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Philippi CL, Weible E, Ehlers A, Walsh EC, Hoks RM, Birn RM, Abercrombie HC. Effects of cortisol administration on heart rate variability and functional connectivity across women with different depression histories. Behav Brain Res 2024; 463:114923. [PMID: 38408523 PMCID: PMC10942667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Abnormalities within the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and autonomic nervous system have been implicated in depression. Studies have reported glucocorticoid insensitivity and reduced heart rate variability (HRV) in depressive disorders. However, little is known about the effects of cortisol on HRV and resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the central autonomic network (CAN) in depression. We collected resting-state fMRI and cardiac data for women with different depression histories (n = 61) after administration of cortisol and placebo using a double-blind crossover design. We computed rsFC for R-amygdala and L-amygdala seeds and assessed the change in HRV after cortisol (cortisol-placebo). Analyses examined the effects of acute cortisol administration on HRV and rsFC of the R-amygdala and L-amygdala. There was a significant interaction between HRV and treatment for rsFC between the amygdala and CAN regions. We found lower rsFC between the L-amygdala and putamen for those with a greater decrease in HRV after cortisol. There was also reduced rsFC between the R-amygdala and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, putamen, middle cingulate cortex, insula, and cerebellum in those with lower HRV after cortisol. These results remained significant after adjusting for depression symptoms, age, and race. Our findings suggest that the effect of cortisol on CAN connectivity is related to its effects on HRV. Overall, these results could inform transdiagnostic interventions targeting HRV and the stress response systems across clinical and non-clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carissa L Philippi
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA.
| | - Emily Weible
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Alissa Ehlers
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Blvd, Madison, WI 53719, USA
| | - Erin C Walsh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, CB# 7167, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Roxanne M Hoks
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Blvd, Madison, WI 53719, USA; Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison., 625 W. Washington Ave, Madison, WI 53703, USA
| | - Rasmus M Birn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Blvd, Madison, WI 53719, USA
| | - Heather C Abercrombie
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Blvd, Madison, WI 53719, USA; Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison., 625 W. Washington Ave, Madison, WI 53703, USA
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2
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Runyan A, Cassani A, Reyna L, Walsh EC, Hoks RM, Birn RM, Abercrombie HC, Philippi CL. Effects of Cortisol Administration on Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Women with Depression. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2024; 337:111760. [PMID: 38039780 PMCID: PMC10843737 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2023.111760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) research has identified several brain networks impacted by depression and cortisol, including default mode (DMN), frontoparietal (FPN), and salience networks (SN). In the present study, we examined the effects of cortisol administration on rsFC of these networks in individuals varying in depression history and severity. We collected resting-state fMRI scans and self-reported depression symptom severity for 74 women with and without a history of depression after cortisol and placebo administration using a double-blind, crossover design. We conducted seed-based rsFC analyses for DMN, FPN, and SN seeds to examine rsFC changes after cortisol vs. placebo administration in relation to depression history group and severity. Results revealed a main effect of depression group, with lower left amygdala (SN)-middle temporal gyrus connectivity in women with a history of depression. Cortisol administration increased insula (SN)-inferior frontal gyrus and superior temporal gyrus connectivity. We also found that greater depression severity was associated with increased PCC (DMN)-cerebellum connectivity after cortisol. These results did not survive Bonferroni correction for seed ROIs and should be interpreted with caution. Our findings indicate that acute cortisol elevation may normalize aberrant connectivity of DMN and SN regions, which could help inform clinical treatments for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Runyan
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Central Missouri, 116 West S. St., Warrensburg, MO 64093, USA
| | - Alexis Cassani
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd., St. Louis, Missouri, MO 63121, USA
| | - Leah Reyna
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd., St. Louis, Missouri, MO 63121, USA
| | - Erin C Walsh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, CB# 7167, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Roxanne M Hoks
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 625W. Washington Ave., Madison, WI 53703, USA
| | - Rasmus M Birn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Blvd., Madison, Wisconsin, 53719, USA
| | - Heather C Abercrombie
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 625W. Washington Ave., Madison, WI 53703, USA
| | - Carissa L Philippi
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd., St. Louis, Missouri, MO 63121, USA.
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Denis C, Dabbs K, Nair VA, Mathis J, Almane DN, Lakshmanan A, Nencka A, Birn RM, Conant L, Humphries C, Felton E, Raghavan M, DeYoe EA, Binder JR, Hermann B, Prabhakaran V, Bendlin BB, Meyerand ME, Boly M, Struck AF. T1-/T2-weighted ratio reveals no alterations to gray matter myelination in temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2023; 10:2149-2154. [PMID: 37872734 PMCID: PMC10647008 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-range functional connectivity in the limbic network is increased in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), and recent studies have shown that cortical myelin content correlates with fMRI connectivity. We thus hypothesized that myelin may increase progressively in the epileptic network. We compared T1w/T2w gray matter myelin maps between TLE patients and age-matched controls and assessed relationships between myelin and aging. While both TLE patients and healthy controls exhibited increased T1w/T2w intensity with age, we found no evidence for significant group-level aberrations in overall myelin content or myelin changes through time in TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Denis
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Kevin Dabbs
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Veena A. Nair
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Jedidiah Mathis
- Department of RadiologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Dace N. Almane
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | | | - Andrew Nencka
- Department of RadiologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Rasmus M. Birn
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Lisa Conant
- Department of NeurologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Colin Humphries
- Department of NeurologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Elizabeth Felton
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Manoj Raghavan
- Department of NeurologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Edgar A. DeYoe
- Department of RadiologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
- Department of BiophysicsMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Jeffrey R. Binder
- Department of NeurologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
- Department of BiophysicsMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Bruce Hermann
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Vivek Prabhakaran
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Barbara B. Bendlin
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Mary E. Meyerand
- Department of Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Mélanie Boly
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Aaron F. Struck
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
- William S. Middleton Veterans Administration HospitalMadisonWisconsinUSA
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Suminski AJ, Rajala AZ, Birn RM, Mueller EM, Malone ME, Ness JP, Filla C, Brunner K, McMillan AB, Poore SO, Williams JC, Murali D, Brzeczkowski A, Hurley SA, Dingle AM, Zeng W, Lake WB, Ludwig KA, Populin LC. Vagus nerve stimulation in the non-human primate: implantation methodology, characterization of nerve anatomy, target engagement and experimental applications. Bioelectron Med 2023; 9:9. [PMID: 37118841 PMCID: PMC10148417 DOI: 10.1186/s42234-023-00111-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a FDA approved therapy regularly used to treat a variety of neurological disorders that impact the central nervous system (CNS) including epilepsy and stroke. Putatively, the therapeutic efficacy of VNS results from its action on neuromodulatory centers via projections of the vagus nerve to the solitary tract nucleus. Currently, there is not an established large animal model that facilitates detailed mechanistic studies exploring how VNS impacts the function of the CNS, especially during complex behaviors requiring motor action and decision making. METHODS We describe the anatomical organization, surgical methodology to implant VNS electrodes on the left gagus nerve and characterization of target engagement/neural interface properties in a non-human primate (NHP) model of VNS that permits chronic stimulation over long periods of time. Furthermore, we describe the results of pilot experiments in a small number of NHPs to demonstrate how this preparation might be used in an animal model capable of performing complex motor and decision making tasks. RESULTS VNS electrode impedance remained constant over months suggesting a stable interface. VNS elicited robust activation of the vagus nerve which resulted in decreases of respiration rate and/or partial pressure of carbon dioxide in expired air, but not changes in heart rate in both awake and anesthetized NHPs. CONCLUSIONS We anticipate that this preparation will be very useful to study the mechanisms underlying the effects of VNS for the treatment of conditions such as epilepsy and depression, for which VNS is extensively used, as well as for the study of the neurobiological basis underlying higher order functions such as learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Suminski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Translational Neuroengineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Abigail Z Rajala
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Rasmus M Birn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ellie M Mueller
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Margaret E Malone
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Jared P Ness
- Wisconsin Institute for Translational Neuroengineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Caitlyn Filla
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Kevin Brunner
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alan B McMillan
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Samuel O Poore
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Justin C Williams
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Translational Neuroengineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dhanabalan Murali
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Andrea Brzeczkowski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Translational Neuroengineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Samuel A Hurley
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Aaron M Dingle
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Weifeng Zeng
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Wendell B Lake
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Translational Neuroengineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kip A Ludwig
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Translational Neuroengineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Luis C Populin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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Birn RM. Quality control procedures and metrics for resting-state functional MRI. Front Neuroimaging 2023; 2:1072927. [PMID: 37554646 PMCID: PMC10406233 DOI: 10.3389/fnimg.2023.1072927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
The monitoring and assessment of data quality is an essential step in the acquisition and analysis of functional MRI (fMRI) data. Ideally data quality monitoring is performed while the data are being acquired and the subject is still in the MRI scanner so that any errors can be caught early and addressed. It is also important to perform data quality assessments at multiple points in the processing pipeline. This is particularly true when analyzing datasets with large numbers of subjects, coming from multiple investigators and/or institutions. These quality control procedures should monitor not only the quality of the original and processed data, but also the accuracy and consistency of acquisition parameters. Between-site differences in acquisition parameters can guide the choice of certain processing steps (e.g., resampling from oblique orientations, spatial smoothing). Various quality control metrics can determine what subjects to exclude from the group analyses, and can also guide additional processing steps that may be necessary. This paper describes a combination of qualitative and quantitative assessments to determine the quality of fMRI data. Processing is performed using the AFNI data analysis package. Qualitative assessments include visual inspection of the structural T1-weighted and fMRI echo-planar images, functional connectivity maps, functional connectivity strength, and temporal signal-to-noise maps concatenated from all subjects into a movie format. Quantitative metrics include the acquisition parameters, statistics about the level of subject motion, temporal signal-to-noise ratio, smoothness of the data, and the average functional connectivity strength. These measures are evaluated at different steps in the processing pipeline to catch gross abnormalities in the data, and to determine deviations in acquisition parameters, the alignment to template space, the level of head motion, and other sources of noise. We also evaluate the effect of different quantitative QC cutoffs, specifically the motion censoring threshold, and the impact of bandpass filtering. These qualitative and quantitative metrics can then provide information about what subjects to exclude and what subjects to examine more closely in the analysis of large datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus M. Birn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Philippi CL, Leutzinger K, Pessin S, Cassani A, Mikel O, Walsh EC, Hoks RM, Birn RM, Abercrombie HC. Neural signal variability relates to maladaptive rumination in depression. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 156:570-578. [PMID: 36368247 PMCID: PMC9817305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Rumination is a common feature of depression and predicts the onset and maintenance of depressive episodes. Maladaptive and adaptive subtypes of rumination contribute to distinct outcomes, with brooding worsening negative mood and reflection related to fewer depression symptoms in healthy populations. Neuroimaging studies have implicated several cortical midline and lateral prefrontal brain regions in rumination. Recent research indicates that blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal variability may be a novel predictor of cognitive flexibility. However, no prior studies have investigated whether brooding and reflection are associated with distinct patterns of BOLD signal variability in depression. We collected resting-state fMRI data for 79 women with different depression histories: no history, past history, and current depression. We examined differences in BOLD signal variability (BOLDSD) related to rumination subtypes for the following regions of interest previously implicated in rumination: amygdala, medial prefrontal, anterior cingulate, posterior cingulate, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (dlPFC). Rumination subtype was associated with BOLDSD in the dlPFC, with greater levels of brooding associated with lower BOLDSD in the dlPFC, even after controlling for depression severity. Depression history was related to BOLDSD in the dlPFC, with reduced BOLDSD in those with current depression versus no history of depression. These findings provide a novel demonstration of the neural circuitry associated with maladaptive rumination in depression and implicate decreased prefrontal neural signal variability in the pathophysiology of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carissa L Philippi
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd., St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA.
