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Elliott TM, Gordon LG, Webb A, Kift R, Foeglein A, Neale RE. Making the sunshine vitamin - How much sun exposure is needed to maintain 25-hydroxy vitamin D concentration? Photochem Photobiol 2023. [PMID: 37691266 DOI: 10.1111/php.13854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Our objective was to calculate the time in the sun necessary to maintain existing 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration at locations across Australia and New Zealand. We used a microsimulation model to estimate changes in monthly 25(OH)D concentration using data on standard erythemal dose, solar zenith angle, and climatological ozone. We estimated the number of standard vitamin D doses per 10-min interval and used a dose-response equation to determine the average time in the sun to maintain existing 25(OH)D concentration according to month and time of day. Across all locations in summer, 5-10 min outdoors between 8 a.m. and 4 p.m. on most days of the week, with 35% of the body surface area exposed, is sufficient to maintain existing 25(OH)D concentration. In winter, at mid-to-high latitudes, time outdoors during the middle of the day is required. In winter, with 10% of the body surface area exposed, greater than 45 min in the middle of the day is required in most locations to maintain existing 25(OH)D concentration. These data can be used to inform guidelines regarding maintaining vitamin D via sun exposure and may help health practitioners identify patients who may be vitamin D deficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Elliott
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Louisa G Gordon
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Nursing and Cancer and Palliative Care Outcomes Centre, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ann Webb
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard Kift
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Anna Foeglein
- Heisenberg Analytics, Indooroopilly, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rachel E Neale
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
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Webb AR, Alghamdi R, Kift R, Rhodes LE. 100 YEARS OF VITAMIN D: Dose-response for change in 25-hydroxyvitamin D after UV exposure: outcome of a systematic review. Endocr Connect 2021; 10:R248-R266. [PMID: 34519278 PMCID: PMC8558903 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A systematic review of publications addressing change in vitamin D status (25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD)) after exposure to UV radiation identified 2001 independent peer-reviewed publications. Of these, 21 used artificial sources of UV radiation, met all inclusion criteria and were quality assured; 13 publications used solar radiation and met sufficient inclusion criteria to be retained as supporting evidence; 1 further included publication used both solar and artificial sources. The review consistently identified that low dose, sub-erythemal doses are more effective for vitamin D synthesis than doses close to a minimum erythema dose; increasing skin area exposed increases the amount of vitamin D synthesised although not necessarily in a linear manner; constant dosing leads to a dose-dependent plateau in 25OHD, and dose-response is greatest at the start of a dosing regime; there is a large interpersonal variation in response to UV exposure. Fourteen of the studies using artificial sources of radiation were used to determine a dose-response relationship for change in 25OHD on whole-body exposure to repeated sub-erythemal doses of UV radiation, taking the form Δ25OHD (nmol/L) = A ln(standard vitamin D dose) + B. This helps quantify our understanding of UV as a source of vitamin D and enables exposure regimes for safe synthesis of vitamin D to be assessed. Specific studies of people with pigmented skin (Fitzpatrick skin types 5 and 6) were rare, and this dose-response relationship is only applicable to white-skinned individuals as skin type is a determinant of response to UV radiation. Findings provide information for vitamin D guidance updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann R Webb
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rehab Alghamdi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Richard Kift
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Lesley E Rhodes
- Centre for Dermatology Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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Felton SJ, Shin BB, Watson REB, Kift R, Webb AR, Rhodes LE. Photoprotection conferred by low level summer sunlight exposures against pro-inflammatory UVR insult. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:810-818. [PMID: 33856672 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00452a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S J Felton
- Dermatology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - B B Shin
- Dermatology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - R E B Watson
- Dermatology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - R Kift
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - A R Webb
