1
|
Parkash R, Chauhan N, Chauhan RP. Application of CFD modeling for indoor radon and thoron dispersion study: A review. J Environ Radioact 2024; 272:107368. [PMID: 38183868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2023.107368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
This paper provides an in-depth discussion of the CFD implications to the design/study of interior environments and an overview of the most widely used CFD model for indoor radon and thoron dispersion study. For the design and analysis of indoor environments, CFD is a powerful tool that enables simulation and measurement-based validation. Simulating an indoor environment involves deliberate thought and skilful management of complicated boundary conditions. User and CFD programs can develop results through gradual effort that can be relied upon and applied to the design and study of indoor environments. Radon and thoron are natural radioactive gases and play a crucial role in accurately assessing the radioactive hazard within an indoor environment. This review comprise the work related to measurement and CFD modeling on these radioactive pollutant for indoors.Highlighting the current state of environmental radioactive pollutants and potentially identified areas that require further attention or research regarding investigating factors affecting indoor radioactive pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Parkash
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, 136119, Haryana, India.
| | - Neetika Chauhan
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, 136119, Haryana, India.
| | - R P Chauhan
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, 136119, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chauhan RP, Fogel R, Limson J. Nanopore MinION Sequencing Generates a White Spot Syndrome Virus Genome from a Pooled Cloacal Swab Sample of Domestic Chickens in South Africa. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2802. [PMID: 38004813 PMCID: PMC10672864 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus is a highly contagious pathogen affecting shrimp farming worldwide. The host range of this virus is primarily limited to crustaceans, such as shrimps, crabs, prawns, crayfish, and lobsters; however, several species of non-crustaceans, including aquatic insects, piscivorous birds, and molluscs may serve as the vectors for ecological dissemination. The present study was aimed at studying the faecal virome of domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) in Makhanda, Eastern Cape, South Africa. The cloacal swab specimens (n = 35) were collected from domestic chickens in December 2022. The cloacal swab specimens were pooled-each pool containing five cloacal swabs-for metagenomic analysis using a sequence-independent single-primer amplification protocol, followed by Nanopore MinION sequencing. While the metagenomic sequencing generated several contigs aligning with reference genomes of animal viruses, one striking observation was the presence of a White spot syndrome virus genome in one pool of cloacal swab specimens. The generated White spot syndrome virus genome was 273,795 bp in size with 88.5% genome coverage and shared 99.94% nucleotide sequence identity with a reference genome reported in China during 2018 (GenBank accession: NC_003225.3). The Neighbour-Joining tree grouped South African White spot syndrome virus genome with other White spot syndrome virus genomes reported from South East Asia. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a White spot syndrome virus genome generated from domestic chickens. The significance of White spot syndrome virus infection in domestic chickens is yet to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Janice Limson
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6139, Eastern Cape, South Africa; (R.P.C.); (R.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chauhan RP, Fogel R, Limson J. Overview of Diagnostic Methods, Disease Prevalence and Transmission of Mpox (Formerly Monkeypox) in Humans and Animal Reservoirs. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1186. [PMID: 37317160 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mpox-formerly monkeypox-is a re-emerging zoonotic virus disease, with large numbers of human cases reported during multi-country outbreaks in 2022. The close similarities in clinical symptoms that Mpox shares with many orthopoxvirus (OPXV) diseases make its diagnosis challenging, requiring laboratory testing for confirmation. This review focuses on the diagnostic methods used for Mpox detection in naturally infected humans and animal reservoirs, disease prevalence and transmission, clinical symptoms and signs, and currently known host ranges. Using specific search terms, up to 2 September 2022, we identified 104 relevant original research articles and case reports from NCBI-PubMed and Google Scholar databases for inclusion in the study. Our analyses observed that molecular identification techniques are overwhelmingly being used in current diagnoses, especially real-time PCR (3982/7059 cases; n = 41 studies) and conventional PCR (430/1830 cases; n = 30 studies) approaches being most-frequently-used to diagnose Mpox cases in humans. Additionally, detection of Mpox genomes, using qPCR and/or conventional PCR coupled to genome sequencing methods, offered both reliable detection and epidemiological analyses of evolving