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Sudharshan R, Shen A, Gupta S, Zhang-Nunes S. Assessing the Utility of ChatGPT in Simplifying Text Complexity of Patient Educational Materials. Cureus 2024; 16:e55304. [PMID: 38559518 PMCID: PMC10981786 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.55304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AI chatbots are being increasingly used in healthcare settings. There is growing interest in using AI to assist in patient education. Currently, extensive healthcare information is found online but is often too complex to understand. Our objective is to determine if physicians can recommend the free version of ChatGPT version 3.5 (OpenAI, San Francisco, CA, USA) for patients to simplify text from the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) in English and Spanish. This version of ChatGPT was assessed in this study due to its increased accessibility across various patient populations. METHODS Fifteen articles were chosen from AAO in both languages and simplified with ChatGPT 10 times each. The readability of original and simplified articles was assessed with the Flesch Reading Ease and Gunning Fog Index for English and Fernández Huerta, Gutiérrez, Szigriszt-Pazo, INFLESZ, and Legibilidad-µ for Spanish. Grade levels to assess readability were calculated with Flesch Kincaid Grade Level and Crawford Nivel-de-Grado. Mean, standard deviation, and two-tailed t-tests were performed to assess differences before and after simplification. RESULTS Average grade levels before and after simplification were as follows: English 8.43±1.17 to 8.9±2.1 (p=0.41) and Spanish 5.3±0.34 to 4.1±1.1 (p=0.0001). Spanish articles were significantly simplified per Legibilidad-µ (p=0.003). No significant difference was noted for other scales. CONCLUSIONS The readability of AAO articles in English worsened without significance but significantly improved in Spanish. This may result from simpler syllable structures and a lesser overall vocabulary in Spanish. With increased testing, physicians can recommend ChatGPT for Spanish-speaking patients to improve health literacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasika Sudharshan
- Ophthalmology, University of Southern California (USC) Roski Eye Institute, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Alena Shen
- Ophthalmology, University of Southern California (USC) Roski Eye Institute, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Shreya Gupta
- Ophthalmology, University of Southern California (USC) Roski Eye Institute, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Sandy Zhang-Nunes
- Ophthalmology, University of Southern California (USC) Roski Eye Institute, Los Angeles, USA
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2
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Lee WG, Lascano D, Palmer SB, Chen SY, Mack SJ, Sudharshan R, Han JS, Kim ES. Optimizing the Postoperative Management of Children Undergoing Resection of High-Risk Abdominal Neuroblastoma. Am Surg 2024:31348241227199. [PMID: 38243794 DOI: 10.1177/00031348241227199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical resection is a mainstay of treatment in high-risk neuroblastoma (HR-NB), but there exists wide variability in perioperative management practices. The aim of this study was to evaluate two standardized adult perioperative enhanced recovery practices (ERPs) in pediatric patients undergoing open resection of abdominal HR-NB. METHODS All patients with abdominal HR-NB surgically resected at a free-standing children's hospital between 12/2010 and 7/2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Perioperative ERPs of interest included avoidance of routine nasogastric tube (NGT) use and the use of neuraxial anesthesia. Primary outcomes included time to enteral intake, urinary catheter use, opioid utilization, and length of stay (LOS). RESULTS Overall, 37 children, median age 33 months (IQR: 20-48 months), were identified. Avoidance of an NGT allowed for earlier feeding after surgery (P = .03). Neuraxial anesthesia use more frequently required an indwelling urinary catheter (P < .01) for a longer duration (P = .02), with no difference in total opioid utilization (P = .77) compared to patients without neuraxial anesthesia. Postoperative LOS was unaffected by avoidance of routine NGT use (P = .68) or use of neuraxial anesthesia (P = .89). CONCLUSION Children undergoing open resection of abdominal HR-NB initiated diet sooner when an NGT was not left postoperatively, and the need for a urinary catheter was significantly higher in patients who received neuraxial anesthesia. However, these two ERP components did not decrease postoperative LOS. To optimize the postoperative management of NB patients, postoperative NGTs should be avoided, while the benefit of neuraxial anesthesia is less clear as it necessitates the placement of a urinary catheter without decreasing opioid utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Lee
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Danny Lascano
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Samiza B Palmer
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Y Chen
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shale J Mack
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rasika Sudharshan
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jane S Han
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eugene S Kim
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Sudharshan R, Borchert MS, Chang MY. Preretinal Hemorrhage in Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein-Associated Disease. Ophthalmol Retina 2023; 7:1108. [PMID: 37642629 PMCID: PMC10793853 DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rasika Sudharshan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mark S Borchert
