Assessment of dietary-lifestyle patterns and adherence to the USDA recommendations in Lebanese pregnant women amid the economic crisis: Findings from a national representative cross-sectional study

As Lebanon's economic crisis become uncontrollable, Lebanese pregnant women face malnutrition, with many having to skip meals and switch to resort to cheap and unhealthy alternatives altogether. The objectives of the study were to assess the dietary and lifestyle patterns of Lebanese pregnant women and to evaluate their diets compliance with the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) pregnancy recommendations, before and during the Lebanese escalating economic crisis. A cross-sectional study was conducted between April 2021 and January 2022. A validated self-administrated questionnaire was administered during the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy among 363 women in all Lebanese governorates. Most of the pregnant women were free of diseases. While the majority did not smoke, 14.1% smoked hookah / shisha during pregnancy. The adherence to the USDA recommendations in our sample did not significantly vary prior to and throughout the socioeconomic crisis, and it was generally low. Only the mean consumption of vegetables increased during the socioeconomic crisis (p<0.05). Regarding physical activity, while the proportion of active women slightly decreased during the socioeconomic crisis, around 55% were still active. In conclusion, higher attention should be given to the dietary habits and health of this critical population, through effective interventions that increase awareness and achieve measurable improvements.

Digging out insights and behavioral correlates of false and true femininity in borderline personality disorder patients attending four-step integrative model group psychotherapy

Introduction

The four-step integrative model of psychotherapy is concerned with individual's needs, wants, rights and decisions in that order. It may carry a promise for deep and changing vision for patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD).

Objectives

The study of the illuminating and changing effect of dealing with BPD patients in view of their needs, wants, rights and decisions.

Aims

To evaluate the effect of group work through the hierarchy of the four-step integrative model with BPD patients and to help them explore false and true elements of their femininity.

Methods

Forty-three female patients (age range: 19-37) diagnosed according to DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for BPD were enrolled in a dynamic psychotherapy group. Their progress was evaluated using Borderline evaluation of severity over time (BEST) and they wrote down detailed comments about their experience quarterly.

Results

Results of regular attendants for 2 years were included (35 = 81.4%). The results of BEST showed a significant reduction of BPD severity at the end of 1 and 2 years. During psychotherapy sessions and within their quarterly comments, patients expressed their change in terms of moving from a state of cunning, manipulation, aggression, arrogance, envy and rejection (as stemming from their false femininity) into wisdom, confrontation, patience, pride, healthy competition and containment respectively (as stemming from their true femininity).

Conclusions

Patients with BPD may gain a better insight and genuine change as they realize what is false and what is true about their femininity in the context of attending four-step integrative model group psychotherapy.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Varicella zoster virus infection of the central nervous system in a tertiary care center in Lebanon

OBJECTIVE

To describe the clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes of patients with VZV meningitis and encephalitis consulting at two medical centers in Lebanon.

METHODS

Retrospective study of patients with VZV meningitis and/or encephalitis confirmed by positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) VZV PCR.

RESULTS

Twenty patients were identified (13 males). The average age was 49.7±22.2 years. The most common complaint was headache (n=17/20). Common comorbidities included hypertension (n=7/20) and diabetes mellitus (n=5/20). Immunosuppression was reported in two patients. Vesicles were only observed in eight patients. Altered mental status, focal neurological deficits, and fever were documented in six, two, and four patients respectively. All patients had CSF leukocytosis with lymphocytic predominance, normal CSF/serum glucose ratio, and high CSF protein. Eighteen patients had brain CT scans showing no relevant findings. Two of 12 patients with brain MRI had focal abnormalities. Unilateral temporal slow waves were observed in three of four patients who underwent electroencephalograms. Four patients had encephalitis and 16 had meningitis. Eighteen patients received an antiviral therapy. Treatment either included intravenous acyclovir or oral valacyclovir. The encephalitis and meningitis groups had comparable mean duration of treatment (13.5±6.6 vs. 12.2±5.4, respectively). All admitted patients showed clinical cure with no reported neurological sequelae.

CONCLUSION

VZV infection should be suspected in any patient with signs and symptoms of viral meningitis or encephalitis, irrespective of age, immune status, presence or absence of vesicles, fever, or neck stiffness.