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - L E Rhodes
- Dermatology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Isner JC, Olteanu VA, Hetherington AJ, Coupel-Ledru A, Sun P, Pridgeon AJ, Jones GS, Oates M, Williams TA, Maathuis FJM, Kift R, Webb AR, Gough J, Franklin KA, Hetherington AM. Short- and Long-Term Effects of UVA on Arabidopsis Are Mediated by a Novel cGMP Phosphodiesterase. Curr Biol 2019; 29:2580-2585.e4. [PMID: 31353185 PMCID: PMC6692503 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although UVA radiation (315-400 nm) represents 95% of the UV radiation reaching the earth's surface, surprisingly little is known about its effects on plants [1]. We show that in Arabidopsis, short-term exposure to UVA inhibits the opening of stomata, and this requires a reduction in the cytosolic level of cGMP. This process is independent of UVR8, the UVB receptor. A cGMP-activated phosphodiesterase (AtCN-PDE1) was responsible for the UVA-induced decrease in cGMP in Arabidopsis. AtCN-PDE1-like proteins form a clade within the large HD-domain/PDEase-like protein superfamily, but no eukaryotic members of this subfamily have been functionally characterized. These genes have been lost from the genomes of metazoans but are otherwise conserved as single-copy genes across the tree of life. In longer-term experiments, UVA radiation increased growth and decreased water-use efficiency. These experiments revealed that PDE1 is also a negative regulator of growth. As the PDE1 gene is ancient and not represented in animal lineages, it is likely that at least one element of cGMP signaling in plants has evolved differently to the system present in metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Charles Isner
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Vlad-Aris Olteanu
- Department of Computer Science, Merchant Venturers Building, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UB, UK
| | | | - Aude Coupel-Ledru
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Peng Sun
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Ashley J Pridgeon
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Glyndyr S Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Matthew Oates
- Department of Computer Science, Merchant Venturers Building, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UB, UK
| | - Tom A Williams
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
| | | | - Richard Kift
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Simon Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Ann R Webb
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Simon Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Julian Gough
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QU, UK
| | - Keara A Franklin
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Alistair M Hetherington
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK.
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Kift R, Rhodes LE, Farrar MD, Webb AR. Is Sunlight Exposure Enough to Avoid Wintertime Vitamin D Deficiency in United Kingdom Population Groups? Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018; 15:E1624. [PMID: 30071636 PMCID: PMC6121420 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15081624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is required for cutaneous vitamin D synthesis, and experimental studies have indicated the levels of sun exposure required to avoid a vitamin D deficient status. Our objectives are to examine the sun exposure behaviours of different United Kingdom sectors and to identify if their exposure is enough to maintain winter circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D above deficiency (>25 nmol/L). Data are from a series of human studies involving >500 volunteers and performed using the same protocols in Greater Manchester, UK (53.5° N) in healthy white Caucasian adolescents and working-age adults (skin type I⁻IV), healthy South Asian working-age adults (skin type V), and adults with photodermatoses (skin conditions caused or aggravated by cutaneous sun exposure). Long-term monitoring of the spectral ambient UVR of the Manchester metropolitan area facilitates data interpretation. The healthy white populations are exposed to 3% ambient UVR, contrasting with ~1% in South Asians. South Asians and those with photodermatoses wear clothing exposing smaller skin surface area, and South Asians have the lowest oral vitamin D intake of all groups. Sun exposure levels prevent winter vitamin D deficiency in 95% of healthy white adults and 83% of adolescents, while 32% of the photodermatoses group and >90% of the healthy South Asians were deficient. The latter require increased oral vitamin D, whilst their sun exposure provides a tangible contribution and might convey other health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kift
- School of Earth and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Lesley E Rhodes
- Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, and Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M6 8HD, UK.
| | - Mark D Farrar
- Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, and Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M6 8HD, UK.