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Melinda Y Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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Oca MC, Meller L, Wilson K, Parikh AO, McCoy A, Chang J, Sudharshan R, Gupta S, Zhang-Nunes S. Bias and Inaccuracy in AI Chatbot Ophthalmologist Recommendations. Cureus 2023; 15:e45911. [PMID: 37885556 PMCID: PMC10599183 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE AND DESIGN To evaluate the accuracy and bias of ophthalmologist recommendations made by three AI chatbots, namely ChatGPT 3.5 (OpenAI, San Francisco, CA, USA), Bing Chat (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA, USA), and Google Bard (Alphabet Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA). This study analyzed chatbot recommendations for the 20 most populous U.S. cities. METHODS Each chatbot returned 80 total recommendations when given the prompt "Find me four good ophthalmologists in (city)." Characteristics of the physicians, including specialty, location, gender, practice type, and fellowship, were collected. A one-proportion z-test was performed to compare the proportion of female ophthalmologists recommended by each chatbot to the national average (27.2% per the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC)). Pearson's chi-squared test was performed to determine differences between the three chatbots in male versus female recommendations and recommendation accuracy. RESULTS Female ophthalmologists recommended by Bing Chat (1.61%) and Bard (8.0%) were significantly less than the national proportion of 27.2% practicing female ophthalmologists (p<0.001, p<0.01, respectively). ChatGPT recommended fewer female (29.5%) than male ophthalmologists (p<0.722). ChatGPT (73.8%), Bing Chat (67.5%), and Bard (62.5%) gave high rates of inaccurate recommendations. Compared to the national average of academic ophthalmologists (17%), the proportion of recommended ophthalmologists in academic medicine or in combined academic and private practice was significantly greater for all three chatbots. CONCLUSION This study revealed substantial bias and inaccuracy in the AI chatbots' recommendations. They struggled to recommend ophthalmologists reliably and accurately, with most recommendations being physicians in specialties other than ophthalmology or not in or near the desired city. Bing Chat and Google Bard showed a significant tendency against recommending female ophthalmologists, and all chatbots favored recommending ophthalmologists in academic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Oca
- Orthopedic Surgery, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California (UC) San Diego Health, La Jolla, USA
| | - Leo Meller
- Orthopedic Surgery, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California (UC) San Diego Health, La Jolla, USA
| | - Katherine Wilson
- Orthopedic Surgery, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California (UC) San Diego Health, La Jolla, USA
| | - Alomi O Parikh
- Ophthalmology, University of Southern California (USC) Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Allison McCoy
- Plastic Surgery, Del Mar Plastic Surgery, San Diego, USA
| | - Jessica Chang
- Ophthalmology, University of Southern California (USC) Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Rasika Sudharshan
- Ophthalmology, University of Southern California (USC) Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Shreya Gupta
- Ophthalmology, University of Southern California (USC) Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Sandy Zhang-Nunes
- Ophthalmology, University of Southern California (USC) Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
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5
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Krishna S, Choudhury A, Keough MB, Seo K, Ni L, Kakaizada S, Lee A, Aabedi A, Popova G, Lipkin B, Cao C, Nava Gonzales C, Sudharshan R, Egladyous A, Almeida N, Zhang Y, Molinaro AM, Venkatesh HS, Daniel AGS, Shamardani K, Hyer J, Chang EF, Findlay A, Phillips JJ, Nagarajan S, Raleigh DR, Brang D, Monje M, Hervey-Jumper SL. Glioblastoma remodelling of human neural circuits decreases survival. Nature 2023; 617:599-607. [PMID: 37138086 PMCID: PMC10191851 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Gliomas synaptically integrate into neural circuits1,2. Previous research has demonstrated bidirectional interactions between neurons and glioma cells, with neuronal activity driving glioma growth1-4 and gliomas increasing neuronal excitability2,5-8. Here we sought to determine how glioma-induced neuronal changes influence neural circuits underlying cognition and whether these interactions influence patient survival. Using intracranial brain recordings during lexical retrieval language tasks in awake humans together with site-specific tumour tissue biopsies and cell biology experiments, we find that gliomas remodel functional neural circuitry such that task-relevant neural responses activate tumour-infiltrated cortex well beyond the cortical regions that are normally recruited in the healthy brain. Site-directed biopsies from regions within the tumour that exhibit high functional connectivity between the tumour and the rest of the brain are enriched for a glioblastoma subpopulation that exhibits a distinct synaptogenic and neuronotrophic phenotype. Tumour cells from functionally connected regions secrete the synaptogenic factor thrombospondin-1, which contributes to the differential neuron-glioma interactions observed in functionally connected tumour regions compared with tumour regions with less functional connectivity. Pharmacological inhibition of thrombospondin-1 using the FDA-approved drug gabapentin decreases glioblastoma proliferation. The degree of functional connectivity between glioblastoma and the normal brain negatively affects both patient survival and performance in language tasks. These data demonstrate that high-grade gliomas functionally remodel neural circuits in the human brain, which both promotes tumour progression and impairs cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saritha Krishna
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Abrar Choudhury
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Kyounghee Seo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lijun Ni
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sofia Kakaizada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anthony Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Aabedi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Galina Popova