| | - Katie Leutzinger
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd., St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA
| | - Sally Pessin
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd., St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA
| | - Alexis Cassani
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd., St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA
| | - Olivia Mikel
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd., St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA
| | - Erin C Walsh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, CB# 7167, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Roxanne M Hoks
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 625 W. Washington Ave., Madison, WI, 53703, USA
| | - Rasmus M Birn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Blvd., Madison, WI, 53719, USA
| | - Heather C Abercrombie
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 625 W. Washington Ave., Madison, WI, 53703, USA
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Birn RM, Dean DC, Wooten W, Planalp EM, Kecskemeti S, Alexander AL, Goldsmith HH, Davidson RJ. Reduction of Motion Artifacts in Functional Connectivity Resulting from Infrequent Large Motion. Brain Connect 2022; 12:740-753. [PMID: 35152725 PMCID: PMC9618388 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2021.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Subject head motion is an ongoing challenge in functional magnetic resonance imaging, particularly in the estimation of functional connectivity. Infants (1-month old) scanned during nonsedated sleep often have occasional but large movements of several millimeters separated by periods with relatively little movement. This results in residual signal changes even after image realignment and can distort estimates of functional connectivity. A new motion correction technique, JumpCor, is introduced to reduce the effects of this motion and compared to other existing techniques. Methods: Different approaches for reducing residual motion artifacts after image realignment were compared both in actual and simulated data: JumpCor, regressing out the estimated subject motion, and regressing out the average white matter, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and global signals and their temporal derivatives. Results: Motion-related signal changes resulting from infrequent large motion were significantly reduced both by regressing out the estimated motion parameters and by JumpCor. Furthermore, JumpCor significantly reduced artifacts and improved the quality of functional connectivity estimates when combined with typical preprocessing approaches. Discussion: Motion-related signal changes resulting from occasional large motion can be effectively corrected using JumpCor and to a certain extent also by regressing out the estimated motion. This technique should reduce the data loss in studies where participants exhibit this type of motion, such as sleeping infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus M. Birn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Douglas C. Dean
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - William Wooten
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Planalp
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Steven Kecskemeti
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Andrew L. Alexander
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - H. Hill Goldsmith
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Richard J. Davidson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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8
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Pessin S, Walsh EC, Hoks RM, Birn RM, Abercrombie HC, Philippi CL. Resting-state neural signal variability in women with depressive disorders. Behav Brain Res 2022; 433:113999. [PMID: 35811000 PMCID: PMC9559753 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activity and connectivity in default mode (DMN), frontoparietal (FPN), and salience (SN) network regions is well-documented in depression. Recent neuroimaging research suggests that altered variability in the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal may disrupt normal network integration and be an important novel predictor of psychopathology. However, no studies have yet determined the relationship between resting-state BOLD signal variability and depressive disorders nor applied BOLD signal variability features to the classification of depression history using machine learning (ML). We collected resting-state fMRI data for 79 women with different depression histories: no history, past history, and current depressive disorder. We tested voxelwise differences in BOLD signal variability related to depression group and severity. We also investigated whether BOLD signal variability of DMN, FPN, and SN regions could predict depression history group using a supervised random forest ML model. Results indicated that individuals with any history of depression had significantly decreased BOLD signal variability in the left and right cerebellum and right parietal cortex (pFWE <0.05). Furthermore, greater depression severity was also associated with reduced BOLD signal variability in the cerebellum. A random forest model classified participant depression history with 74% accuracy, with the ventral anterior cingulate cortex of the DMN as the most important variable in the model. These findings provide novel support for resting-state BOLD signal variability as a marker of neural dysfunction in depression and implicate decreased neural signal variability in the pathophysiology of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Pessin
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Erin C Walsh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, CB# 7167, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Roxanne M Hoks
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 625W. Washington Ave., Madison, WI 53703, USA
| | - Rasmus M Birn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Blvd., Madison, WI 53719, USA
| | - Heather C Abercrombie
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 625W. Washington Ave., Madison, WI 53703, USA
| | - Carissa L Philippi
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63121, USA.
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9
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Queder N, Phelan MJ, Taylor L, Tustison N, Doran E, Hom C, Nguyen D, Lai F, Pulsifer M, Price J, Kreisl WC, Rosas HD, Krinsky‐McHale S, Brickman AM, Yassa MA, Schupf N, Silverman W, Lott IT, Head E, Mapstone M, Keator DB, Ances BM, Andrews HF, Bell K, Birn RM, Brickman AM, Bulova P, Cheema A, Chen K, Christian BT, Clare I, Clark L, Cohen AD, Constantino JN, Doran EW, Fagan A, Feingold E, Foroud TM, Handen BL, Hartley SL, Head E, Henson R, Hom C, Honig L, Ikonomovic MD, Johnson SC, Jordan C, Kamboh MI, Keator D, Klunk WE, Kofler JK, Kreisl WC, Krinsky‐McHale SJ, Lai F, Lao P, Laymon C, Lee JH, Lott IT, Lupson V, Mapstone M, Mathis CA, Minhas DS, Nadkarni N, O'Bryant S, Pang D, Petersen M, Price JC, Pulsifer M, Reiman E, Rizvi B, Rosas HD, Schupf N, Silverman WP, Tudorascu DL, Tumuluru R, Tycko B, Varadarajan B, White DA, Yassa MA, Zaman S, Zhang F. Joint-label fusion brain atlases for dementia research in Down syndrome. Alzheimers Dement (Amst) 2022; 14:e12324. [PMID: 35634535 PMCID: PMC9131930 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Research suggests a link between Alzheimer's Disease in Down Syndrome (DS) and the overproduction of amyloid plaques. Using Positron Emission Tomography (PET) we can assess the in-vivo regional amyloid load using several available ligands. To measure amyloid distributions in specific brain regions, a brain atlas is used. A popular method of creating a brain atlas is to segment a participant's structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan. Acquiring an MRI is often challenging in intellectually-imparied populations because of contraindications or data exclusion due to significant motion artifacts or incomplete sequences related to general discomfort. When an MRI cannot be acquired, it is typically replaced with a standardized brain atlas derived from neurotypical populations (i.e. healthy individuals without DS) which may be inappropriate for use in DS. In this project, we create a series of disease and diagnosis-specific (cognitively stable (CS-DS), mild cognitive impairment (MCI-DS), and dementia (DEM-DS)) probabilistic group atlases of participants with DS and evaluate their accuracy of quantifying regional amyloid load compared to the individually-based MRI segmentations. Further, we compare the diagnostic-specific atlases with a probabilistic atlas constructed from similar-aged cognitively-stable neurotypical participants. We hypothesized that regional PET signals will best match the individually-based MRI segmentations by using DS group atlases that aligns with a participant's disorder and disease status (e.g. DS and MCI-DS). Our results vary by brain region but generally show that using a disorder-specific atlas in DS better matches the individually-based MRI segmentations than using an atlas constructed from cognitively-stable neurotypical participants. We found no additional benefit of using diagnose-specific atlases matching disease status. All atlases are made publicly available for the research community. Highlight Down syndrome (DS) joint-label-fusion atlases provide accurate positron emission tomography (PET) amyloid measurements.A disorder-specific DS atlas is better than a neurotypical atlas for PET quantification.It is not necessary to use a disease-state-specific atlas for quantification in aged DS.Dorsal striatum results vary, possibly due to this region and dementia progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazek Queder
- Department of Psychiatry and Human BehaviorUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior and Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and MemoryUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Michael J. Phelan
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Lisa Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry and Human BehaviorUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Nicholas Tustison
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
| | - Eric Doran
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of CaliforniaIrvine Medical CenterOrangeCaliforniaUSA
| | - Christy Hom
- Department of Psychiatry and Human BehaviorUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Dana Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry and Human BehaviorUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Florence Lai
- Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Margaret Pulsifer
- Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Julie Price
- Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Herminia D. Rosas
- Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Sharon Krinsky‐McHale
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental DisabilitiesNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Adam M. Brickman
- Department of NeurologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA,Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging BrainDepartment of NeurologyVagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Michael A. Yassa
- Department of Psychiatry and Human BehaviorUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior and Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and MemoryUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA,Department of NeurologyUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Nicole Schupf
- Department of NeurologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA,Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging BrainDepartment of NeurologyVagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Wayne Silverman
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of CaliforniaIrvine Medical CenterOrangeCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ira T. Lott
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of CaliforniaIrvine Medical CenterOrangeCaliforniaUSA
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory MedicineUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Mark Mapstone
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - David B. Keator
- Department of Psychiatry and Human BehaviorUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
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10
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Rivera-Bonet CN, Birn RM, Ladd CO, Meyerand ME, Abercrombie HC. Cortisol effects on brain functional connectivity during emotion processing in women with depression. J Affect Disord 2021; 287:247-254. [PMID: 33799044 PMCID: PMC8128282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is associated with altered functional connectivity and altered cortisol sensitivity, but the effects of cortisol on functional connectivity in depression are unknown. Previous research shows that brief cortisol augmentation (CORT) has beneficial neurocognitive effects in depression. METHODS We investigated the effects of CORT (20mg oral cortisol) on functional connectivity during emotion processing in women with depression. Participants included 75 women with no depression or a depressive disorder. In a double-blind, crossover study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure effects of CORT vs. placebo on task-based functional connectivity during presentation of emotionally-laden images. We performed psychophysiological interaction (PPI) to test interactions among depression severity, cortisol administration, and task-dependent functional connectivity using the hippocampus and amygdala as seeds. RESULTS During the presentation of negative images, CORT (vs. placebo) increased functional connectivity between the hippocampus and putamen in association with depression severity. During the presentation of positive pictures CORT increased functional connectivity between the hippocampus and middle frontal gyrus as well as superior temporal gyrus in association with depression. LIMITATIONS Because cortisol was pharmacologically manipulated, results cannot be extrapolated to endogenous increases in cortisol levels. The sample did not permit investigation of differences due to race, ethnicity, or sex. Co-morbidities such as anxiety or PTSD were not accounted for. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that CORT has normalizing effects on task-dependent functional connectivity in women with depression during emotion processing. Increasing cortisol availability or signaling may have therapeutic benefits within affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rasmus M Birn
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States; Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Charlotte O Ladd
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Mary E Meyerand
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States; Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Heather C Abercrombie
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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11
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Field AS, Birn RM. Wheat from the Chaff: Denoising Functional MRI Data. Radiology 2021; 299:49-50. [PMID: 33595393 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2021210247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S Field
- From the Departments of Radiology (A.S.F.) and Psychiatry (R.M.B.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Ave, M/C 3252, Madison, WI 53792
| | - Rasmus M Birn
- From the Departments of Radiology (A.S.F.) and Psychiatry (R.M.B.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Ave, M/C 3252, Madison, WI 53792
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12