Ceramide Transporter CERT Is Involved in Muscle Insulin Signaling Defects Under Lipotoxic Conditions

One main mechanism of insulin resistance (IR), a key feature of type 2 diabetes, is the accumulation of saturated fatty acids (FAs) in the muscles of obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Understanding the mechanism that underlies lipid-induced IR is an important challenge. Saturated FAs are metabolized into lipid derivatives called ceramides, and their accumulation plays a central role in the development of muscle IR. Ceramides are produced in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and transported to the Golgi apparatus through a transporter called CERT, where they are converted into various sphingolipid species. We show that CERT protein expression is reduced in all IR models studied because of a caspase-dependent cleavage. Inhibiting CERT activity in vitro potentiates the deleterious action of lipotoxicity on insulin signaling, whereas overexpression of CERT in vitro or in vivo decreases muscle ceramide content and improves insulin signaling. In addition, inhibition of caspase activity prevents ceramide-induced insulin signaling defects in C2C12 muscle cells. Altogether, these results demonstrate the importance of physiological ER-to-Golgi ceramide traffic to preserve muscle cell insulin signaling and identify CERT as a major actor in this process.

Familial Mediterranean Fever: Observations from a pilot gene expression microarray analysis study

Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) is an autosomal recessive autoinflammatory disease affecting people of Mediterranean ancestry. The disease is caused by mutations in the MEFV gene located on chromosome 16p13.3. The aim of this pilot study was to assess global gene expression and identify genes and pathways involved in FMF that could be downstream to MEFV mutations or could be novel involved. EDTA blood samples were collected from 14 patients showing FMF-like symptoms and age-matched to 7 controls showing healthy conditions. Microarray was used to assess global gene expression and identify genes and pathways involved in FMF. When we compared individuals with MEFV mutations (homozygous and heterozygous) to control group, probe sets of receptor proteins HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 were significantly over expressed by 5 folds  among the patients group. Despite its limitations, this pilot study could strongly suggest that the role of HLA be investigated in the pathogenesis of MEFV mutation and as a potential moderator explaining penetrance and variation in symptoms among patient groups.

CYP2R1 polymorphisms are important modulators of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in elderly females with vitamin insufficiency, but not of the response to vitamin D supplementation

We studied the association between CYP2R1 genetic polymorphisms and circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] before and after supplementation with vitamin D3 in 218 elderly. We found differences between 3 and 8 ng/ml in circulating levels at baseline in women but not in the response after 1 year of supplementation.

INTRODUCTION

This study evaluated the association between polymorphisms in four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the CYP2R1 gene and 25(OH)D levels before and 1 year after supplementation with two different doses of vitamin D3 (600 IU daily or a dose equivalent to 3750 IU daily), in a cohort of 218 (96 men and 122 women) Lebanese elderly overweight subjects.

METHODS

Genotyping was performed for rs12794714, rs10741657, rs1562902, and rs10766197 SNPs using real-time PCR. The 25(OH)D levels were measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.

RESULTS

At baseline, the mean ± SD age was 71.0 ± 4.7 years, BMI 30.3 ± 4.6 kg/m², and 25(OH)D level was 20.5 ± 7.6 ng/ml. There were significant differences in mean 25(OH)D levels between genotypes in women, but not in men. After adjustment for age, season, and BMI, the homozygous for the low frequency gene variant (HLV) of rs1562902 and rs10741657 SNPs had the highest mean 25(OH)D levels with difference of 7.6 ng/ml for rs1562902 SNP (p < 0.01) and of 5.9 ng/ml for rs10741657 (p = 0.05) compared to the homozygous for the major polymorphisms (HMPs). Conversely, for rs10766197 and rs12794714 SNPs, HMP had the highest mean 25(OH)D levels with difference of 6 ng/ml for rs10766197 (p = 0.003) and of 4.8 ng/ml (p = 0.02) for rs12794714, compared to the HLV. CYP2R1 genetic polymorphisms explained 4.8 to 9.8 % of variability in 25(OH)D in women. After 1 year, there was no difference in the response to vitamin D3 supplementation between genotypes in either gender.

CONCLUSION

This study showed a difference in 25(OH)D levels between CYP2R1 genotypes that equates a daily supplementation of 400-800 IU vitamin D, depending on genotype. It underscores possible important genetic contributions for the high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in the Middle East.