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Lipkin
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Caroline Cao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cesar Nava Gonzales
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rasika Sudharshan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Egladyous
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nyle Almeida
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yalan Zhang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Annette M Molinaro
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Andy G S Daniel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Jeanette Hyer
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Edward F Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anne Findlay
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Srikantan Nagarajan
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David R Raleigh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - David Brang
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michelle Monje
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shawn L Hervey-Jumper
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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6
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Krishna S, Choudhury A, Keough M, Ni L, Seo K, Aabedi A, Popova G, Kakaizada S, Findlay A, Lee A, Gonzales C, Sudharshan R, Cao C, Venkatesh H, Almeida N, Nagarajan S, Berger MS, Raleigh D, Brang D, Monje M, Hervey-Jumper SL. CNSC-07. MECHANISMS OF GLIOBLASTOMA-INDUCED CORTICAL REMODELING IDENTIFY THERAPEUTIC VULNERABILITIES. Neuro Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac209.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Prior work demonstrated synaptic integration of malignant gliomas into neural circuits induces local hyperexcitability and tumor proliferation. However, prognostication and therapeutic vulnerabilities are lacking from preclinical models. Here, we integrate in vivo and in vitro neurophysiology spatially matched with gene expression programs and protein signaling mechanisms across 66 IDH WT glioblastoma patients to identify thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) as a molecular driver of glioma-induced network remodeling. Bulk and single cell RNA-sequencing of 11 intratumoral regions maintaining functional connectivity (13,730 cells analyzed) revealed a distinct neurogenic signature enriched for the synaptogenic factor TSP-1. Mechanistic and functional studies validating therapeutic vulnerabilities to TSP-1 silencing by shRNA knockdown and FDA-approved inhibitors (Gabapentin and LSKL) of excitatory synapse formation through the gabapentin a2d-1 receptor was performed in vitro and in vivo. Glioma-neuron co-culture of TSP-1 overexpressing cells demonstrated increased Ki67 proliferation and tumor microtube (TMT) formation when cultured in the presence of neurons. Pharmacological inhibition of TSP-1 using gabapentin or TSP-1 shRNA inhibited the proliferation and TMT-mediated expansion. Hippocampal xenografted mice with TSP-1 over expressing primary patient cultures demonstrated shorter survival and gabapentin treatment of xenografted mice significantly reduced the proliferation of TSP-1 overexpressing cells in vivo. Electrophysiological properties of glioma-neuron co-cultures analyzed using multi-electrode array (MEA) demonstrated increased neuronal spiking activity and network burst synchrony in the presence of TSP-1 over expressing cells. Strikingly, these increases were eliminated in the presence of gabapentin. We modeled survival risk in patients incorporating the effects of glioma intrinsic neuronal activity, molecular, therapeutic, and clinical factors on overall survival by recursive partitioning. Three risk groups were identified based on tumor intrinsic neuronal activity, pre- and post-operative tumor volume with shortest overall survival in patients with glioma intrinsic neuronal activity. These data identify glioma-induced secretion of TSP-1 as a key contributor of tumor proliferation shedding light on new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saritha Krishna
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , USA
| | - Abrar Choudhury
- University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, CA , USA
| | | | - Lijun Ni
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University , Stanford , USA
| | - Kyounghee Seo
- University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, CA , USA
| | | | - Galina Popova
- University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , USA
| | - Sofia Kakaizada
- University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , USA
| | - Anne Findlay
- University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , USA
| | - Anthony Lee
- University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , USA
| | - Cesar Gonzales
- University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , USA
| | | | - Caroline Cao
- University of California, Berkeley , San Francisco , USA
| | - Humsa Venkatesh
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University , Stanford , USA
| | - Nyle Almeida
- University of California, San Francisco , San Francicso , USA
| | | | - Mitchel S Berger
- University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, CA , USA
| | - David Raleigh
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , USA
| | | | - Michelle Monje
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University , Stanford, CA , USA
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7