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Weaver SS, Birn RM, Cisler JM. A Pilot Adaptive Neurofeedback Investigation of the Neural Mechanisms of Implicit Emotion Regulation Among Women With PTSD. Front Syst Neurosci 2020; 14:40. [PMID: 32719590 PMCID: PMC7347986 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2020.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is widely associated with deficits in implicit emotion regulation. Recently, adaptive fMRI neurofeedback (A-NF) has been developed as a methodology that offers a unique probe of brain networks that mediate implicit emotion regulation and their impairment in PTSD. We designed an A-NF paradigm in which difficulty of an emotional conflict task (i.e., embedding trauma distractors onto a neutral target stimulus) was controlled by a whole-brain classifier trained to differentiate attention to the trauma distractor vs. target. We exploited this methodology to test whether PTSD was associated with: (1) an altered brain state that differentiates attention towards vs. away from trauma cues; and (2) an altered ability to use concurrent feedback about brain states during an implicit emotion regulation task. Adult women with a current diagnosis of PTSD (n = 10) and healthy control (n = 9) women participated in this task during 3T fMRI. During two initial non-feedback runs used to train a whole-brain classifier, we observed: (1) poorer attention performance in PTSD; and (2) a linear relationship between brain state discrimination and attention performance, which was significantly attenuated among the PTSD group when the task contained trauma cues. During the A-NF phase, the PTSD group demonstrated poorer ability to regulate brain states as per attention instructions, and this poorer ability was related to PTSD symptom severity. Further, PTSD was associated with the heightened encoding of feedback in the insula and hippocampus. These results suggest a novel understanding of whole-brain states and their regulation that underlie emotion regulation deficits in PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby S Weaver
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Rasmus M Birn
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Josh M Cisler
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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13
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Patsenko EG, Adluru N, Birn RM, Stodola DE, Kral TRA, Farajian R, Flook L, Burghy CA, Steinkuehler C, Davidson RJ. Mindfulness video game improves connectivity of the fronto-parietal attentional network in adolescents: A multi-modal imaging study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18667. [PMID: 31822684 PMCID: PMC6904443 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53393-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mindfulness training has been shown to improve attention and change the underlying brain substrates in adults. Most mindfulness training programs involve a myriad of techniques, and it is difficult to attribute changes to any particular aspect of the program. Here, we created a video game, Tenacity, which models a specific mindfulness technique – focused attention on one’s breathing – and assessed its potential to train an attentional network in adolescents. A combined analysis of resting state functional connectivity (rs-FC) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) yielded convergent results – change in communication within the left fronto-parietal network after two weeks of playing Tenacity compared to a control game. Rs-FC analysis showed greater connectivity between left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and left inferior parietal cortex (IPC) in the Tenacity group. Importantly, changes in left dlPFC – IPC rs-FC and changes in structural connectivity of the white matter tract that connects these regions –left superior longitudinal fasiculus (SLF) – were associated with changes in performance on an attention task. Finally, changes in left dlPFC – IPC rs-FC correlated with the change in left SLF structural connectivity as measured by fractional anisotropy (FA) in the Tenacity group only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena G Patsenko
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 625W. Washington Avenue, Madison, WI, 53703, USA.
| | - Nagesh Adluru
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 625W. Washington Avenue, Madison, WI, 53703, USA
| | - Rasmus M Birn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 6001 Research Park Blvd., Madison, WI, 53719, USA
| | - Diane E Stodola
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 625W. Washington Avenue, Madison, WI, 53703, USA
| | - Tammi R A Kral
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 625W. Washington Avenue, Madison, WI, 53703, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1202 West Johnson Street, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Reza Farajian
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 625W. Washington Avenue, Madison, WI, 53703, USA
| | - Lisa Flook
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 625W. Washington Avenue, Madison, WI, 53703, USA
| | - Cory A Burghy
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 625W. Washington Avenue, Madison, WI, 53703, USA
| | - Constance Steinkuehler
- Department of Informatics, University of California, Irvine, 5019 Donald Bren Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697-3440, USA
| | - Richard J Davidson
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 625W. Washington Avenue, Madison, WI, 53703, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1202 West Johnson Street, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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14
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Dean DC, Planalp EM, Wooten W, Kecskemeti SR, Adluru N, Schmidt CK, Frye C, Birn RM, Burghy CA, Schmidt NL, Styner MA, Short SJ, Kalin NH, Goldsmith HH, Alexander AL, Davidson RJ. Association of Prenatal Maternal Depression and Anxiety Symptoms With Infant White Matter Microstructure. JAMA Pediatr 2018; 172:973-981. [PMID: 30177999 PMCID: PMC6190835 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.2132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Maternal depression and anxiety can have deleterious and lifelong consequences on child development. However, many aspects of the association of early brain development with maternal symptoms remain unclear. Understanding the timing of potential neurobiological alterations holds inherent value for the development and evaluation of future therapies and interventions. OBJECTIVE To examine the association between exposure to prenatal maternal depression and anxiety symptoms and offspring white matter microstructure at 1 month of age. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study of 101 mother-infant dyads used a composite of depression and anxiety symptoms measured in mothers during the third trimester of pregnancy and measures of white matter microstructure characterized in the mothers' 1-month offspring using diffusion tensor imaging and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging performed from October 1, 2014, to November 30, 2016. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed at an academic research facility during natural, nonsedated sleep. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Brain mapping algorithms and statistical models were used to evaluate the association between maternal depression and anxiety and 1-month infant white matter microstructure as measured by diffusion tensor imaging and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging findings. RESULTS In the 101 mother-infant dyads (mean [SD] age of mothers, 33.22 [3.99] years; mean age of infants at magnetic resonance imaging, 33.07 days [range, 18-50 days]; 92 white mothers [91.1%]; 53 male infants [52.5%]), lower 1-month white matter microstructure (decreased neurite density and increased mean, radial, and axial diffusivity) was associated in right frontal white matter microstructure with higher prenatal maternal symptoms of depression and anxiety. Significant sex × symptom interactions with measures of white matter microstructure were also observed, suggesting that white matter development may be differentially sensitive to maternal depression and anxiety symptoms in males and females during the prenatal period. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These data highlight the importance of the prenatal period to early brain development and suggest that the underlying white matter microstructure is associated with the continuum of prenatal maternal depression and anxiety symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth M. Planalp
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison,Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison
| | - William Wooten
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin, Madison
| | | | | | - Cory K. Schmidt
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison,Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin, Madison
| | - Corrina Frye
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin, Madison
| | - Rasmus M. Birn
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison,Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison
| | - Cory A. Burghy
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin, Madison
| | | | - Martin A. Styner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill,Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill
| | - Sarah J. Short
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin, Madison
| | - Ned H. Kalin
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison,Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison,Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison
| | - H. Hill Goldsmith
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison,Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison
| | - Andrew L. Alexander
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison,Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison,Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison
| | - Richard J. Davidson
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison,Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison,Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin, Madison,Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison
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15
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Kral TRA, Stodola DE, Birn RM, Mumford JA, Solis E, Flook L, Patsenko EG, Anderson CG, Steinkuehler C, Davidson RJ. Neural correlates of video game empathy training in adolescents: a randomized trial. NPJ Sci Learn 2018; 3:13. [PMID: 30631474 PMCID: PMC6220300 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-018-0029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability to understand emotional experiences of others, empathy, is a valuable skill for effective social interactions. Various types of training increase empathy in adolescents, but their impact on brain circuits underlying empathy has not been examined. Video games provide a unique medium familiar and engaging to adolescents and can be used to deliver training at scale. We developed an empathy training video game, Crystals of Kaydor (Crystals), and investigated whether playing Crystals increases empathic accuracy (EA) and related brain activation in adolescents (N = 74; 27 female; mean age(sd) = 12.8(0.7) years; age range 11-14 years). Participants completed a resting state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) scan and an EA task during an fMRI scan before and after 2 weeks of daily gameplay with either the empathy training game, Crystals (N = 34), or the commercial video game Bastion (N = 40), an active control condition. There were no group differences in EA improvement following gameplay, however, engagement with training aspects of Crystals was associated with a higher increase in EA-related activation in right temporoparietal junction following gameplay. Moreover, rs-fMRI connectivity in empathy-related brain circuits (posterior cingulate-medial prefrontal cortex; MPFC) was stronger after Crystals gameplay compared to Bastion. The more individuals' EA increased following Crystals versus Bastion, the stronger their rs-fMRI connectivity in brain circuits relevant for emotion regulation (amygdala-MPFC). These findings suggest that a video game designed to increase empathic accuracy produces behaviorally-relevant, functional neural changes in fewer than 6 h of gameplay in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammi R. A. Kral
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Diane E. Stodola
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Rasmus M. Birn
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Jeanette A. Mumford
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Enrique Solis
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Lisa Flook
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | | | - Craig G. Anderson
- Games+Learning+Society, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
- Department of Curriculum and Instruction, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Constance Steinkuehler
- Games+Learning+Society, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
- Department of Curriculum and Instruction, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
- Department of Informatics, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Richard J. Davidson
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
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16
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Zhao G, Liu F, Oler JA, Meyerand ME, Kalin NH, Birn RM. Bayesian convolutional neural network based MRI brain extraction on nonhuman primates. Neuroimage 2018; 175:32-44. [PMID: 29604454 PMCID: PMC6095475 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain extraction or skull stripping of magnetic resonance images (MRI) is an essential step in neuroimaging studies, the accuracy of which can severely affect subsequent image processing procedures. Current automatic brain extraction methods demonstrate good results on human brains, but are often far from satisfactory on nonhuman primates, which are a necessary part of neuroscience research. To overcome the challenges of brain extraction in nonhuman primates, we propose a fully-automated brain extraction pipeline combining deep Bayesian convolutional neural network (CNN) and fully connected three-dimensional (3D) conditional random field (CRF). The deep Bayesian CNN, Bayesian SegNet, is used as the core segmentation engine. As a probabilistic network, it is not only able to perform accurate high-resolution pixel-wise brain segmentation, but also capable of measuring the model uncertainty by Monte Carlo sampling with dropout in the testing stage. Then, fully connected 3D CRF is used to refine the probability result from Bayesian SegNet in the whole 3D context of the brain volume. The proposed method was evaluated with a manually brain-extracted dataset comprising T1w images of 100 nonhuman primates. Our method outperforms six popular publicly available brain extraction packages and three well-established deep learning based methods with a mean Dice coefficient of 0.985 and a mean average symmetric surface distance of 0.220 mm. A better performance against all the compared methods was verified by statistical tests (all p-values < 10-4, two-sided, Bonferroni corrected). The maximum uncertainty of the model on nonhuman primate brain extraction has a mean value of 0.116 across all the 100 subjects. The behavior of the uncertainty was also studied, which shows the uncertainty increases as the training set size decreases, the number of inconsistent labels in the training set increases, or the inconsistency between the training set and the testing set increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengyan Zhao
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, USA.