Sustained Action of Ceramide on the Insulin Signaling Pathway in Muscle Cells: IMPLICATION OF THE DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE

In vivo, ectopic accumulation of fatty acids in muscles leads to alterations in insulin signaling at both the IRS1 and Akt steps. However, in vitro treatments with saturated fatty acids or their derivative ceramide demonstrate an effect only at the Akt step. In this study, we adapted our experimental procedures to mimic the in vivo situation and show that the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) is involved in the long-term effects of saturated fatty acids on IRS1. C2C12 or human muscle cells were incubated with palmitate or directly with ceramide for short or long periods, and insulin signaling pathway activity was evaluated. PKR involvement was assessed through pharmacological and genetic studies. Short-term treatments of myotubes with palmitate, a ceramide precursor, or directly with ceramide induce an inhibition of Akt, whereas prolonged periods of treatment show an additive inhibition of insulin signaling through increased IRS1 serine 307 phosphorylation. PKR mRNA, protein, and phosphorylation are increased in insulin-resistant muscles. When PKR activity is reduced (siRNA or a pharmacological inhibitor), serine phosphorylation of IRS1 is reduced, and insulin-induced phosphorylation of Akt is improved. Finally, we show that JNK mediates ceramide-activated PKR inhibitory action on IRS1. Together, in the long term, our results show that ceramide acts at two distinct levels of the insulin signaling pathway (IRS1 and Akt). PKR, which is induced by both inflammation signals and ceramide, could play a major role in the development of insulin resistance in muscle cells.

Targeting sphingolipid metabolism in the treatment of obesity/type 2 diabetes

INTRODUCTION

Obesity is a major factor that is linked to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Excess circulating fatty acids (FAs), which characterize obesity, induce insulin resistance, steatosis, β cells dysfunction and apoptosis. These deleterious effects have been defined as lipotoxicity.

AREAS COVERED

FAs are metabolized to different lipid species, including ceramides which play a crucial role in lipotoxicity. The action of ceramides on tissues, such as muscle, liver, adipose tissue and pancreatic β cells, during the development of T2D will also be reviewed. In addition, the potential antagonist action of other sphingolipids, namely sphingoid base phosphates, on lipotoxicity in skeletal muscle and β cells will be addressed.

EXPERT OPINION

Ceramide is a critical mediator to the development of T2D linked to obesity. Targeting proteins involved in ceramide's deleterious action has not been possible due to their involvement in many other intracellular signaling pathways. A possible means of counteracting ceramide action would be to prevent the accumulation of the specific ceramide species involved in both insulin resistance and β-cell apoptosis/dysfunction. Another possibility would be to adjust the dynamic balance between ceramide and sphingoid base phosphate, both known to display opposing properties on the development of T2D-linked obesity.

KIR genotype distribution among symptomatic patients with and without Helicobacter pylori infection: is there any role for the B haplotype?

Contact of peripheral blood lymphocytes with Helicobacter pylori was proved to induce non- major histocompatibility complex-restricted cytotoxicity and natural killer cells are thought to play an important role in the immunity against H. pylori.

AIMS

In this research, we investigated any possible association between killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) genotypes and H. pylori infection.

METHODS

KIR genotype was analysed in 101 Lebanese symptomatic patients (51 H. pylori positive and 50 H. pylori-negative) using the KIR Genotyping SSP kit.

RESULTS

Among the H. pylori-positive patients, the AA, AB and BB genotypical frequencies were, respectively, 43.14%, 41.18% and 15.68% with an A:B ratio of 1.76:1. The AA, AB and BB genotypes frequencies for H. pylori-negative individuals were 18%, 62% and 20%, respectively, with an A:B ratio of 0.96:1. No significant difference between patients and controls was detected.

CONCLUSIONS

We noticed a reduced distribution of A haplotype among the 'H. pylori-negative' patients as compared with the "H. pylori-positive" group. This is the first study in the international literature that targets the correlation between KIR genotypes and H. pylori.

KIR genotype distribution among patients with multiple myeloma: Higher prevalence of KIR 2DS4 and KIR 2DS5 genes

Introduction

Natural killer (NK) cells possess an antitumor activity against multiple myeloma cells proven by the susceptibility of plasmocytes to NK lysis. In the early stage of MM, the killing of MM cells is mediated by natural cytotoxicity receptors (NRC) and NKG2D-dependent pathway, while in the late stage, NK cells lose their killing potential against MM cells due to the high expression of HLA class I molecules on MM cells.