Mpox strains; identified the emergence and transmission of a novel clade 'hMPXV-1A' lineage B.1 during 2022 outbreaks globally. While a few current serologic assays, such as ELISA, reported on the detection of OPXV- and Mpox-specific IgG (891/2801 cases; n = 17 studies) and IgM antibodies (241/2688 cases; n = 11 studies), hemagglutination inhibition (HI) detected Mpox antibodies in human samples (88/430 cases; n = 6 studies), most other serologic and immunographic assays used were OPXV-specific. Interestingly, virus isolation (228/1259 cases; n = 24 studies), electron microscopy (216/1226 cases; n = 18 studies), and immunohistochemistry (28/40; n = 7 studies) remain useful methods of Mpox detection in humans in select instances using clinical and tissue samples. In animals, OPXV- and Mpox-DNA and antibodies were detected in various species of nonhuman primates, rodents, shrews, opossums, a dog, and a pig. With evolving transmission dynamics of Mpox, information on reliable and rapid detection methods and clinical symptoms of disease is critical for disease management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravendra P Chauhan
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6139, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Ronen Fogel
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6139, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Janice Limson
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6139, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chauhan RP, Gordon ML. An overview of influenza A virus genes, protein functions, and replication cycle highlighting important updates. Virus Genes 2022; 58:255-269. [PMID: 35471490 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01904-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The recent research findings on influenza A virus (IAV) genome biology prompted us to present a comprehensive overview of IAV genes, protein functions, and replication cycle. The eight gene segments of the IAV genome encode 17 proteins, each having unique functions contributing to virus fitness in the host. The polymerase genes are essential determinants of IAV pathogenicity and virulence; however, other viral components also play crucial roles in the IAV replication, transmission, and adaptation. Specific adaptive mutations within polymerase (PB2, PB1, and PA) and glycoprotein-hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes, may facilitate interspecies transmission and adaptation of IAV. The HA-NA interplay is essential for establishing the IAV infection; the low pH triggers the inactivation of HA-receptor binding, leading to significantly lower NA activities, indicating that the enzymatic function of NA is dependent on HA binding. While the HA and NA glycoproteins are required to initiate infection, M1, M2, NS1, and NEP proteins are essential for cytoplasmic trafficking of viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs) and the assembly of the IAV virions. The mechanisms that enable IAV to exploit the host cell resources to advance the infection are discussed. A comprehensive understanding of IAV genome biology is essential for developing antivirals to combat the IAV disease burden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravendra P Chauhan
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Michelle L Gordon
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban, 4001, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chauhan RP, Gordon ML. A systematic review of influenza A virus prevalence and transmission dynamics in backyard swine populations globally. Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:10. [PMID: 35287744 PMCID: PMC8919175 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00251-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Backyard swine farming is critical to generating subsistence and food security in rural and peri-urban households in several developing countries. The objective of this systematic review was to analyze the molecular and serological prevalence of influenza A virus (IAV) in backyard swine populations globally. Results We identified 34 full-text research articles in NCBI-PubMed and Google Scholar databases that have reported IAV sero- and/or virological prevalence in backyard swine up to 11 July 2021. The highest number of studies were reported from Asia (n = 11) followed by North America (n = 10), South America (n = 6), Africa (n = 6), and Europe (n = 1). While the maximum number of studies (44.12%) reported human-to-swine transmission of IAV, swine-to-human (5.88%), poultry-to-swine (5.88%), and wild birds-to-swine (2.94%) transmissions were also reported. An overall higher IAV seroprevalence (18.28%) in backyard swine was detected compared to the virological prevalence (1.32%). The human-origin pandemic A(H1N1)pdm09 virus clade 1A.3.3.2 was the more frequently detected IAV subtype in virological studies (27.27%) than serological studies (18.92%). In addition, the avian-origin highly pathogenic H5N1 and H5N8 viruses were also detected, which further substantiated the evidence of avian–swine interactions in the backyards. Conclusion Human–swine and avian–swine interactions in backyards may transmit IAV between species. Monitoring the circulation and evolution of IAV in backyard swine would help stakeholders make informed decisions to ensure sustainable backyard swine farming and public safety.