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, USA
| | - Jonathan A Oler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, USA
| | - Mary E Meyerand
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, USA
| | - Ned H Kalin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, USA
| | - Rasmus M Birn
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, USA
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17
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McCuddy WT, España LY, Nelson LD, Birn RM, Mayer AR, Meier TB. Association of acute depressive symptoms and functional connectivity of emotional processing regions following sport-related concussion. Neuroimage Clin 2018; 19:434-442. [PMID: 29984152 PMCID: PMC6029562 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Acute mood disturbance following sport-related concussion is common and is known to adversely affect post-concussion symptoms and recovery. The physiological underpinnings of depressive symptoms following concussion, however, are relatively understudied. We hypothesized that functional connectivity of the emotional processing network would be altered in concussed athletes and associated with the severity of depressive symptoms following concussion. Forty-three concussed collegiate athletes were assessed at approximately one day (N = 34), one week (N = 34), and one month post-concussion (N = 30). Fifty-one healthy contact-sport athletes served as controls and completed a single visit. The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) was used to measure depressive symptoms. Resting state fMRI data was collected on a 3 T scanner (TR = 2 s) and functional connectivity was calculated in a meta-analytically derived network of regions associated with emotional processing. Concussed athletes had elevated depressive symptoms across the first month post-concussion relative to control athletes, but showed partial recovery by one month relative to more acute visits (ps < 0.05). Concussed athletes had significantly different connectivity in regions associated with emotional processing at one month post-concussion relative to one day post-concussion (p = 0.002) and relative to controls (p = 0.003), with higher connectivity between default mode and attention regions being common across analyses. Additionally, depressive symptoms in concussed athletes at one day (p = 0.003) and one week post-concussion (p = 7 × 10-8) were inversely correlated with connectivity between attention (e.g., right anterior insula) and default mode regions (e.g., medial prefrontal cortex). Finally, the relationships with HAM-D scores were not driven by a general increase in somatic complaints captured by the HAM-D, but were strongly associated with mood-specific HAM-D items. These results suggest that connectivity of emotional processing regions is associated with acute mood disturbance following sport-related concussion. Increased connectivity between attention and default mode regions may reflect compensatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T McCuddy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Lezlie Y España
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Lindsay D Nelson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Rasmus M Birn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States; Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Andrew R Mayer
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, United States; Neurology Department, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States; Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Timothy B Meier
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States.
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18
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Frost CP, Meyerand ME, Birn RM, Hoks RM, Walsh EC, Abercrombie HC. Childhood Emotional Abuse Moderates Associations Among Corticomotor White Matter Structure and Stress Neuromodulators in Women With and Without Depression. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:256. [PMID: 29740273 PMCID: PMC5925965 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Adverse caregiving during development can produce long-lasting changes to neural, endocrine, and behavioral responses to stress, and is strongly related to elevated risk of adult psychopathology. While prior experience of adversity is associated with altered sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity, the underlying neural pathways are not completely understood. In a double-blind crossover study, we used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to examine whether variation in white matter structure predicts differences in HPA-SNS interactions as a function of early adversity. Participants included 74 women who exhibited a wide range of depression severity and/or childhood emotional abuse (EA). Participants attended two experimental sessions during which they were administered 20 mg cortisol (CORT) or placebo and after 90 min, viewed emotionally laden pictures while undergoing MRI scanning. Immediately after emotional picture-viewing, we collected salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) to index SNS activation. We tested whether EA moderated the relation between fractional anisotropy (FA), a measure of white matter fiber structure, and sAA. In the placebo condition, for participants with minimal history of EA, higher FA in corticomotor projections was negatively correlated with sAA, whereas in participants with severe EA, the correlation was trending in the opposite direction. Following CORT administration, FA and sAA were not related, suggesting that SNS tone during acute cortisol elevation may depend on neural pathways other than corticomotor projections. The results suggest that at baseline—though not during cortisol elevation—increased FA in these tracts is associated with lower levels of SNS activity in women with minimal EA, but not in women with severe EA. These findings provide evidence that corticomotor projections may be a key component of altered neural circuitry in adults with history of maltreatment, and may be related to alterations in stress neuromodulators in psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlton P Frost
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - M Elizabeth Meyerand
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Rasmus M Birn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Roxanne M Hoks
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Erin C Walsh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Heather C Abercrombie
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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19
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Plante DT, Birn RM, Walsh EC, Hoks RM, Cornejo MD, Abercrombie HC. Reduced resting-state thalamostriatal functional connectivity is associated with excessive daytime sleepiness in persons with and without depressive disorders. J Affect Disord 2018; 227:517-520. [PMID: 29161673 PMCID: PMC5805569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is a common and significant problem encountered in affective illness, however, the biological underpinnings of EDS in persons with psychiatric disorders are not clear. This study evaluated the associations between thalamic connectivity with cortical and subcortical brain regions with EDS in persons with and without depressive disorders (DD). METHODS Resting-state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging scans from 67 unmedicated young to middle-aged women with current DD (n = 30), remitted DD (n = 13), and healthy controls (n = 24) were utilized to examine the associations between thalamic connectivity with cortical/subcortical structures and EDS. RESULTS After correction for multiple comparisons and adjustment for age, habitual sleep duration, and depressive symptomatology, reduced resting-state connectivity between the bilateral thalamus and left rostral striatum (caudate/putamen) was significantly associated with EDS. LIMITATIONS Causal inferences between thalamostriatal connectivity and EDS could not be determined. CONCLUSIONS These results further implicate the role of the striatum and thalamus as central components of the experience of EDS. Further research is indicated to clarify the specific role these structures play in EDS in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T. Plante
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA,Corresponding author.:, Wisconsin Psychiatric Institute and Clinics, 6001 Research Park Blvd., Madison, WI 53719, , Tel. (608)-262-0130, (608)-263-0265 (fax)
| | - Rasmus M. Birn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Erin C. Walsh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Roxanne M. Hoks
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - M. Daniela Cornejo
- Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Heather C. Abercrombie
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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20
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La C, Nair VA, Mossahebi P, Young BM, Chacon M, Jensen M, Birn RM, Meyerand ME, Prabhakaran V. Implication of the Slow-5 Oscillations in the Disruption of the Default-Mode Network in Healthy Aging and Stroke. Brain Connect 2017; 6:482-95. [PMID: 27130180 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2015.0375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The processes of normal aging and aging-related pathologies subject the brain to an active re-organization of its brain networks. Among these, the default-mode network (DMN) is consistently implicated with a demonstrated reduction in functional connectivity within the network. However, no clear stipulation on the underlying mechanisms of the de-synchronization has yet been provided. In this study, we examined the spectral distribution of the intrinsic low-frequency oscillations (LFOs) of the DMN sub-networks in populations of young normals, older subjects, and acute and subacute ischemic stroke patients. The DMN sub-networks were derived using a mid-order group independent component analysis with 117 eyes-closed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) sessions from volunteers in those population groups, isolating three robust components of the DMN among other resting-state networks. The posterior component of the DMN presented noticeable differences. Measures of amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and fractional ALFF (fALFF) of the network component demonstrated a decrease in resting-state cortical oscillation power in the elderly (normal and patient), specifically in the slow-5 (0.01-0.027 Hz) range of oscillations. Furthermore, the contribution of the slow-5 oscillations during the resting state was diminished for a greater influence of the slow-4 (0.027-0.073 Hz) oscillations in the subacute stroke group, not only suggesting a vulnerability of the slow-5 oscillations to disruption but also indicating a change in the distribution of the oscillations within the resting-state frequencies. The reduction of network slow-5 fALFF in the posterior DMN component was found to present a potential association with behavioral measures, suggesting a brain-behavior relationship to those oscillations, with this change in behavior potentially resulting from an altered network integrity induced by a weakening of the slow-5 oscillations during the resting state. The repeated identification of those frequencies in the disruption of DMN stresses a critical role of the slow-5 oscillations in network disruption, and it accentuates the importance of managing those oscillations in the health of the DMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian La
- 1 Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin.,2 Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Veena A Nair
- 2 Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Pouria Mossahebi
- 2 Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Brittany M Young
- 1 Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin.,2 Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Marcus Chacon
- 3 Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Matthew Jensen
- 3 Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Rasmus M Birn
- 1 Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin.,4 Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin.,5 Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Mary E Meyerand
- 1 Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin.,2 Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin.,4 Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin.,6 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Vivek Prabhakaran
- 1 Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin.,2 Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin.,3 Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin.,4 Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin.,5 Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin.,6 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
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21
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Oler JA, Tromp DPM, Fox AS, Kovner R, Davidson RJ, Alexander AL, McFarlin DR, Birn RM, E Berg B, deCampo DM, Kalin NH, Fudge JL. Connectivity between the central nucleus of the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the non-human primate: neuronal tract tracing and developmental neuroimaging studies. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:21-39. [PMID: 26908365 PMCID: PMC4995160 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1198-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The lateral division of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTL) and central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce) form the two poles of the 'central extended amygdala', a theorized subcortical macrostructure important in threat-related processing. Our previous work in nonhuman primates, and humans, demonstrating strong resting fMRI connectivity between the Ce and BSTL regions, provides evidence for the integrated activity of these structures. To further understand the anatomical substrates that underlie this coordinated function, and to investigate the integrity of the central extended amygdala early in life, we examined the intrinsic connectivity between the Ce and BSTL in non-human primates using ex vivo neuronal tract tracing, and in vivo diffusion-weighted imaging and resting fMRI techniques. The tracing studies revealed that BSTL receives strong input from Ce; however, the reciprocal pathway is less robust, implying that the primate Ce is a major modulator of BSTL function. The sublenticular extended amygdala (SLEAc) is strongly and reciprocally connected to both Ce and BSTL, potentially allowing the SLEAc to modulate information flow between the two structures. Longitudinal early-life structural imaging in a separate cohort of monkeys revealed that extended amygdala white matter pathways are in place as early as 3 weeks of age. Interestingly, resting functional connectivity between Ce and BSTL regions increases in coherence from 3 to 7 weeks of age. Taken together, these findings demonstrate a time period during which information flow between Ce and BSTL undergoes postnatal developmental changes likely via direct Ce → BSTL and/or Ce ↔ SLEAc ↔ BSTL projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Oler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA.