Aim

The aim of this paper is to study KIR expression of NK cells in MM patients and in healthy controls, to check for any association between KIR genotypes and MM.

Methods

KIR genotype was analyzed in 120 healthy Lebanese individuals and 34 MM patients using the KIR Genotyping SSP kit.

Results

KIR 2DS4*001/002 and KIR 2DS5 were found to be significantly more prevalent among MM patients as compared to controls. For MM patients, the AA, AB, and BB genotype frequencies were, respectively, 38.23%, 47.06% and 14.71% with an A:B ratio of 1.62:1. As for the healthy controls, the AA, AB, and BB genotype frequencies were, respectively, 39.17%, 50%, and 10.83% with an A:B ratio of 1.80:1.

Conclusion

The interesting observation of the significant presence of KIR2DS4 and KIR2DS5 genes more among multiple myeloma patients than controls is worth further clinical, translational as well as survival research studies in these cases.

•

KIR genotyping has been implicated in a variety of clinical and immunological disorders.

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This study is the first international research paper that describes the prevalence of KIR genes among Multiple Myeloma patients

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Results were compared to a large healthy control population sample

Characterising the inhibitory actions of ceramide upon insulin signaling in different skeletal muscle cell models: a mechanistic insight

Ceramides are known to promote insulin resistance in a number of metabolically important tissues including skeletal muscle, the predominant site of insulin-stimulated glucose disposal. Depending on cell type, these lipid intermediates have been shown to inhibit protein kinase B (PKB/Akt), a key mediator of the metabolic actions of insulin, via two distinct pathways: one involving the action of atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) isoforms, and the second dependent on protein phosphatase-2A (PP2A). The main aim of this study was to explore the mechanisms by which ceramide inhibits PKB/Akt in three different skeletal muscle-derived cell culture models; rat L6 myotubes, mouse C2C12 myotubes and primary human skeletal muscle cells. Our findings indicate that the mechanism by which ceramide acts to repress PKB/Akt is related to the myocellular abundance of caveolin-enriched domains (CEM) present at the plasma membrane. Here, we show that ceramide-enriched-CEMs are markedly more abundant in L6 myotubes compared to C2C12 myotubes, consistent with their previously reported role in coordinating aPKC-directed repression of PKB/Akt in L6 muscle cells. In contrast, a PP2A-dependent pathway predominantly mediates ceramide-induced inhibition of PKB/Akt in C2C12 myotubes. In addition, we demonstrate for the first time that ceramide engages an aPKC-dependent pathway to suppress insulin-induced PKB/Akt activation in palmitate-treated cultured human muscle cells as well as in muscle cells from diabetic patients. Collectively, this work identifies key mechanistic differences, which may be linked to variations in plasma membrane composition, underlying the insulin-desensitising effects of ceramide in different skeletal muscle cell models that are extensively used in signal transduction and metabolic studies.

Distinct iron architecture in SF3B1-mutant myelodysplastic syndrome patients is linked to an SLC25A37 splice variant with a retained intron

Perturbation in iron homeostasis is a hallmark of some hematologic diseases. Abnormal sideroblasts with accumulation of iron in the mitochondria are named ring sideroblasts (RS). RS is a cardinal feature of refractory anemia with RS (RARS) and RARS with marked thrombocytosis (RARS/-T). Mutations in SF3B1, a member of the RNA splicing machinery are frequent in RARS/-T and defects of this gene were linked to RS formation. Here we showcase the differences in iron architecture of SF3B1-mutant and wild-type (WT) RARS/-T and provide new mechanistic insights by which SF3B1 mutations lead to differences in iron. We found higher iron levels in SF3B1 mutant vs WT RARS/-T by transmission electron microscopy/spectroscopy/flow cytometry. SF3B1 mutations led to increased iron without changing the valence as shown by the presence of Fe(2+) in mutant and WT. Reactive oxygen species and DNA damage were not increased in SF3B1-mutant patients. RNA-sequencing and Reverse transcriptase PCR showed higher expression of a specific isoform of SLC25A37 in SF3B1-mutant patients, a crucial importer of Fe(2+) into the mitochondria. Our studies suggest that SF3B1 mutations contribute to cellular iron overload in RARS/-T by deregulating SLC25A37.