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Chaudhari PP, Anderson M, Ourshalimian S, Goodhue C, Sudharshan R, Valadez S, Spurrier R. Epidemiology of pediatric trauma during the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic. J Pediatr Surg 2022; 57:284-290. [PMID: 34742575 PMCID: PMC8500847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2021.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE We aimed to describe the epidemiology of trauma activations and variations in injury patterns, injury severity, and hospital length-of-stay for injured children in Los Angeles (LA) County during the coronavirus-disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study of children aged < 18-years evaluated in 15 trauma centers from 2019 to 2020 and entered in the LA County trauma registry. We defined 01/01/2019-03/18/2020 as pre-pandemic and 03/19/2020-12/31/2020 as the pandemic period. Our primary outcome was pediatric trauma activations. We analyzed demographic and clinical data, including types and severity of injuries sustained. We conducted unadjusted bivariate analyzes of injury patterns between periods. Segmented linear regression models were used to test rates (per 100,000 LA County children) of trauma activations pre-pandemic versus the pandemic period. RESULTS We studied 4399 children with trauma activations, 2695 of which occurred pre-pandemic and 1701 in the pandemic period. Motor vehicle collisions, gunshot wounds, and burns increased during the pandemic (all p-values< 0.05), while sports injuries decreased (p < 0.001). Median injury severity scores (p = 0.323) and Glasgow Coma Scales (p = 0.558) did not differ between periods, however mortality (p = 0.023) decreased during the pandemic. Segmented linear regression estimates demonstrated that rates of trauma activations pre-pandemic were similar to the pandemic period (p = 0.384). CONCLUSION Pediatric trauma activations in LA County did not significantly differ during the COVID-19 pandemic, but types and severity of injuries varied between pre-pandemic and pandemic periods. With lockdown restrictions being lifted and novel SARS-CoV-2 variants circulating, our investigation describes this recent epidemiologic phenomenon to aid future preparation for healthcare systems. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III TYPE OF STUDY: Retrospective cross-sectional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip P. Chaudhari
- Division of Emergency and Transport Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Mail Stop 113, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA,Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1975 Zonal Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA,Corresponding author at: Division of Emergency and Transport Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Mail Stop 113, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Melissa Anderson
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Shadassa Ourshalimian
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Catherine Goodhue
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Rasika Sudharshan
- Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1975 Zonal Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Sara Valadez
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Ryan Spurrier
- Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1975 Zonal Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA,Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
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Abstract
Financial wellness is regarded as a significant constituent of the overall well-being of individuals. Financial wellbeing is defined as having financial security and freedom of choice, in the present and in the future. This has a direct correlation to overall wellbeing: including productivity experienced at work, quality of relationship, quality of health and hence quality of life. Financial wellness is also challenging as everyone desires to achieve a state of wellness while the pathways to its achievement are not straightforward and can be easily overwhelming to many. In the Indian context, recent reports point to the fact that financial wellness emerges as a top stressor for a majority of people which has also heightened due to the pandemic. A lack of financial wellness thus emerges as a major problem in the country. The prevalence of concerns on financial wellness in fact, is witnessed across the globe. An approach to ameliorating this is through the field of behavioral finance which has uncovered many behavioral biases and barriers which impact how financial decisions are taken. Examples include lack of awareness of financial needs or awareness of the right products, lack of self-control, confusion in making financial choices or being unable to save/invest at the right time. To address this, we present a holistic and hyper-personalized approach that combines technology and behavioral science to influence financial behavior. The solution aims at enhancing financial wellness of individuals using behavioral levers and nudges. This combines two aspects: (1) an engaging user interface at the front-end and (2) a customer insights/behavioral analytics and intervention recommendation system at the back end that suggests appropriate hyper-personalized actionable steps to the user. The solution helps users to visualize their financial needs, set financial goals and receive appropriate personalized nudges to help them in implementing financial plans as they go through various phases of career/life stages. We present our thoughts on how financial wellness can be extended to address financial inclusion in India.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Soren
- Tata Consultancy Services Ltd., Chennai, India
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9
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Krishna S, Choudhury A, Ni L, Seo K, Kakaizada S, Findlay A, Lee A, Sudharshan R, Cao C, Venkatesh H, Vogel H, Phillips J, Almeida N, Nagarajan S, Berger M, Raleigh D, Brang D, Monje M, Hervey-Jumper S. TAMI-21. MALIGNANT GLIOMAS REMODEL FUNCTIONAL NEURAL CIRCUITS THROUGH PARACRINE SIGNALING WHICH CONFERS A NEGATIVE PROGNOSIS. Neuro Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa215.910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Unlike cancers affecting many solid organs, gliomas exist within the context of complex neural circuitry. It remains unknown whether glioma-neuron interactions play a role in maintaining functional circuits underlying cognition. We test the hypothesis that malignant gliomas remodel functional circuits through glioma-neuron interactions.