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
The rapidly evolving antigenic diversity of influenza A virus (IAV) genomes in swine makes it imperative to detect emerging novel strains and track their circulation. We analyzed in our review the sequencing technologies used for subtyping and characterizing swine IAV genomes. Google Scholar, PubMed, and International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC) database searches identified 216 studies that have utilized Sanger, second-, and third-generation sequencing techniques to subtype and characterize swine IAV genomes up to 31 March 2021. Sanger dideoxy sequencing was by far the most widely used sequencing technique for generating either full-length (43.0%) or partial (31.0%) IAV genomes in swine globally; however, in the last decade, other sequencing platforms such as Illumina have emerged as serious competitors for the generation of whole-genome sequences of swine IAVs. Although partial HA and NA gene sequences were sufficient to determine swine IAV subtypes, whole-genome sequences were critical for determining reassortments and identifying unusual or less frequently occurring IAV subtypes. The combination of Sanger and second-generation sequencing technologies also greatly improved swine IAV characterization. In addition, the rapidly evolving third-generation sequencing platform, MinION, appears promising for on-site, real-time sequencing of complete swine IAV genomes. With a higher raw read accuracy, the use of the MinION could enhance the scalability of swine IAV testing in the field and strengthen the swine IAV disease outbreak response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle L. Gordon
- Michelle L. Gordon, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Rd, Durban 4001, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Devi V, Chauhan RP. Implications on dose estimation and dispersion patterns of thoron in a typical indoor environment. Radiat Environ Biophys 2021; 60:309-316. [PMID: 33689025 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-021-00899-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A model that describes the pollutant sources/sinks and inlet-outlet can help to assess the indoor exposure. Short half-life of radioactive thoron (220Rn) makes it vital and an interesting element to study its dispersion behavior. This work presents an extensive depiction of the influence of indoor environment thoron dispersion under fixed boundary conditions within the volume domain of 90 m3 using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. For the desirable air flow, inlet and outlet are considered in the room and the k-ɛ model is used. The thoron distribution is studied at different locations and different heights to cover the whole room. Obtained dispersion patterns vary at different locations and indicate non-uniformity of thoron level with elevated values in the room corners. Mean concentration was found to be 11 Bq/m3 with the exhalation rate of 0.102 Bqm-2 s-1. Some stagnant zones were found especially at the corners where the concentration is almost 5 times the average concentration. Such varying thoron level results in the overestimation and underestimation of the dose. The inhomogeneous behavior of thoron may cause variation in equilibrium factor. A simulated model is beneficial in understanding the radioactive gas behavior and has its importance in planning to find the correct dose estimation and, therefore, the best mitigation techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Devi
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, Haryana, 136119, India
| | - R P Chauhan
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, Haryana, 136119, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Robert N, Tripathi M, Trivedi G, Chauhan RP, Oinam A, Singh R, Tomar P. A technique to increase the treatment plan indices in GammaKnife: A retrospective study. J Radiosurg SBRT 2021; 7:245-248. [PMID: 33898088 PMCID: PMC8055234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The study was to find the optimal values of priority in the inverse planning module of Leksell GammaPlan which would give better treatment plan indices in GammaKnife SRS. The study showed that the best optimised setting of the weighting or priority in the inverse planning module of Leksell GammaPlan were 0.6 for coverage, 0.3 for gradient index and 0.5 for beam on time. Inverse plans (Hybrid Inverse Plan, HIP) which were made using this optimal priority setting were compared with forward plans (FP) with all 95% coverage. The results showed that the average selectivity index (SI) was 83.05±9.68 for FP and 85.35±8.03 for HIP. So, SI improved in the HIP technique by about 2.3% compare to FP. Similarly, average gradient index (GI) for FP and HIP were respectively 2.82±0.23 and 2.76±0.33. And the average beam on time (BT) of FP and HIP were, respectively, 48.15±23.14 min and 48.35±18.09 min. So, all plan indices show improvement in the hybrid inverse planning technique over forward plans. Consequently, this will improve the quality of patient treatment in GammaKnife.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ngangom Robert
- Department of Radiotherapy, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manjul Tripathi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gaurav Trivedi
- Department of Radiotherapy, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - RP Chauhan
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India
| | - Arun Oinam
- Department of Radiotherapy, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ranjit Singh