Multiple mechanisms deregulate EZH2 and histone H3 lysine 27 epigenetic changes in myeloid malignancies

Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) is involved in trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27), chromatin condensation and transcriptional repression. The silencing function of PRC2 complex is mostly attributed to its intrinsic activity for methylating H3K27. Unlike in B-cell lymphomas, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) mutations in myeloid malignancies are inactivating/hypomorphic. When we assessed the mutational status in myeloid malignancies (N=469 cases examined), we found EZH2 and EED/SUZ12 mutations in 8% and 3.3% of cases, respectively. In addition to mutant cases, reduced EZH2 expression was also found in 78% cases with hemizygous deletion (-7/del7q cases involving EZH2 locus) and 41% of cases with diploid chromosome 7, most interestingly cases with spliceosomal mutations (U2AF1/SRSF2 mutations; 63% of cases). EZH2 mutations were characterized by decreased H3K27 trimethylation and increased chromatin relaxation at specific gene loci accompanied by higher transcriptional activity. One of the major downstream target is HOX gene family, involved in the regulation of stem cell self-renewal. HOXA9 was found to be overexpressed in cases with decreased EZH2 expression either by EZH2/spliceosomal mutations or because of -7/del7q. In summary, our results suggest that loss of gene repression through a variety of mutations resulting in reduced H3K27 trimethylation may contribute to leukemogenesis.

Arsenic trioxide inhibits ATRA-induced prostaglandin E2 and cyclooxygenase-1 in NB4 cells, a model of acute promyelocytic leukemia

In acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) triggers cell differentiation, while arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) generates partial differentiation and apoptosis. Animal and human studies suggest that newly diagnosed APL patients can be cured using As(2)O(3) combined with ATRA. Cyclooxygenases are involved in prostaglandins and thromboxane synthesis. We have recently demonstrated that ATRA induces cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) expression and prostaglandin synthesis in NB4 cells and in blasts from patients with APL. In the present study we investigated the effect of ATRA and As(2)O(3) co-treatment on COX-1 expression and prostaglandin formation and tested the effect of the COX-1/COX-2 nonselective inhibitor indomethacin on cell differentiation. Arsenic treatment of NB4 cells resulted in a partial but significant reduction of ATRA-dependent induction of COX-1 expression and activity. Pretreatment of NB4 cells with indomethacin significantly impaired ATRA/As(2)O(3)-induced differentiation, as assessed by cell morphology, nitroblue tetrazolium test or CD11c expression. PGE(2) reversed the negative effect of indomethacin on differentiation of ATRA/As(2)O(3)-treated NB4 cells. In conclusion, COX-1 contributes to ATRA-dependent maturation of NB4 cells and is affected by As(2)O(3). These results also suggest that nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs should be avoided in APL patients treated with the combination of ATRA and As(2)O(3).

Screening for inherited thrombophilia might be warranted among Eastern Mediterranean sickle-beta-0 thalassemia patients

BACKGROUND

The role of genetic thrombophilia in the development of both micro and macro vascular complications in patients with hemoglobinopathies (Sickle cell disease and thalassemia) have been investigated with some studies negating its role while others suggesting it. Lebanon is known to harbor sickle cell disease, thalassemia and sickle beta-thalassemia hemoglobinopathy patients along with a documented high prevalence of genetic thrombophilia mutations.

METHODS

Twelve sickle beta-0-thalassemia patients with no pervious history of thrombotic events were selected. These patients underwent a physical examination with history, echo Doppler, along with blood withdrawal for complete blood count and PCR analysis of a sample of DNA for Factor V Leiden G1691A, Factor II G20210A, and MTHFR C677T. Results were compared to a historical control of 50 Lebanese controls and 50 LebaneseThalassemia Intermedia (TI) patients.

RESULTS

The results showed that 42%, 59%, and 8% of patients carried heterozygous Factor V Leiden, abnormal (homozygous & heterozygous) MTHFR, and heterozygous Factor II mutations respectively. The sickle-thalassemia patients were 5.24 and 4.39 times more likely to have Factor V Leiden as compared to the normal controls and TI patients respectively (p < 0.05).