- HealthEmotions Research Institute, Wisconsin Psychiatric Institute and Clinics, 6001 Research Park Blvd., Madison, WI, 53719, USA.
| | - Do P M Tromp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA
- HealthEmotions Research Institute, Wisconsin Psychiatric Institute and Clinics, 6001 Research Park Blvd., Madison, WI, 53719, USA
| | - Andrew S Fox
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
- HealthEmotions Research Institute, Wisconsin Psychiatric Institute and Clinics, 6001 Research Park Blvd., Madison, WI, 53719, USA
| | - Rothem Kovner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA
- HealthEmotions Research Institute, Wisconsin Psychiatric Institute and Clinics, 6001 Research Park Blvd., Madison, WI, 53719, USA
| | - Richard J Davidson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Andrew L Alexander
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA
| | - Daniel R McFarlin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA
- HealthEmotions Research Institute, Wisconsin Psychiatric Institute and Clinics, 6001 Research Park Blvd., Madison, WI, 53719, USA
| | - Rasmus M Birn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA
| | | | - Danielle M deCampo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, USA
| | - Ned H Kalin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
- HealthEmotions Research Institute, Wisconsin Psychiatric Institute and Clinics, 6001 Research Park Blvd., Madison, WI, 53719, USA
| | - Julie L Fudge
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, USA
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22
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Vergun S, Gaggl W, Nair VA, Suhonen JI, Birn RM, Ahmed AS, Meyerand ME, Reuss J, DeYoe EA, Prabhakaran V. Classification and Extraction of Resting State Networks Using Healthy and Epilepsy fMRI Data. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:440. [PMID: 27729846 PMCID: PMC5037187 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have significantly expanded the field's understanding of functional brain activity of healthy and patient populations. Resting state (rs-) fMRI, which does not require subjects to perform a task, eliminating confounds of task difficulty, allows examination of neural activity and offers valuable functional mapping information. The purpose of this work was to develop an automatic resting state network (RSN) labeling method which offers value in clinical workflow during rs-fMRI mapping by organizing and quickly labeling spatial maps into functional networks. Here independent component analysis (ICA) and machine learning were applied to rs-fMRI data with the goal of developing a method for the clinically oriented task of extracting and classifying spatial maps into auditory, visual, default-mode, sensorimotor, and executive control RSNs from 23 epilepsy patients (and for general comparison, separately for 30 healthy subjects). ICA revealed distinct and consistent functional network components across patients and healthy subjects. Network classification was successful, achieving 88% accuracy for epilepsy patients with a naïve Bayes algorithm (and 90% accuracy for healthy subjects with a perceptron). The method's utility to researchers and clinicians is the provided RSN spatial maps and their functional labeling which offer complementary functional information to clinicians' expert interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svyatoslav Vergun
- Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA; Radiology, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | - Wolfgang Gaggl
- Radiology, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA; Prism Clinical Imaging, Inc.,Elm Grove, WI, USA
| | - Veena A Nair
- Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Rasmus M Birn
- Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA; Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | - Azam S Ahmed
- Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA
| | - M Elizabeth Meyerand
- Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA; Radiology, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA; Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | - James Reuss
- Prism Clinical Imaging, Inc., Elm Grove, WI, USA
| | - Edgar A DeYoe
- Radiology, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI, USA; Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI, USA; Biophysics, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Vivek Prabhakaran
- Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA; Radiology, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA; Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA; Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA; Psychology, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
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23
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Patriat R, Reynolds RC, Birn RM. An improved model of motion-related signal changes in fMRI. Neuroimage 2016; 144:74-82. [PMID: 27570108 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Head motion is a significant source of noise in the estimation of functional connectivity from resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI). Current strategies to reduce this noise include image realignment, censoring time points corrupted by motion, and including motion realignment parameters and their derivatives as additional nuisance regressors in the general linear model. However, this nuisance regression approach assumes that the motion-induced signal changes are linearly related to the estimated realignment parameters, which is not always the case. In this study we develop an improved model of motion-related signal changes, where nuisance regressors are formed by first rotating and translating a single brain volume according to the estimated motion, re-registering the data, and then performing a principal components analysis (PCA) on the resultant time series of both moved and re-registered data. We show that these "Motion Simulated (MotSim)" regressors account for significantly greater fraction of variance, result in higher temporal signal-to-noise, and lead to functional connectivity estimates that are less affected by motion compared to the most common current approach of using the realignment parameters and their derivatives as nuisance regressors. This improvement should lead to more accurate estimates of functional connectivity, particularly in populations where motion is prevalent, such as patients and young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Patriat
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Richard C Reynolds
- Scientific and Statistical Computing Core, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Rasmus M Birn
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA.
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24
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Shah LM, Cramer JA, Ferguson MA, Birn RM, Anderson JS. Reliability and reproducibility of individual differences in functional connectivity acquired during task and resting state. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00456. [PMID: 27069771 PMCID: PMC4814225 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Application of fMRI connectivity metrics as diagnostic biomarkers at the individual level will require reliability, sensitivity and specificity to longitudinal changes in development, aging, neurocognitive, and behavioral performance and pathologies. Such metrics have not been well characterized for recent advances in BOLD acquisition. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Analysis of multiband BOLD data from the HCP 500 Subjects Release was performed with FIX ICA and with WM, CSF and motion parameter regression. Analysis with ROIs covering the gray matter at 5 mm resolution was performed to assess functional connectivity. ROIs in key areas were used to demonstrate statistical differences between specific connections. Reproducibility of group-mean functional connectivity and for single connections for individuals was evaluated for both resting state and task acquisitions. PRINCIPAL OBSERVATIONS Systematic differences in group-mean connectivity were demonstrated during task and rest and during different tasks, although individual differences in connectivity were maintained. Reproducibility of a single connection for a subject and across subjects for resting and task acquisition was demonstrated to be a linear function of the square root of imaging time. Randomly removing up to 50% of time points had little effect on reliability, while truncating an acquisition was associated with decreased reliability. Reliability was highest within the cortex, and lowest for deep gray nuclei, gray-white junction, and near large sulci. CONCLUSIONS This study found systematic differences in group-mean connectivity acquired during task and rest acquitisions and preserved individual differences in connectivity due to intrinsic differences in an individual's brain activity and structural brain architecture. We also show that longer scan times are needed to acquire data on single subjects for information on connections between specific ROIs. Longer scans may be facilitated by acquisition during task paradigms, which will systematically affect functional connectivity but may preserve individual differences in connectivity on top of task modulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubdha M Shah
- Department of Radiology University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah 84132
| | - Justin A Cramer
- Department of Radiology University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah 84132
| | - Michael A Ferguson
- Department of Bioengineering University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah 84132
| | - Rasmus M Birn
- Department of Psychiatry University of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin 53705
| | - Jeffrey S Anderson
- Department of Radiology University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah 84132; Department of Bioengineering University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah 84132
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25
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Patriat R, Birn RM, Keding TJ, Herringa RJ. Default-Mode Network Abnormalities in Pediatric Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016; 55:319-27. [PMID: 27015723 PMCID: PMC4808564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) studies of adult posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have identified default-mode network (DMN) abnormalities, including reduced within-network connectivity and reduced anticorrelation between the DMN and task-positive network (TPN). However, no prior studies have specifically examined DMN connectivity in pediatric PTSD, which may differ due to neurodevelopmental factors. METHOD A total of 29 youth with PTSD and 30 nontraumatized healthy youth of comparable age and sex completed rs-fMRI. DMN properties were examined using posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) seed-based connectivity and independent component analysis (ICA). RESULTS Contrary to findings in adult studies, youth with PTSD displayed increased connectivity within the DMN, including increased PCC-inferior parietal gyrus connectivity, and age-related increases in PCC-ventromedial prefrontal cortex connectivity. Strikingly, youth with PTSD also displayed greater anticorrelation between the PCC and multiple nodes within salience and attentional control networks of the TPN. ICA revealed greater anticorrelation between the entire DMN and TPN networks in youth with PTSD. Furthermore, DMN and TPN connectivity strength were positively and negatively associated, respectively, with re-experiencing symptoms of PTSD. CONCLUSION Pediatric PTSD is characterized by heightened within-DMN connectivity, which may contribute to re-experiencing symptoms of PTSD and is consistent with the role of the DMN in autobiographical memory. At the same time, greater anticorrelation between the DMN and attentional control networks may represent compensatory mechanisms aimed at suppressing trauma-related thought, a notion supported by the inverse relationship between TPN strength and re-experiencing. These findings provide new insights into large-scale network abnormalities underlying pediatric PTSD, which could serve as biomarkers of illness and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ryan J Herringa
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison.