- Department of Radiotherapy, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Parsee Tomar
- Department of Radiotherapy, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Cellulose is the earth's leading natural polymer. It is known for its properties like biocompatibility, high mechanical strength, cost-effectiveness and lightweight. Nanocellulose displays better properties as compared to the native cellulose fibre. The nanocellulose is very remunerative in the arenas of routine application especially in health care, food industry, sanitary products and many more. In the biomedical area, cellulose-based products are utilized in applications like wound healing, dental applications, drug delivery, antimicrobial material, etc. Nanocellulose biomaterials have been commercialised, representing the material of new generation. With the objective to comprehend the contribution of nanocellulose in the current status and future development in biomedical utilisations, the review is focused on cellulose, nanocellulose, types and sources of nanocellulose, its preparation, characteristics, constraints related to its composites through the analysis of certain scientific reports.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Nehra
- School of Biomedical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India
| | - R P Chauhan
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chauhan RP, Gordon ML. A Systematic Review Analyzing the Prevalence and Circulation of Influenza Viruses in Swine Population Worldwide. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050355. [PMID: 32397138 PMCID: PMC7281378 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The global anxiety and a significant threat to public health due to the current COVID-19 pandemic reiterate the need for active surveillance for the zoonotic virus diseases of pandemic potential. Influenza virus due to its wide host range and zoonotic potential poses such a significant threat to public health. Swine serve as a “mixing vessel” for influenza virus reassortment and evolution which as a result may facilitate the emergence of new strains or subtypes of zoonotic potential. In this context, the currently available scientific data hold a high significance to unravel influenza virus epidemiology and evolution. With this objective, the current systematic review summarizes the original research articles and case reports of all the four types of influenza viruses reported in swine populations worldwide. A total of 281 articles were found eligible through screening of PubMed and Google Scholar databases and hence were included in this systematic review. The highest number of research articles (n = 107) were reported from Asia, followed by Americas (n = 97), Europe (n = 55), Africa (n = 18), and Australia (n = 4). The H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, and A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses were the most common influenza A virus subtypes reported in swine in most countries across the globe, however, few strains of influenza B, C, and D viruses were also reported in certain countries. Multiple reports of the avian influenza virus strains documented in the last two decades in swine in China, the United States, Canada, South Korea, Nigeria, and Egypt provided the evidence of interspecies transmission of influenza viruses from birds to swine. Inter-species transmission of equine influenza virus H3N8 from horse to swine in China expanded the genetic diversity of swine influenza viruses. Additionally, numerous reports of the double and triple-reassortant strains which emerged due to reassortments among avian, human, and swine strains within swine further increased the genetic diversity of swine influenza viruses. These findings are alarming hence active surveillance should be in place to prevent future influenza pandemics.
Collapse
|
11
|
Robert N, Chauhan RP, Oinam A, Rai B. Formulation of normal tissue irradiation volumes in Co-60 and Ir-192 HDR ICBT of Ca cervix using Total Reference Air Kerma (TRAK). Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2019; 24:568-575. [PMID: 31660050 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpor.2019.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim of this study was to formulate isodose volume relations encompassed by isodose surfaces in Co-60 and Ir-192 HDR intracavitary brachytherapy (ICBT) of cervix carcinoma using the Total Reference Air Kerma (TRAK). Background The TRAK and isodose volumes are radioactive source related. The formulated relations can easily estimate the irradiated isodose volume if the TRAK and dose are known. The C0-60 can also be used for brachytherapy because of its longer half life and comparable OAR doses to Ir-192. Materials and methods Isodose volumes encompassed by different isodose surfaces and TRAK were obtained from 22 Ca cervix ICBT treatment plans in Co-60 and Ir-192 HDR brachytherapy with 9 Gy prescription to point A. Isodose volume relations were formulated both for Co-60 and Ir-192 brachytherapy source from the slopes and intercepts of the linear fit in the plot between isodose volumes and TRAKs. Results The TRAK value of Co-60 was higher than Ir-192 by about 7.16%. The isodose volumes at low doses for Co-60 were higher than Ir-192. But no significant differences in the dose to the bladder and rectum were observed due to these sources. For dose to 2 cm3 bladder and rectum volume, the differences were 1.07% and 0.75%, respectively. The correlation coefficient with the 2-tailed significance of correlation (p value) between TPS measured isodose volume and calculated isodose volumes using the formulated relations at different dose values were statistically significant as p < 0.05. Conclusion Results show different isodose volumes for both sources but the dose to the bladder and rectum are nearly the same.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ngangom Robert