METHODS
Using language processing as a model for functional circuit dynamics, we enrolled 53 patients with dominant hemisphere IDH-wild-type glioblastoma. Task related circuit dynamics were measured using electrocorticography. Magnetoencephalography measures of functional connectivity identified intratumoral connectivity (HFC) and suppressed connectivity (LFC) regions. Primary patient samples and cultures from HFC and LFC-sites were assessed by single-cell RNA sequencing, pre/post-synaptic marker expression, cocultured with murine hippocampal neurons, and induced neuron organoids. Hippocampal tumor xenografts were created. Language/survival statistics were performed to correlate with functional connectivity measures.
RESULTS
Speech production evokes neuronal population spikes within the entire area of tumor-infiltrated cortex, far beyond the cortical territory normally involved in expressive language. Primary patient samples from HFC-regions are enriched for glioblastoma cells with a synaptogenic profile as characterized by pre-and post-synaptic marker expression at both tissue and cellular levels. RNA-sequencing and proteomic analyses from HFC samples revealed a neurogenic signature including thrombospondin-1 originating from glioma cells in HFC-regions and non-tumor astrocytes in LFC-regions. HFC xenografts demonstrated increased total number of synapses. Importantly, when compared with gliomas without intratumoral functional connectivity, connected gliomas have worse language task performance (r= -0.54,p=0.03) and shorter OS (medianOS-64 weeks compared with 107-weeks,p=0.04).
CONCLUSION
Glioma infiltrated regions generate task-relevant neural responses, with speech production evoking neuronal activity throughout tumor-involved cortex in the dominant hemisphere. An enriched population of synaptogenic glioma cells are organized within functionally connected intratumoral regions and this confers negative functional and survival outcomes. Together, these findings indicate that malignant gliomas can functionally remodel neural circuitry, thereby impairing neurological function and promoting tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saritha Krishna
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Abrar Choudhury
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Kyounghee Seo
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sofia Kakaizada
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anne Findlay
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anthony Lee
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Caroline Cao
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Hannes Vogel
- Neuropathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joanna Phillips
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nyle Almeida
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Mitchel Berger
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David Raleigh
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Michelle Monje
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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Kumar KSP, Samlin SS, Siva B, Sudharshan R, Vignesswary A, Divya K. Punica granatum as a salutiferous superfruit in the treatment of oral candidiasis - An in-vitro study. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2020; 24:188-189. [PMID: 32508479 PMCID: PMC7269313 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_268_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Context The rise in the incidence of clinical resistance to antifungal therapy and failure to respond in recent years underscores the need for a time-honored approach to treat the disease using natural drugs instead of synthetic drugs, which have lesser adverse effects and good patient response. Punica granatum (pomegranate) is a fruit that has admirable medicinal value. Aims The study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antifungal efficacy of P. granatum peel extract against oral Candida compared with clotrimazole. Settings and Design The study design involves an in-vitro study. Subjects and Methods Saliva from candidiasis patients was inoculated and cultured on 60 separate Sabouraud dextrose agar plates and incubated at 37°C for 48 h from which Candida species were collected. Agar well-diffusion method was followed. Different concentrations of P. granatum peel extracts, ethanol solvent (control) and standard clotrimazole were added into the wells and allowed to diffuse at room temperature for 2 h. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 48 h. The antifungal potential of test compounds was determined based on the mean diameter of the zone of inhibition around the well in millimeters. Statistical Analysis Used Statistical analysis was performed using IBM software SPSS version 20 at one-way ANOVA. Results Antifungal efficacies of P. granatum peel extract and clotrimazole were statistically significant, and there was an increase in inhibitory efficacy with an increase in concentration. Minimum inhibitory concentration of P. granatum peel extract approximated with that of clotrimazole. Conclusions The results of this study indicate that P. granatum peel extract can be used as an effective natural substitute for synthetic antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Prem Kumar
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Best Dental Science College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Shiny Samlin
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Best Dental Science College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B Siva