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26
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Abstract
Recent fMRI studies have outlined the critical impact of in-scanner head motion, particularly on estimates of functional connectivity. Common strategies to reduce the influence of motion include realignment as well as the inclusion of nuisance regressors, such as the 6 realignment parameters, their first derivatives, time-shifted versions of the realignment parameters, and the squared parameters. However, these regressors have limited success at noise reduction. We hypothesized that using nuisance regressors consisting of the principal components (PCs) of edge voxel time series would be better able to capture slice-specific and nonlinear signal changes, thus explaining more variance, improving data quality (i.e., lower DVARS and temporal SNR), and reducing the effect of motion on default-mode network connectivity. Functional MRI data from 22 healthy adult subjects were preprocessed using typical motion regression approaches as well as nuisance regression derived from edge voxel time courses. Results were evaluated in the presence and absence of both global signal regression and motion censoring. Nuisance regressors derived from signal intensity time courses at the edge of the brain significantly improved motion correction compared to using only the realignment parameters and their derivatives. Of the models tested, only the edge voxel regression models were able to eliminate significant differences in default-mode network connectivity between high- and low-motion subjects regardless of the use of global signal regression or censoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Patriat
- 1 Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Erin K Molloy
- 2 Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin.,3 Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois
| | - Rasmus M Birn
- 1 Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin.,2 Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
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27
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Birn RM, Cornejo MD, Molloy EK, Patriat R, Meier TB, Kirk GR, Nair VA, Meyerand ME, Prabhakaran V. The influence of physiological noise correction on test-retest reliability of resting-state functional connectivity. Brain Connect 2015; 4:511-22. [PMID: 25112809 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2014.0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The utility and success of resting-state functional connectivity MRI (rs-fcMRI) depend critically on the reliability of this technique and the extent to which it accurately reflects neuronal function. One challenge is that rs-fcMRI is influenced by various sources of noise, particularly cardiac- and respiratory-related signal variations. The goal of the current study was to evaluate the impact of various physiological noise correction techniques, specifically those that use independent cardiac and respiration measures, on the test-retest reliability of rs-fcMRI. A group of 25 subjects were each scanned at three time points--two within the same imaging session and another 2-3 months later. Physiological noise corrections accounted for significant variance, particularly in blood vessels, sagittal sinus, cerebrospinal fluid, and gray matter. The fraction of variance explained by each of these corrections was highly similar within subjects between sessions, but variable between subjects. Physiological corrections generally reduced intrasubject (between-session) variability, but also significantly reduced intersubject variability, and thus reduced the test-retest reliability of estimating individual differences in functional connectivity. However, based on known nonneuronal mechanisms by which cardiac pulsation and respiration can lead to MRI signal changes, and the observation that the physiological noise itself is highly stable within individuals, removal of this noise will likely increase the validity of measured connectivity differences. Furthermore, removal of these fluctuations will lead to better estimates of average or group maps of connectivity. It is therefore recommended that studies apply physiological noise corrections but also be mindful of potential correlations with measures of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus M Birn
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
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Song J, Birn RM, Boly M, Meier TB, Nair VA, Meyerand ME, Prabhakaran V. Age-related reorganizational changes in modularity and functional connectivity of human brain networks. Brain Connect 2014; 4:662-76. [PMID: 25183440 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2014.0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain undergoes both morphological and functional modifications across the human lifespan. It is important to understand the aspects of brain reorganization that are critical in normal aging. To address this question, one approach is to investigate age-related topological changes of the brain. In this study, we developed a brain network model using graph theory methods applied to the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data acquired from two groups of normal healthy adults classified by age. We found that brain functional networks demonstrated modular organization in both groups with modularity decreased with aging, suggesting less distinct functional divisions across whole brain networks. Local efficiency was also decreased with aging but not with global efficiency. Besides these brain-wide observations, we also observed consistent alterations of network properties at the regional level in the elderly, particularly in two major functional networks-the default mode network (DMN) and the sensorimotor network. Specifically, we found that measures of regional strength, local and global efficiency of functional connectivity were increased in the sensorimotor network while decreased in the DMN with aging. These results indicate that global reorganization of brain functional networks may reflect overall topological changes with aging and that aging likely alters individual brain networks differently depending on the functional properties. Moreover, these findings highly correspond to the observation of decline in cognitive functions but maintenance of primary information processing in normal healthy aging, implying an underlying compensation mechanism evolving with aging to support higher-level cognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Song
- 1 Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
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Birn RM, Patriat R, Phillips ML, Germain A, Herringa RJ. Childhood maltreatment and combat posttraumatic stress differentially predict fear-related fronto-subcortical connectivity. Depress Anxiety 2014; 31:880-892. [PMID: 25132653 PMCID: PMC4205190 DOI: 10.1002/da.22291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been characterized by altered fear-network connectivity. Childhood trauma is a major risk factor for adult PTSD, yet its contribution to fear-network connectivity in PTSD remains unexplored. We examined, within a single model, the contribution of childhood maltreatment, combat exposure, and combat-related posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) to resting-state connectivity (rs-FC) of the amygdala and hippocampus in military veterans. METHODS Medication-free male veterans (n = 27, average 26.6 years) with a range of PTSS completed resting-state fMRI. Measures including the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), and Combat Exposure Scale (CES) were used to predict rs-FC using multilinear regression. Fear-network seeds included the amygdala and hippocampus. RESULTS Amygdala: CTQ predicted lower connectivity to ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), but greater anticorrelation with dorsal/lateral PFC. CAPS positively predicted connectivity to insula, and loss of anticorrelation with dorsomedial/dorsolateral (dm/dl)PFC. Hippocampus: CTQ predicted lower connectivity to vmPFC, but greater anticorrelation with dm/dlPFC. CES predicted greater anticorrelation, whereas CAPS predicted less anticorrelation with dmPFC. CONCLUSIONS Childhood trauma, combat exposure, and PTSS differentially predict fear-network rs-FC. Childhood maltreatment may weaken ventral prefrontal-subcortical circuitry important in automatic fear regulation, but, in a compensatory manner, may also strengthen dorsal prefrontal-subcortical pathways involved in more effortful emotion regulation. PTSD symptoms, in turn, appear to emerge with the loss of connectivity in the latter pathway. These findings suggest potential mechanisms by which developmental trauma exposure leads to adult PTSD, and which brain mechanisms are associated with the emergence of PTSD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus M Birn
- Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, WI
- Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Rémi Patriat
- Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Mary L Phillips
- Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Anne Germain
- Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Ryan J Herringa
- Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, WI
- Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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Birn RM, Shackman AJ, Oler JA, Williams LE, McFarlin DR, Rogers GM, Shelton SE, Alexander AL, Pine DS, Slattery MJ, Davidson RJ, Fox AS, Kalin NH. Evolutionarily conserved prefrontal-amygdalar dysfunction in early-life anxiety. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:915-22. [PMID: 24863147 PMCID: PMC4111803 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Some individuals are endowed with a biology that renders them more reactive to novelty and potential threat. When extreme, this anxious temperament (AT) confers elevated risk for the development of anxiety, depression and substance abuse. These disorders are highly prevalent, debilitating and can be challenging to treat. The high-risk AT phenotype is expressed similarly in children and young monkeys and mechanistic work demonstrates that the central (Ce) nucleus of the amygdala is an important substrate. Although it is widely believed that the flow of information across the structural network connecting the Ce nucleus to other brain regions underlies primates' capacity for flexibly regulating anxiety, the functional architecture of this network has remained poorly understood. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in anesthetized young monkeys and quietly resting children with anxiety disorders to identify an evolutionarily conserved pattern of functional connectivity relevant to early-life anxiety. Across primate species and levels of awareness, reduced functional connectivity between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, a region thought to play a central role in the control of cognition and emotion, and the Ce nucleus was associated with increased anxiety assessed outside the scanner. Importantly, high-resolution 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging provided evidence that elevated Ce nucleus metabolism statistically mediates the association between prefrontal-amygdalar connectivity and elevated anxiety. These results provide new clues about the brain network underlying extreme early-life anxiety and set the stage for mechanistic work aimed at developing improved interventions for pediatric anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus M. Birn
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,HealthEmotions Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,Lane Neuroimaging Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA
| | - Alexander J. Shackman
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA,Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA,Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Jonathan A. Oler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,HealthEmotions Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,Lane Neuroimaging Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA
| | - Lisa E. Williams
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,HealthEmotions Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,Lane Neuroimaging Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA
| | - Daniel R. McFarlin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,HealthEmotions Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,Lane Neuroimaging Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA
| | - Gregory M. Rogers
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA
| | - Steven E. Shelton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA
| | - Andrew L. Alexander
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA
| | - Daniel S. Pine
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Marcia J. Slattery
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA
| | - Richard J. Davidson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,Center for Investigating Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,HealthEmotions Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA
| | - Andrew S. Fox
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,Center for Investigating Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,HealthEmotions Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,Lane Neuroimaging Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA
| | - Ned H. Kalin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,HealthEmotions Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,Lane Neuroimaging Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA
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Amarreh I, Meyerand ME, Stafstrom C, Hermann BP, Birn RM. Individual classification of children with epilepsy using support vector machine with multiple indices of diffusion tensor imaging. Neuroimage Clin 2014; 4:757-64. [PMID: 24936426 PMCID: PMC4053650 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Support vector machines (SVM) have recently been demonstrated to be useful for voxel-based MR image classification. In the present study we sought to evaluate whether this method is feasible in the classification of childhood epilepsy intractability based on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), with adequate accuracy. We applied SVM in conjunction DTI indices of fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), radial diffusivity (RD) and axial diffusivity (AD). DTI studies have reported white matter abnormalities in childhood-onset epilepsy, but the mechanisms underlying these abnormalities are not well understood. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between epileptic seizures and cerebral white matter abnormalities identified by DTI in children with active compared to remitted epilepsy utilizing an automated and unsupervised classification method. METHODS The DTI data were tensor-derived indices including FA, MD, AD and RD in 49 participants including 20 children with epilepsy 5-6 years after seizure onset as compared to healthy controls. To determine whether there was normalization of white matter diffusion behavior following cessation of seizures and treatment, the epilepsy subjects were grouped into those with active versus remitted epilepsy. Group comparisons were previously made examining FA, MD and RD via whole-brain tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). The SVM analysis was undertaken with the WEKA software package with 10-fold cross validation. Weighted sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were measured for all the DTI indices for two classifications: (1) controls vs. all children with epilepsy and (2) controls vs. children with remitted epilepsy vs. children with active epilepsy. RESULTS Using TBSS, significant differences were identified between controls and all children with epilepsy, between controls and children with active epilepsy, and also between the active and remitted epilepsy groups. There were no significant differences between the remitted epilepsy and controls on any DTI measure. In the SVM analysis, the best predictor between controls and all children with epilepsy was MD, with a sensitivity of 90-100% and a specificity between 96.6 and 100%. For the three-way classification, the best results were for FA with 100% sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSION DTI-based SVM classification appears promising for distinguishing children with active epilepsy from either those with remitted epilepsy or controls, and the question that arises is whether it will prove useful as a prognostic index of seizure remission. While SVM can correctly identify children with active epilepsy from other groups' diagnosis, further research is needed to determine the efficacy of SVM as a prognostic tool in longitudinal clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishmael Amarreh
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Mary E Meyerand
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Carl Stafstrom
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Bruce P Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Rasmus M Birn
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison, WI 53705, United States ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
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Meier TB, Nair VA, Meyerand ME, Birn RM, Prabhakaran V. The neural correlates of age effects on verbal-spatial binding in working memory. Behav Brain Res 2014; 266:146-52. [PMID: 24631396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the neural correlates of age-related differences in the binding of verbal and spatial information utilizing event-related working memory tasks. Twenty-one right handed younger adults and twenty-one right handed older adults performed two versions of a dual task of verbal and spatial working memory. In the unbound dual task version letters and locations were presented simultaneously in separate locations, while in the bound dual task version each letter was paired with a specific location. In order to identify binding-specific differences, mixed-effects ANOVAs were run with the interaction of age and task as the effect of interest. Although older adults performed worse in the bound task than younger adults, there was no significant interaction between task and age on working memory performance. However, interactions of age and task were observed in brain activity analyses. Older adults did not display the greater unbound than bound task activity that younger adults did at the encoding phase in bilateral inferior parietal lobule, right putamen, and globus pallidus as well as at the maintenance phase in the cerebellum. We conclude that the binding of letters and locations in working memory is not as efficient in older adults as it is in younger adults, possibly due to the decline of cognitive control processes that are specific to working memory binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy B Meier