- Department of Radiotherapy, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - R P Chauhan
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra 136118, India
| | - Arun Oinam
- Department of Radiotherapy, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Bhavana Rai
- Department of Radiotherapy, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Robert N, Chauhan RP, Oinam A, Rai B. Angular dependency correction of 2D planar detector I’mRT MatriXX an offline dosimetry system used for IMRT pre-treatment verification. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aad577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
13
|
Gaur M, Tiwari A, Chauhan RP, Pandey D, Kumar A. Molecular modeling, docking and protein-protein interaction analysis of MAPK signalling cascade involved in Camalexin biosynthesis in Brassica rapa. Bioinformation 2018; 14:145-152. [PMID: 29983484 PMCID: PMC6016760 DOI: 10.6026/97320630014145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoalexins are small antimicrobial molecules synthesized and accumulated by plants upon exposure to pathogens. Camalexin is an indole-derived phytoalexin, which is accumulated in plants including Arabidopsis thaliana, and other Brassicaceae, which plays a major role in disease resistance against fungal pathogens. The productivity of Brassica crops is adversely affected by Alternaria blight disease, which is caused by Alternaria brassicae. In Arabidopsis thaliana, MAP kinase signalling cascade is known to be involved in synthesis of camalexin, which contributes to disease resistance against a necrtrophic fungal pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. In the present study, MAPK signalling cascade leading to biosynthesis of camalexin that triggers defense responses in B. rapa upon exposure to the most devastating nectrophic fungus, Alternaria brassicae has been elucidated with the help of previously reported MAPK cascade in Arabidopsis thaliana, Molecular modelling, docking, and protein-protein interaction analysis of MAP kinases retrieved from Brassica rapa genome have been carried out to reveal the above cascade. The tertiary structure prediction of MAPKs obtained through molecular modelling revealed that all the protein models fulfil the criteria of being the stable structures. The molecular docking of predicted models for elucidating potential partners of MAPKs revealed strong interactions between MKK1, MKK4, MKK5, MAPK3 and MAPK6 with MKK9. The MAPK signalling cascade also shows different genes that express and play major role in camalexin biosynthesis in B. rapa during defense response to A. brassicae. The understanding of MAPK defense signaling pathway in B. rapa against devastating fungal pathogen Alternaria brassicae would help in devising strategies to develop disease resistance in Brassica crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manu Gaur
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Apoorv Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, Uttarakhand, India
- Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad 211007, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravendra P Chauhan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Dinesh Pandey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, Uttarakhand, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- P Nehra
- School of Biomedical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India
| | - RP Chauhan
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India
| | - N Garg
- Department of Microbiology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
| | - K Verma
- Department of Microbiology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this article is to present a summary of different types of image processing methods employed for the detection of glaucoma, a serious eye disease. INTRODUCTION Glaucoma affects the optic nerve in which retinal ganglion cells become dead, and this leads to loss of vision. The principal cause is the increase in intraocular pressure, which occurs in open-angle and angle-closure glaucoma, the two major types affecting the optic nerve. In the early stages of glaucoma, no perceptible symptoms appear. As the disease progresses, vision starts to become hazy, leading to blindness. Therefore, early detection of glaucoma is needed for prevention. METHODOLOGY/APPROACH Manual analysis of ophthalmic images is fairly time-consuming and accuracy depends on the expertise of the professionals. Automatic analysis of retinal images is an important tool. Automation aids in the detection, diagnosis, and prevention of risks associated with the disease. Fundus images obtained from a fundus camera have been used for the analysis. Requisite pre-processing techniques have been applied to the image and, depending upon the technique, various classifiers have been used to detect glaucoma. CONCLUSION The techniques mentioned in the present review have certain advantages and disadvantages. Based on this study, one can determine which technique provides an optimum result.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Naveen Kumar
- a School of Biomedical Engineering , National Institute of Technology , Kurukshetra , India
| | - R P Chauhan
- a School of Biomedical Engineering , National Institute of Technology , Kurukshetra , India
