute to heterogeneity in mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Wellinger
- Institut für Zellbiologie, ETH, Hönggerberg, Zürich, Switzerland
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Wellinger
- Institut für Zellbiologie, ETH-Hönggerberg, Zürich, Switzerland
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