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Veena A Nair
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Mary E Meyerand
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Rasmus M Birn
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719, USA
| | - Vivek Prabhakaran
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA; Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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Molloy EK, Meyerand ME, Birn RM. The influence of spatial resolution and smoothing on the detectability of resting-state and task fMRI. Neuroimage 2013; 86:221-30. [PMID: 24021836 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional MRI blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal changes can be subtle, motivating the use of imaging parameters and processing strategies that maximize the temporal signal-to-noise ratio (tSNR) and thus the detection power of neuronal activity-induced fluctuations. Previous studies have shown that acquiring data at higher spatial resolutions results in greater percent BOLD signal changes, and furthermore that spatially smoothing higher resolution fMRI data improves tSNR beyond that of data originally acquired at a lower resolution. However, higher resolution images come at the cost of increased acquisition time, and the number of image volumes also influences detectability. The goal of our study is to determine how the detection power of neuronally induced BOLD fluctuations acquired at higher spatial resolutions and then spatially smoothed compares to data acquired at the lower resolutions with the same imaging duration. The number of time points acquired during a given amount of imaging time is a practical consideration given the limited ability of certain populations to lie still in the MRI scanner. We compare acquisitions at three different in-plane spatial resolutions (3.50×3.50mm(2), 2.33×2.33mm(2), 1.75×1.75mm(2)) in terms of their tSNR, contrast-to-noise ratio, and the power to detect both task-related activation and resting-state functional connectivity. The impact of SENSE acceleration, which speeds up acquisition time increasing the number of images collected, is also evaluated. Our results show that after spatially smoothing the data to the same intrinsic resolution, lower resolution acquisitions have a slightly higher detection power of task-activation in some, but not all, brain areas. There were no significant differences in functional connectivity as a function of resolution after smoothing. Similarly, the reduced tSNR of fMRI data acquired with a SENSE factor of 2 is offset by the greater number of images acquired, resulting in few significant differences in detection power of either functional activation or connectivity after spatial smoothing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K Molloy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mary E Meyerand
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rasmus M Birn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Birn RM, Molloy EK, Patriat R, Parker T, Meier TB, Kirk GR, Nair VA, Meyerand ME, Prabhakaran V. The effect of scan length on the reliability of resting-state fMRI connectivity estimates. Neuroimage 2013; 83:550-8. [PMID: 23747458 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 541] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been an increasing use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) by the neuroscience community to examine differences in functional connectivity between normal control groups and populations of interest. Understanding the reliability of these functional connections is essential to the study of neurological development and degenerate neuropathological conditions. To date, most research assessing the reliability with which resting-state functional connectivity characterizes the brain's functional networks has been on scans between 3 and 11 min in length. In our present study, we examine the test-retest reliability and similarity of resting-state functional connectivity for scans ranging in length from 3 to 27 min as well as for time series acquired during the same length of time but excluding half the time points via sampling every second image. Our results show that reliability and similarity can be greatly improved by increasing the scan lengths from 5 min up to 13 min, and that both the increase in the number of volumes as well as the increase in the length of time over which these volumes was acquired drove this increase in reliability. This improvement in reliability due to scan length is much greater for scans acquired during the same session. Gains in intersession reliability began to diminish after 9-12 min, while improvements in intrasession reliability plateaued around 12-16 min. Consequently, new techniques that improve reliability across sessions will be important for the interpretation of longitudinal fMRI studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus M Birn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Neurosciences Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Vergun S, Deshpande AS, Meier TB, Song J, Tudorascu DL, Nair VA, Singh V, Biswal BB, Meyerand ME, Birn RM, Prabhakaran V. Characterizing Functional Connectivity Differences in Aging Adults using Machine Learning on Resting State fMRI Data. Front Comput Neurosci 2013; 7:38. [PMID: 23630491 PMCID: PMC3635030 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2013.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain at rest consists of spatially distributed but functionally connected regions, called intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs). Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) has emerged as a way to characterize brain networks without confounds associated with task fMRI such as task difficulty and performance. Here we applied a Support Vector Machine (SVM) linear classifier as well as a support vector machine regressor to rs-fMRI data in order to compare age-related differences in four of the major functional brain networks: the default, cingulo-opercular, fronto-parietal, and sensorimotor. A linear SVM classifier discriminated between young and old subjects with 84% accuracy (p-value < 1 × 10−7). A linear SVR age predictor performed reasonably well in continuous age prediction (R2 = 0.419, p-value < 1 × 10−8). These findings reveal that differences in intrinsic connectivity as measured with rs-fMRI exist between subjects, and that SVM methods are capable of detecting and utilizing these differences for classification and prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svyatoslav Vergun
- Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA ; Clinical Neuroengineering Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA
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Patriat R, Molloy EK, Meier TB, Kirk GR, Nair VA, Meyerand ME, Prabhakaran V, Birn RM. The effect of resting condition on resting-state fMRI reliability and consistency: a comparison between resting with eyes open, closed, and fixated. Neuroimage 2013; 78:463-73. [PMID: 23597935 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) has been demonstrated to have moderate to high reliability and produces consistent patterns of connectivity across a wide variety of subjects, sites, and scanners. However, there is no one agreed upon method to acquire rs-fMRI data. Some sites instruct their subjects, or patients, to lie still with their eyes closed, while other sites instruct their subjects to keep their eyes open or even fixating on a cross during scanning. Several studies have compared those three resting conditions based on connectivity strength. In our study, we assess differences in metrics of test-retest reliability (using an intraclass correlation coefficient), and consistency of the rank-order of connections within a subject and the ranks of subjects for a particular connection from one session to another (using Kendall's W tests). Twenty-five healthy subjects were scanned at three different time points for each resting condition, twice the same day and another time two to three months later. Resting-state functional connectivity measures were evaluated in motor, visual, auditory, attention, and default-mode networks, and compared between the different resting conditions. Of the networks examined, only the auditory network resulted in significantly higher connectivity in the eyes closed condition compared to the other two conditions. No significant between-condition differences in connectivity strength were found in default mode, attention, visual, and motor networks. Overall, the differences in reliability and consistency between different resting conditions were relatively small in effect size but results were found to be significant. Across all within-network connections, and within default-mode, attention, and auditory networks statistically significant greater reliability was found when the subjects were lying with their eyes fixated on a cross. In contrast, primary visual network connectivity was most reliable when subjects had their eyes open (and not fixating on a cross).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Patriat
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Abstract
The goal of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is to investigate the brain's functional connections by using the temporal similarity between blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signals in different regions of the brain "at rest" as an indicator of synchronous neural activity. Since this measure relies on the temporal correlation of fMRI signal changes between different parts of the brain, any non-neural activity-related process that affects the signals will influence the measure of functional connectivity, yielding spurious results. To understand the sources of these resting-state fMRI confounds, this article describes the origins of the BOLD signal in terms of MR physics and cerebral physiology. Potential confounds arising from motion, cardiac and respiratory cycles, arterial CO₂ concentration, blood pressure/cerebral autoregulation, and vasomotion are discussed. Two classes of techniques to remove confounds from resting-state BOLD time series are reviewed: 1) those utilising external recordings of physiology and 2) data-based cleanup methods that only use the resting-state fMRI data itself. Further methods that remove noise from functional connectivity measures at a group level are also discussed. For successful interpretation of resting-state fMRI comparisons and results, noise cleanup is an often over-looked but essential step in the analysis pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Murphy
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
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Song J, Desphande AS, Meier TB, Tudorascu DL, Vergun S, Nair VA, Biswal BB, Meyerand ME, Birn RM, Bellec P, Prabhakaran V. Age-related differences in test-retest reliability in resting-state brain functional connectivity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49847. [PMID: 23227153 PMCID: PMC3515585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) has emerged as a powerful tool for investigating brain functional connectivity (FC). Research in recent years has focused on assessing the reliability of FC across younger subjects within and between scan-sessions. Test-retest reliability in resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) has not yet been examined in older adults. In this study, we investigated age-related differences in reliability and stability of RSFC across scans. In addition, we examined how global signal regression (GSR) affects RSFC reliability and stability. Three separate resting-state scans from 29 younger adults (18-35 yrs) and 26 older adults (55-85 yrs) were obtained from the International Consortium for Brain Mapping (ICBM) dataset made publically available as part of the 1000 Functional Connectomes project www.nitrc.org/projects/fcon_1000. 92 regions of interest (ROIs) with 5 cubic mm radius, derived from the default, cingulo-opercular, fronto-parietal and sensorimotor networks, were previously defined based on a recent study. Mean time series were extracted from each of the 92 ROIs from each scan and three matrices of z-transformed correlation coefficients were created for each subject, which were then used for evaluation of multi-scan reliability and stability. The young group showed higher reliability of RSFC than the old group with GSR (p-value = 0.028) and without GSR (p-value <0.001). Both groups showed a high degree of multi-scan stability of RSFC and no significant differences were found between groups. By comparing the test-retest reliability of RSFC with and without GSR across scans, we found significantly higher proportion of reliable connections in both groups without GSR, but decreased stability. Our results suggest that aging is associated with reduced reliability of RSFC which itself is highly stable within-subject across scans for both groups, and that GSR reduces the overall reliability but increases the stability in both age groups and could potentially alter group differences of RSFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Alok S. Desphande
- Department of Elec. and Comp. Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Timothy B. Meier
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Dana L. Tudorascu
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Svyatoslav Vergun
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Veena A. Nair
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Bharat B. Biswal
- Department of Radiology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Mary E. Meyerand
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Rasmus M. Birn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Pierre Bellec
- Geriatric Institute Research Center, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vivek Prabhakaran
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Burghy CA, Stodola DE, Ruttle PL, Molloy EK, Armstrong JM, Oler JA, Fox ME, Hayes AS, Kalin NH, Essex MJ, Davidson RJ, Birn RM. Developmental pathways to amygdala-prefrontal function and internalizing symptoms in adolescence. Nat Neurosci 2012; 15:1736-41. [PMID: 23143517 PMCID: PMC3509229 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Previous work demonstrates that early life stress (ELS) and HPA-axis function predict later psychopathology. Animal work and cross-sectional human studies suggest that this process might operate through amygdala-ventromedial prefrontal cortical (vmPFC) circuitry implicated in emotion regulation. The current study prospectively investigated the roles of ELS and childhood basal cortisol in the development of adolescent resting-state functional connectivity (fcMRI) in the amygdala-PFC circuit. In females only, greater ELS predicted increased childhood cortisol levels, which, in turn, predicted decreased amygdala-vmPFC fcMRI 14 years later. Further, for females, amygdala-vmPFC fcMRI was inversely correlated with concurrent anxious symptoms, but positively associated with depressive symptoms, suggesting differing pathways from childhood cortisol function through adolescent amygdala-vmPFC functional connectivity to anxiety and depression. These data highlight that, for females, the effects of ELS and early HPA-axis function may be detected much later in the intrinsic processing of emotion-related brain circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory A Burghy
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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Meier TB, Wildenberg JC, Liu J, Chen J, Calhoun VD, Biswal BB, Meyerand ME, Birn RM, Prabhakaran V. Parallel ICA identifies sub-components of resting state networks that covary with behavioral indices. Front Hum Neurosci 2012; 6:281. [PMID: 23087635 PMCID: PMC3468957 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Parallel Independent Component Analysis (para-ICA) is a multivariate method that can identify complex relationships between different data modalities by simultaneously performing Independent Component Analysis on each data set while finding mutual information between the two data sets. We use para-ICA to test the hypothesis that spatial sub-components of common resting state networks (RSNs) covary with specific behavioral measures. Resting state scans and a battery of behavioral indices were collected from 24 younger adults. Group ICA was performed and common RSNs were identified by spatial correlation to publically available templates. Nine RSNs were identified and para-ICA was run on each network with a matrix of behavioral measures serving as the second data type. Five networks had spatial sub-components that significantly correlated with behavioral components. These included a sub-component of the temporo-parietal attention network that differentially covaried with different trial-types of a sustained attention task, sub-components of default mode networks that covaried with attention and working memory tasks, and a sub-component of the bilateral frontal network that split the left inferior frontal gyrus into three clusters according to its cytoarchitecture that differentially covaried with working memory performance. Additionally, we demonstrate the validity of para-ICA in cases with unbalanced dimensions using simulated data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy B Meier
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin Madison, WI, USA
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41
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Oler JA, Birn RM, Patriat R, Fox AS, Shelton SE, Burghy CA, Stodola DE, Essex MJ, Davidson RJ, Kalin NH. Evidence for coordinated functional activity within the extended amygdala of non-human and human primates. Neuroimage 2012; 61:1059-66. [PMID: 22465841 PMCID: PMC3376204 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroanatomists posit that the central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce) and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) comprise two major nodes of a macrostructural forebrain entity termed the extended amygdala. The extended amygdala is thought to play a critical role in adaptive motivational behavior and is implicated in the pathophysiology of maladaptive fear and anxiety. Resting functional connectivity of the Ce was examined in 107 young anesthetized rhesus monkeys and 105 young humans using standard resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) methods to assess temporal correlations across the brain. The data expand the neuroanatomical concept of the extended amygdala by finding, in both species, highly significant functional coupling between the Ce and the BST. These results support the use of in vivo functional imaging methods in nonhuman and human primates to probe the functional anatomy of major brain networks such as the extended amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Oler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53719, USA.