| | - Nidhi Dahiya
- a School of Biomedical Engineering , National Institute of Technology , Kurukshetra , India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mann N, Kumar A, Kumar S, Chauhan RP. MEASUREMENT OF INDOOR RADON-THORON IN AIR AND EXHALATION FROM SOIL IN THE ENVIRONMENT OF WESTERN HARYANA, INDIA. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2016; 171:248-253. [PMID: 27044247 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncw068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of indoor radon and thoron is important because the inhalation of radon-thoron and their daughters contributes more than 50 % of the total dose from natural sources. One of the important parameters to find out the contribution of soil and building materials towards indoor radon is radon exhalation rates, which can be used for estimation of indoor radon levels. The indoor radon and thoron levels from the air and radon exhalation rates from soil samples collected from two districts (Hisar and Fatehabad) of Western Haryana are measured using pin-hole-based radon-thoron dosimeter and LR-115 solid-state nuclear track detector by canister technique. The results show that the indoor radon and thoron levels from Hisar district varied from 11 to 112 and 11 to 80 Bq m-3, while for Fatehabad district from 5 to 24 and 59 to 105 Bq m-3, respectively, in summer season. In winter season, indoor radon and thoron levels from Hisar district varied from 15 to 43 and 32 to 102 Bq m-3, while for Fatehabad district from 18 to 31 and 11 to 80 Bq m-3, respectively. The indoor radon levels of 95 % locations lie well below the limit recommended by International Commission of Radiation Protection, 2011. The radon mass exhalation rate varied from 6 to 56 mBq kg-1 h-1 The radon mass exhalation rates from the soil samples were lower than the worldwide average, i.e. 56 mBq kg-1 h-1 There exists a poor correlation between indoor radon and exhalation rates. More investigations of measurement of radionuclide contents from rock and stone of study area can improve the understanding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Mann
- Department of Physics, Chaudhary Devilal University, Sirsa, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Department of Physics, Chaudhary Devilal University, Sirsa, India
| | - R P Chauhan
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chauhan RP, Wijayasekara D, Webb MA, Verchot J. A Reliable and Rapid Multiplex RT-PCR Assay for Detection of Two Potyviruses and a Pararetrovirus Infecting Canna Plants. Plant Dis 2015; 99:1695-1703. [PMID: 30699506 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-15-0225-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Canna plants are subject to serious virus diseases. The three most common viruses identified in canna plants are Bean yellow mosaic virus, Canna yellow mottle virus, and Canna yellow streak virus. Recent studies indicate that canna plants are commonly infected with more than one virus. Thus, the efficient control of these viruses in canna plants requires the availability of a reliable method for detecting mixed virus infection. This report presents a two-step multiplex reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) that was developed to simultaneously detect two potyviruses and one pararetrovirus genome. We optimized the method for nucleic acid isolation for managing a large population of samples, and the primer concentrations to ensure sensitivity and reliability of the assay, and determined the detection limit in simplex and multiplex RT-PCR assays using plasmid controls and nucleic acids isolated from virus-infected plants. Combined with an automated method for total nucleic acid isolation, this multiplex RT-PCR procedure could be routinely used for virus detection in research and diagnostic laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravendra P Chauhan
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078
| | - Dulanjani Wijayasekara
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078
| | - Mark A Webb
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078
| | - Jeanmarie Verchot
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chauhan N, Chauhan RP. Active-passive measurements and CFD based modelling for indoor radon dispersion study. J Environ Radioact 2015; 144:57-61. [PMID: 25817925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) play a significant role in indoor pollutant dispersion study. Radon is an indoor pollutant which is radioactive and inert gas in nature. The concentration level and spatial distribution of radon may be affected by the dwelling's ventilation conditions. Present work focus at the study of indoor radon gas distribution via measurement and CFD modeling in naturally ventilated living room. The need of the study is the prediction of activity level and to study the effect of natural ventilation on indoor radon. Two measurement techniques (Passive measurement using pin-hole dosimeters and active measurement using continuous radon monitor (SRM)) were used for the validation purpose of CFD results. The CFD simulation results were compared with the measurement results at 15 points, 3 XY planes at different heights along with the volumetric average concentration. The simulation results found to be comparable with the measurement results. The future scope of these CFD codes is to study the effect of varying inflow rate of air on the radon concentration level and dispersion pattern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neetika Chauhan
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra 136119, India.