DISCUSSION

The increased prevalence of more than one prothrombotic genetic mutation among the group indicates a probable clustering phenomenon, unknown to us to which the high consanguinity rate (77%) may have contributed. The role of the specific MTHFR and Factor V Leiden double heterozygous combination in incidence, recurrence, and guidance of duration of therapy in VTE is not well defined in the literature despite the recognized higher risk of thrombosis among this patient population. Our findings suggest that genetic thrombophilia workup is necessary in patients with sickle-beta zero thalassemia presenting with thrombotic events and studies that include a larger number of patients are necessary in order to define specific guidelines.

Distribution of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors genotypes in the Lebanese population

This study represents the first report on the distribution of 16 Killer cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIR) genes in 120 unrelated healthy Lebanese individuals. We observed that 2DL2 frequency (61%) comes second highest after South Asians (64%) and 2DL5 frequency (58.3%) is the second highest reported so far after the South Asians (74%). Interestingly, a large number of AA1 genotype individuals with no loci for activating KIR and three completely new BB profiles not previously reported were found in our population with a group A : group B haplotypes ratio of 1.3:1. The frequency of the KIR loci suggests that the Lebanese population shares common general features with the Caucasoid populations studied before, but still has its own unique decreased or increased frequencies of several loci.

Genetic thrombophilia in patients with VTE in eastern Mediterranean located tertiary care center; is it time to change the algorithm for thrombophilia work up decision making?

BACKGROUND

Genetic thrombophilia work up performance is subject to debate because of the utility of the information it provides regarding prognosis of recurrence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and guidance of duration of therapy with anticoagulation. Certain algorithms have been locally developed to guide decision making process to increase the yield of thrombophilia work up. These algorithms are not based on locally derived data. Data from the Eastern Mediterranean area (Lebanon) have shown high prevalence of thrombophilia mutations. Therefore the aim of this study was to describe the experience of a tertiary care center in thrombophilia work up among patients diagnosed with VTE.

METHODS

A retrospective chart analysis of the cases diagnosed with pulmonary embolism or deep venous thrombosis with radiological confirmation.

RESULTS

A total of 133 patients' charts were reviewed, 27 patients had thrombophilia work up performed, 56% had heterozygous MTHFR mutation, 44% were heterozygous for the Factor V Leiden mutation and 3.2% were found to have Factor II heterozygous mutations, and a total of 33.3% of patients had more than one genetic mutation. The common causes of provoked VTE were 59.53% malignancy, 22.64% post surgery, 12.98% bed ridden patients, and 4.85% oral contraceptive pills. Only 14% of patients with a malignancy who presented with VTE where receiving prophylactic heparin.

DISCUSSION

Doubly heterozygous prothrombotic genetic mutations are commonly present among Eastern Mediterranean patients with VTE. A prospective study to determine the predictive (negative and positive) power of the currently followed algorithm for genetic thrombophilia work up remains of significant importance. Stressing the favorable role of VTE prophylaxis among patients suffering from malignancies remains a target for raising awareness among oncologists.

Constitutional chromosome abnormalities among patients referred for blood karyotype analysis: a 5-year study at the AUBMC

We report results on 2010 cases of blood referred for constitutional karyotype analysis. Referrals were grouped into 16 different categories, of which reproductive failure represented the highest percentage (33%), followed by structural congenital abnormalities (14.17%), developmental delay (11.34%), Down syndrome (9.65%), and abnormal sexual development (8.16%), while other categories represented smaller percentages. The total rate of abnormality was 16%, and the highest abnormality rates were among the clinically-recognizable chromosomal syndromes, while lower percentages were detected among less specific referrals. However, abnormality rates were generally different from the typical reported rates, probably due to the inclusion of cases not requiring chromosome analysis or the failure to recognize specific chromosomal syndromes. Other identified problems included lack of proper phenotypic description and difficulty in obtaining familial follow-up for proper diagnosis and genetic counseling.

Antibody production and complement system in protein energy malnutrition

Antibody production in kwashiorkor and marasmic infants was studied by dividing them into three groups and giving the first group a single dose of trivalent live attenuated polio virus, the second group live attenuated measles virus and the third group diphtheriatoxoid. The production of antibodies was found to be deficient in PEM as compared to normals and diminished more in kwashiorkor than in marasmus cases. The individuals of the complement system were significantly lower in kwashiorkor than in normal controls. However, C3 was the only fraction which is significantly diminished in marasmic infants. The results are discussed and as a conclusion it is suggested that deficient production of antibodies and diminution in the complement system in PEM may explain the susceptibility of such infants to repeated attacks of infection.