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42
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Madjar C, Gauthier CJ, Bellec P, Birn RM, Brooks JCW, Hoge RD. Task-related BOLD responses and resting-state functional connectivity during physiological clamping of end-tidal CO(2). Neuroimage 2012; 61:41-9. [PMID: 22418394 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.02.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO(2)), a potent vasodilator, is known to have a significant impact on the blood-oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal. With the growing interest in studying synchronized BOLD fluctuations during the resting state, the extent to which the apparent synchrony is due to variations in the end-tidal pressure of CO(2) (PETCO(2)) is an important consideration. CO(2)-related fluctuations in BOLD signal may also represent a potential confound when studying task-related responses, especially if breathing depth and rate are affected by the task. While previous studies of the above issues have explored retrospective correction of BOLD fluctuations related to arterial PCO(2), here we demonstrate an alternative approach based on physiological clamping of the arterial CO(2) level to a near-constant value. We present data comparing resting-state functional connectivity within the default-mode-network (DMN), as well as task-related BOLD responses, acquired in two conditions in each subject: 1) while subject's PETCO(2) was allowed to vary spontaneously; and 2) while controlling subject's PETCO(2) within a narrow range. Strong task-related responses and areas of maximal signal correlation in the DMN were not significantly altered by suppressing fluctuations in PETCO(2). Controlling PETCO(2) did, however, improve the performance of retrospective physiological noise correction techniques, allowing detection of additional regions of task-related response and resting-state connectivity in highly vascularized regions such as occipital cortex. While these results serve to further rule out systemic physiological fluctuations as a significant source of apparent resting-state network connectivity, they also demonstrate that fluctuations in arterial CO(2) are one of the factors limiting sensitivity in task-based and resting-state fMRI, particularly in regions of high vascular density. This must be considered when comparing subject groups who might exhibit differences in respiratory physiology or breathing patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Madjar
- Unité de Neuroimagerie Fonctionnelle, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal,, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Birn RM. The role of physiological noise in resting-state functional connectivity. Neuroimage 2012; 62:864-70. [PMID: 22245341 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional connectivity between different brain regions can be estimated from MRI data by computing the temporal correlation of low frequency (<0.1Hz) fluctuations in the MRI signal. These correlated fluctuations occur even when the subject is "at rest" (not asked to perform any particular task) and result from spontaneous neuronal activity synchronized within multiple distinct networks of brain regions. This estimate of connectivity, however, can be influenced by physiological noise, such as cardiac and respiratory fluctuations. This brief review looks at the effect of physiological noise on estimates of resting-state functional connectivity, discusses ways to remove physiological noise, and provides a personal recollection of the early developments in these approaches. This review also discusses the importance of physiological noise correction and provides a summary of evidence demonstrating that functional connectivity does have a neuronal underpinning and cannot purely be the result of physiological noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus M Birn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53719, USA.
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Postman-Caucheteux WA, Birn RM, Pursley RH, Butman JA, Solomon JM, Picchioni D, McArdle J, Braun AR. Single-trial fMRI shows contralesional activity linked to overt naming errors in chronic aphasic patients. J Cogn Neurosci 2010; 22:1299-318. [PMID: 19413476 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We used fMRI to investigate the roles played by perilesional and contralesional cortical regions during language production in stroke patients with chronic aphasia. We applied comprehensive psycholinguistic analyses based on well-established models of lexical access to overt picture-naming responses, which were evaluated using a single trial design that permitted distinction between correct and incorrect responses on a trial-by-trial basis. Although both correct and incorrect naming responses were associated with left-sided perilesional activation, incorrect responses were selectively associated with robust right-sided contralesional activity. Most notably, incorrect responses elicited overactivation in the right inferior frontal gyrus that was not observed in the contrasts for patients' correct responses or for responses of age-matched control subjects. Errors were produced at slightly later onsets than accurate responses and comprised predominantly semantic paraphasias and omissions. Both types of errors were induced by pictures with greater numbers of alternative names, and omissions were also induced by pictures with late acquired names. These two factors, number of alternative names per picture and age of acquisition, were positively correlated with activation in left and right inferior frontal gyri in patients as well as control subjects. These results support the hypothesis that some right frontal activation may normally be associated with increasing naming difficulty, but in patients with aphasia, right frontal overactivation may reflect ineffective effort when left hemisphere perilesional resources are insufficient. They also suggest that contralesional areas continue to play a role--dysfunctional rather than compensatory--in chronic aphasic patients who have experienced a significant degree of recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Anne Postman-Caucheteux
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Temple University, 110Weiss Hall, 1701 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
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Jones TB, Bandettini PA, Kenworthy L, Case LK, Milleville SC, Martin A, Birn RM. Sources of group differences in functional connectivity: an investigation applied to autism spectrum disorder. Neuroimage 2009; 49:401-14. [PMID: 19646533 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of fMRI studies are using the correlation of low-frequency fluctuations between brain regions, believed to reflect synchronized variations in neuronal activity, to infer "functional connectivity". In studies of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), decreases in this measure of connectivity have been found by focusing on the response to task modulation, by using only the rest periods, or by analyzing purely resting-state data. This difference in connectivity, however, could result from a number of different mechanisms--differences in noise, task-related fluctuations, task performance, or spontaneous neuronal activity. In this study, we investigate the difference in functional connectivity between adolescents with high-functioning ASD and typically developing control subjects by examining the residual fluctuations occurring on top of the fMRI response to an overt verbal fluency task. We find decreased correlations of these residuals (a decreased "connectivity") in ASD subjects. Furthermore, we find that this decrease was not due to task-related effects, block-to-block variations in task performance, or increased noise, and the difference was greatest when primarily rest periods are considered. These findings suggest that the estimate of disrupted functional connectivity in ASD is likely driven by differences in task-unrelated neuronal fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler B Jones
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Birn RM, Kenworthy L, Case L, Caravella R, Jones TB, Bandettini PA, Martin A. Neural systems supporting lexical search guided by letter and semantic category cues: a self-paced overt response fMRI study of verbal fluency. Neuroimage 2009; 49:1099-107. [PMID: 19632335 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Verbal fluency tasks have been widely used to evaluate language and executive control processes in the human brain. FMRI studies of verbal fluency, however, have used either silent word generation (which provides no behavioral measure) or cued generation of single words in order to contend with speech-related motion artifacts. In this study, we use a recently developed paradigm design to investigate the neural correlates of verbal fluency during overt, free recall, word generation so that performance and brain activity could be evaluated under conditions that more closely mirror standard behavioral test demands. We investigated verbal fluency to both letter and category cues in order to evaluate differential involvement of specific frontal and temporal lobe sites as a function of retrieval cue type, as suggested by previous neuropsychological and neuroimaging investigations. In addition, we incorporated both a task switching manipulation and an automatic speech condition in order to modulate the demand placed on executive functions. We found greater activation in the left hemisphere during category and letter fluency tasks, and greater right hemisphere activation during automatic speech. We also found that letter and category fluency tasks were associated with differential involvement of specific regions of the frontal and temporal lobes. These findings provide converging evidence that letter and category fluency performance is dependent on partially distinct neural circuitry. They also provide strong evidence that verbal fluency can be successfully evaluated in the MR environment using overt, self-paced, responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus M Birn
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Handwerker DA, Birn RM, Murphy K, Bandettini PA. Properties of anti-correlated resting-state networks with and without global signal regression. Neuroimage 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1053-8119(09)70279-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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48
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Birn RM, Murphy K, Handwerker DA, Bandettini PA. fMRI in the presence of task-correlated breathing changes. Neuroimage 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1053-8119(09)70211-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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49
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Birn RM, Handwerker DA, Bandettini PA. Comparison and Validation of fMRI Calibration Techniques. Neuroimage 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1053-8119(09)72075-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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50
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Birn RM, Murphy K, Handwerker DA, Bandettini PA. fMRI in the presence of task-correlated breathing variations. Neuroimage 2009; 47:1092-104. [PMID: 19460443 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2009] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Variations in the subject's heart rate and breathing pattern have been shown to result in significant fMRI signal changes, mediated in part by non-neuronal physiological mechanisms such as global changes in levels of arterial CO(2). When these physiological changes are correlated with a task, as may happen in response to emotional stimuli or tasks that change levels of arousal, a concern arises that non-neuronal physiologically-induced signal changes may be misinterpreted as reflecting task-related neuronal activation. The purpose of this study is to provide information that can help in determining whether task activation maps are influenced by task-correlated physiological noise, particularly task-correlated breathing changes. We also compare different strategies to reduce the influence of physiological noise. Two paradigms are investigated--1) a lexical decision task where some subjects showed task-related breathing changes, and 2) a task where subjects were instructed to hold their breath during the presentation of contrast-reversing checkerboard, an extreme case of task-correlated physiological noise. Consistent with previous literature, we find that MRI signal changes correlated with variations in breathing depth and rate have a characteristic spatial and temporal profile that is different from the typical activation-induced BOLD response. The delineation of activation in the presence of task correlated breathing changes was improved either by independent component analysis, or by including specific nuisance regressors in a regression analysis. The difference in the spatial and temporal characteristics of physiological-induced and neuronal-induced fluctuations exploited by these strategies suggests that activation can be studied even in the presence of task-correlated physiological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus M Birn
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, 10 Center Dr., Bldg 10, Rm 1D80, Bethesda, MD 20892-1148, USA.
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