| | - R P Chauhan
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra 136119, India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chauhan RP, Rajakaruna P, Verchot J. Complete genome sequence of nine isolates of canna yellow streak virus reveals its relationship to the sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) subgroup of potyviruses. Arch Virol 2015; 160:837-44. [PMID: 25567205 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2327-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Complete genome sequences were obtained from nine isolates of canna yellow streak virus (CaYSV). CaYSV belongs to the sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) subgroup of potyviruses with johnsongrass mosaic virus (JGMV) as its closest relative. Multiple sequence alignments showed a pattern of amino acid substitutions in the CP sequences, which enabled us to relate these isolates to South East Asian or European isolates. Biological characterization of CaYSV identified Nicotiana benthamiana, Chenopodium quinoa and Phaseolus vulgaris as experimental hosts. Given the popularity and global trade of cannas, a clear picture of the genetic diversity of CaYSV is critical to disease management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravendra P Chauhan
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Noble Research Center, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chauhan RP, Hamon HF, Rajakaruna P, Webb MA, Payton M, Verchot J. Reliable Detection for Bean yellow mosaic virus, Canna yellow streak virus, and Canna yellow mottle virus in Canna Varieties with Red Foliage. Plant Dis 2015; 99:188-194. [PMID: 30699571 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-14-0538-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cannas grow from rhizomes to produce colorful foliage that ranges from deep burgundy, bronze, green, purple veined, and variegated. Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), Canna yellow streak virus (CaYSV), and Canna yellow mottle virus (CaYMV) are problematic viruses infecting cannas. Their disease characteristics have been reported in green-leaved varieties. This study investigated if rhizome planting stocks can be a source of virus infection. PCR and RT-PCR tests identified BYMV, CaYSV, and CaYMV sequences in 20 canna rhizomes and newly emerging leaves. Immunosorbent electron microscopy tests identified filamentous potyvirus particles in rhizome and leaf tissue. In addition, disease characteristics were examined in a subset of red-leaved varieties 'Australia', 'Burning Ember', and 'Red Futurity' planted in pots in the greenhouse. Plants were assigned identifying codes, visual disease ratings, and samples were taken for RT-PCR and PCR virus detection assays. Statistical analysis was carried out to compare disease ratings with RT-PCR and PCR test results. Visual assessment was found to be not a reliable indicator of virus infection in 'Australia' and 'Burning Ember' plants. 'Red Futurity' produced the most obvious pattern of mosaic disease and virus symptoms were easier to identify in this variety. This study demonstrated that visual assessment was an ineffective method for disease identification for the red-leaved varieties. Growers would be well advised to utilize molecular testing to identify infected plants to aid in the clean-up of the crop.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravendra P Chauhan
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078
| | - Hayden F Hamon
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078
| | - Punsasi Rajakaruna
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078
| | - Mark A Webb
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078
| | - Mark Payton
- Department of Statistics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078
| | - Jeanmarie Verchot
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chauhan N, Chauhan RP, Joshi M, Agarwal TK, Aggarwal P, Sahoo BK. Study of indoor radon distribution using measurements and CFD modeling. J Environ Radioact 2014; 136:105-111. [PMID: 24929505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Measurement and/or prediction of indoor radon ((222)Rn) concentration are important due to the impact of radon on indoor air quality and consequent inhalation hazard. In recent times, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based modeling has become the cost effective replacement of experimental methods for the prediction and visualization of indoor pollutant distribution. The aim of this study is to implement CFD based modeling for studying indoor radon gas distribution. This study focuses on comparison of experimentally measured and CFD modeling predicted spatial distribution of radon concentration for a model test room. The key inputs for simulation viz. radon exhalation rate and ventilation rate were measured as a part of this study. Validation experiments were performed by measuring radon concentration at different locations of test room using active (continuous radon monitor) and passive (pin-hole dosimeters) techniques. Modeling predictions have been found to be reasonably matching with the measurement results. The validated model can be used to understand and study factors affecting indoor radon distribution for more realistic indoor environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neetika Chauhan
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra 136119, India.