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Best Dental Science College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Sudharshan
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Best Dental Science College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Vignesswary
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Best Dental Science College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Divya
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Best Dental Science College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Krishna S, Kakaizada S, Valdivia C, Seo K, Raleigh D, Findlay A, Almeida N, Sudharshan R, Choudhury A, Brang D, Nagarajan S, Berger M, Monje M, Hervey-Jumper S. TMIC-46. GLIOMA-INDUCED SYNAPTOGENESIS IS ENRICHED WITHIN FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY NETWORK HUBS AND INFLUENCES LANGUAGE PROCESSING IN ADULT IDH WT GLIOBLASTOMA. Neuro Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz175.1080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Little is known about the mechanisms by which gliomas integrate into functional neural networks and influence complex cognitive processes such as language. Glioma-neuron interactions are bidirectional, with increased neuronal activity promoting tumor growth and the latter in turn influencing neuronal excitability and synaptic connections. It remains unknown whether glioma-neuron interactions play a role in maintaining long-range neural networks subserving cognition in humans. We test the hypothesis that glioma-neuron interactions (“synaptogenic glioma cells”) are enriched within intratumoral high functional connectivity (FC) network hubs, thereby influencing language processing via release of synaptogenic factors into the tumor microenvironment.
METHODS
We employed magnetoencephalography imaginary coherence measures to identify intratumoral high (HFC) and low (LFC) functional connectivity network hubs in newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients. Primary patient samples and cultures from HFC and LFC sites were assessed for pre and post-synaptic marker expression (IF), cocultured with murine hippocampal neurons, and induced neuron organoids. ECOG Field recordings were performed on HFC/LFC tumors. Secreted proteins were measured from patient serum and LFC/HFC culture supernatant. Language assessments were performed to correlate task performance with FC measures.
RESULTS
Primary patient samples from HFC regions are enriched for glioblastoma cells with a synaptogenic profile as characterized by pre- and post-synaptic marker expression at both tissue and cellular level (coculture with mouse hippocampal neuron and organoid models). RNA sequencing and proteomic analyses from HFC samples revealed a neurogenic signature including thrombospondin 1 (TSP1). Overexpression of TSP1 in LFC primary patient cultures rescues the synaptogenic and proliferative phenotype. Importantly, we found a linear relationship between intratumoral HFC with patient serum TSP1 (ELISA) with a further correlation with language task performance.
CONCLUSION
An enriched population of synaptogenic glioma cells are organized within intratumoral high network connectivity regions. Glioma-induced neuronal synaptogenesis contributes to the microenvironment in support of network connectivity through secretion of TSP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saritha Krishna
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sofia Kakaizada
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Kyounghee Seo
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David Raleigh
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anne Findlay
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nyle Almeida
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Abrar Choudhury
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Mitchel Berger
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Monje
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shawn Hervey-Jumper
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Vijayaram S, Ramamani PV, Chandrashekhar NS, Sudharshan R, Heranjal R, Lobo B, Obedullah D, Bhargava MK. Continuing care for cancer pain relief with oral morphine solution. One-year experience in a regional cancer center. Cancer 1990; 66:1590-5. [PMID: 1698528 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19901001)66:7<1590::aid-cncr2820660725>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This report is a prospective study of 223 patients with intractable cancer pain who were offered continuing care during the year 1988 at the Pain Relief Unit, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, India, with a minimum follow-up of 4 months and a maximum follow-up of 16 months. A high percentage of pain relief was attained within a mean duration of 4 days, which on follow-up was maintained at a steady level in most patients (91.1%). Oral morphine could not be continued in three patients because of vomiting. The main side effects noticed were nausea and vomiting, itching, and constipation. At any time during the first 140 days, only 30% of patients had side effects and appropriate medication successfully managed these side effects. During the rest of the study period, the side effects were minimal. Oral morphine used with proper adjuncts offers the best pain palliation in most patients, with minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vijayaram
- Department of Anaesthetics and Pain Relief, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, India
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