| | - R P Chauhan
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra 136119, India
| | - M Joshi
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - T K Agarwal
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Praveen Aggarwal
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra 136119, India
| | - B K Sahoo
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chauhan RP, Chauhan P, Pundir A, Kamboj S, Bansal V, Saini RS. Estimation of dose contribution from 226Ra, 232Th and 40K radon exhalation rates in soil samples from Shivalik foot hills in India. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2014; 158:79-86. [PMID: 23893776 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nct190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of radium, thorium and potassium and radon exhalation rates in soil samples collected from Shivalik foot hills in the states of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh (India) were experimentally measured. A high-resolution gamma-ray spectroscopic system was used for the measurement of natural radioactivity ((226)Ra, (232)Th and (40)K) at Inter-University Accelerator Center, New Delhi, using a coaxial n-type high-purity germanium detector (EG&G, ORTEC, Oak Ridge, USA). The mass exhalation rates (EM) of radon in soil samples from the study area measured by 'sealed canister technique' using LR-115 type II track detectors varied from 50±1 to 143±6 mBqkg(-1) h(-1). The activity concentrations of (226)Ra, (232)Th and (40)K in various soil samples of the study area varied from 31±1.3 to 63±4.6, 53±1.8 to 78±2.6 and 472±4.8 to 630±7.0 Bq kg(-1) respectively. The results indicated some higher levels of radioactivity in Lal Dhang peak area of the hills compared with other locations under study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R P Chauhan
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra 136119, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kumar A, Chauhan RP, Joshi M, Sahoo BK. Modeling of indoor radon concentration from radon exhalation rates of building materials and validation through measurements. J Environ Radioact 2014; 127:50-55. [PMID: 24158045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Building materials are the second major source of indoor radon after soil. The contribution of building materials towards indoor radon depends upon the radium content and exhalation rates and can be used as a primary index for radon levels in the dwellings. The radon flux data from the building materials was used for calculation of the indoor radon concentrations and doses by many researchers using one and two dimensional model suggested by various researchers. In addition to radium content, the radon wall flux from a surface strongly depends upon the radon diffusion length (L) and thickness of the wall (2d). In the present work the indoor radon concentrations from the measured radon exhalation rate of building materials calculated using different models available in literature and validation of models was made through measurement. The variation in the predicted radon flux from different models was compared with d/L value for wall and roofs of different dwellings. The results showed that the radon concentrations predicted by models agree with experimental value. The applicability of different model with d/L ratio was discussed. The work aims to select a more appropriate and general model among available models in literature for the prediction of indoor radon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra 136119, India.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Nain M, Chauhan RP, Chakarvarti SK. Environmental monitoring of radon, thoron and their progeny in some dwellings of northern Haryana (India). J Environ Sci Eng 2006; 48:261-266. [PMID: 18179120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The problem of randon is an important global problem of radiation hygiene concerning the world population. Radon and its progeny are the major contributors in the radiation dose received by general population of the world. Keeping this in mind, the environmental monitoring of radon, thoron and their progeny in some dwellings of northern part of Haryana state of India has been carried out. The radon thoron twin dosimeter cups were used for the study. Three pieces of LR-115 solid-state nuclear track detectors were fixed in the dosimeters and were suspended in the dwellings for three months during a season. The first detector indicated radon, thoron and progeny concentration, the second showed radon and thoron concentration, while the third detected only the radon concentration. The aim of study was to carry out possible health risk assessment in the dwellings under consideration. During summer season, the radon concentration in northern region of Haryana varied from 66-97 Bq m(-3), while the thoron concentration in the same dwellings varied from 27-65 Bq m(-3). During winter season, radon concentration in northern region of Haryana varied from 73-104 Bq m(-3) with an average of 88 + 7 Bq m(-3), while the thoron concentration in the same dwellings varied from 35-69 Bq m(-3) with an average of 55 +/- 8 Bq m(-3). The radon-thoron progeny levels and annual doses received by the inhabitants in the dwellings under study have also been calculated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahabir Nain
- Department of Physics, Government College, Karnal, Haryana 132 001
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Affiliation(s)
- R P Chauhan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hobbs GR, Mitra RK, Chauhan RP, Woodley JM, Lilly MD. Enzyme-catalysed carbon-carbon bond formation: large-scale production of Escherichia coli transketolase. J Biotechnol 1996; 45:173-9. [PMID: 9147449 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(95)00165-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli strain JM107/pQR700 possesses the vector pBGS18, a high copy number plasmid carrying kanamycin resistance, into which a 4.4 kb fragment containing the transketolase gene had been cloned. The bacterium was grown at 20 and 1000 1 scale for the production of transketolase. The specific growth rate was maintained at 0.15 h-1 until the bacterial concentration reached 20 g dry wt per litre at which point the culture was harvested. The clarified cell extract obtained after disruption of the bacteria in a high-pressure homogeniser contained about 230 U ml-1 of the enzyme, which represented about 40% of the total protein released. No further purification was done at large scale as the clarified cell extract could be used satisfactorily for biotransformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G R Hobbs
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University College London, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|