| | - Ann R Webb
- School of Earth and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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Shih BB, Farrar MD, Cooke MS, Osman J, Langton AK, Kift R, Webb AR, Berry JL, Watson REB, Vail A, de Gruijl FR, Rhodes LE. Fractional Sunburn Threshold UVR Doses Generate Equivalent Vitamin D and DNA Damage in Skin Types I-VI but with Epidermal DNA Damage Gradient Correlated to Skin Darkness. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:2244-2252. [PMID: 29730334 PMCID: PMC6158343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Public health guidance recommends limiting sun exposure to sub-sunburn levels, but it is unknown whether these can gain vitamin D (for musculoskeletal health) while avoiding epidermal DNA damage (initiates skin cancer). Well-characterized healthy humans of all skin types (I–VI, lightest to darkest skin) were exposed to a low-dose series of solar simulated UVR of 20%–80% their individual sunburn threshold dose (minimal erythema dose). Significant UVR dose responses were seen for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and whole epidermal cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), with as little as 0.2 minimal erythema dose concurrently producing 25-hydroxyvitamin D and CPD. Fractional MEDs generated equivalent levels of whole epidermal CPD and 25-hydroxyvitamin D across all skin types. Crucially, we showed an epidermal gradient of CPD formation strongly correlated with skin darkness (r = 0.74, P < 0.0001), which reflected melanin content and showed increasing protection across the skin types, ranging from darkest skin, where high CPD levels occurred superficially, with none in the germinative basal layer, to lightest skin, where CPD levels were induced evenly across the epidermal depth. People with darker skin can be encouraged to use sub-sunburn UVR-exposure to enhance their vitamin D. In people with lighter skin, basal cell damage occurs concurrent with vitamin D synthesis at exquisitely low UVR levels, providing an explanation for their high skin cancer incidence; greater caution is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara B Shih
- Centre for Dermatology Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Mark D Farrar
- Centre for Dermatology Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Marcus S Cooke
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Joanne Osman
- Centre for Dermatology Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Abigail K Langton
- Centre for Dermatology Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard Kift
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ann R Webb
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jacqueline L Berry
- Specialist Assay Laboratory, The University of Manchester, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Rachel E B Watson
- Centre for Dermatology Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Andy Vail
- Centre for Biostatistics, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research & Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Frank R de Gruijl
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lesley E Rhodes
- Centre for Dermatology Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
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Felton SJ, Kendall AC, Almaedani AFM, Urquhart P, Webb AR, Kift R, Vail A, Nicolaou A, Rhodes LE. Serum endocannabinoids and N-acyl ethanolamines and the influence of simulated solar UVR exposure in humans in vivo. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 16:564-574. [PMID: 28138687 DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00337k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure of human skin has beneficial and harmful effects on health, including impact on immune function, inflammation and reportedly mood, but these are not fully elucidated. Since the endocannabinoid system is implicated in many activities including mood alteration, our objective was to (i) determine and quantify circulating levels of a wide range of endocannabinoid and N-acyl ethanolamine (NAE) species (ii) evaluate whether these are modulated by cutaneous UVR exposures, as attained through repeated low level summer sunlight exposure. Wearing goggles to prevent eye exposure, 16 healthy volunteers (23-59 y; 10 light skin, phototype II, and 6 dark skin, phototype V) received the same UVR exposures (1.3 SED, 95% UVA/5% UVB) thrice weekly for 6 weeks, whilst casually dressed to expose ∼35% skin surface area. Blood samples were taken at baseline, days 1, 3 and 5 of week one, then at weekly intervals, and analysed by LC-MS/MS. Eleven endocannabinoids and NAEs were detected and quantified at baseline, with N-palmitoyl ethanolamine the most abundant (30% of total). Levels did not vary according to phototype (p > 0.05), except for the NAE docosapentaenoyl ethanolamide, which was higher in phototype II than V (p = 0.0002). Level of the endocannabinoid, 2-AG, was elevated during the UVR exposure course (p < 0.05 vs. baseline for all subjects; p < 0.01 for each phototype group), with maximum levels reached by week 2-3, while NAE species did not significantly alter. These findings suggest differential involvement of the cutaneous endocannabinoid system in low dose solar UVR responses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Felton
- Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
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Patwardhan VG, Mughal ZM, Chiplonkar SA, Webb AR, Kift R, Khadilkar VV, Padidela R, Khadilkar AV. Duration of Casual Sunlight Exposure Necessary for Adequate Vitamin D Status in Indian Men. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2018; 22:249-255. [PMID: 29911040 PMCID: PMC5972483 DOI: 10.4103/ijem.ijem_473_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the duration of casual sunlight ultraviolet-B (UVB) exposure required to maintain optimal Vitamin D status (25-hydroxyvitamin-D [25(OH)D]) >50 nmol/L in urban Indian men, using polysulfone (PSU) dosimeters and a sunlight exposure questionnaire. METHODS In healthy men (aged 40-60 years) from Pune (18.52° N, 73.86° E), India, serum 25(OH)D was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Sunlight exposure was assessed using PSU dosimeter and by questionnaire. RESULTS Of 160 men (48.3 ± 5.6 years), 26.8% were deficient and 40.6% had insufficient Vitamin D concentrations. A hyperbolic function for the relationship between PSU measured sunlight exposure in standard erythema dose (SED) and serum 25(OH)D concentrations (r = 0.87, P < 0.01) revealed that daily exposure of 1 SED was sufficient to maintain serum 25(OH)D concentrations over 50 nmol/L. The curve plateaued around 5 SED (80 nmol/L) and extrapolation of the curve (>5 SED) did not increase 25(OH)D concentrations above 90 nmol/L. Receiver operating curve analysis confirmed that 1 SED-UV exposure was sufficient to maintain 25(OH)D concentrations over 50 nmol/L. Based on the questionnaire data, >1 h of midday casual sunlight exposure was required to maintain serum 25(OH)D concentrations above 50 nmol/L. Duration of sunlight exposure assessed by questionnaire and PSU dosimeter showed a significant correlation (r = 0.517, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION In urban Indian men, >1 h of casual midday sunlight exposure daily was required to maintain serum 25(OH)D concentrations above 50 nmol/L, and >2 h of casual sunlight exposure was needed to maintain 25(OH)D concentrations above 75 nmol/L. Excess sunlight did not increase 25(OH)D linearly. The sunlight exposure questionnaire was validated for use in clinical studies and surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek G. Patwardhan
- Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Zulf M. Mughal
- Department of Pediatrics Endocrinology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Shashi A. Chiplonkar
- Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ann R. Webb
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard Kift
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Vaman V. Khadilkar
- Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Raja Padidela
- Department of Pediatrics Endocrinology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Anuradha V. Khadilkar
- Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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O'Neill CM, Kazantzidis A, Kiely M, Cox L, Meadows S, Goldberg G, Prentice A, Kift R, Webb AR, Cashman KD. A predictive model of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in UK white as well as black and Asian minority ethnic population groups for application in food fortification strategy development towards vitamin D deficiency prevention. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 173:245-252. [PMID: 27637325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Within Europe, dark-skinned ethnic groups have been shown to be at much increased risk of vitamin D deficiency compared to their white counterparts. Increasing the dietary supply of vitamin D is potentially the only modifiable environmental component that can be used to prevent vitamin D deficiency among dark-skinned ethnic groups living at high latitude. Empirical data to support development of such strategies is largely lacking. This paper presents the development and validation of an integrated model that may be adapted within the UK population to design fortification strategies for vitamin D, for application in both white and black and Asian minority ethnic (BAME) population groups. Using a step-wise approach, models based on available ultraviolet B (UVB) data, hours of sunlight and two key components (the dose-response of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] to UVB in white and BAME persons and the dose-response of 25(OH)D to vitamin D) were used to predict changes population serum 25(OH)D concentrations throughout the year, stratified by ethnicity, 'via increases' in dietary intake arising from food fortification simulations. The integrated model successfully predicted measured average wintertime 25(OH)D concentrations in addition to the prevalence of serum 25(OH)D <30nmol/L in adult white and BAME individuals (18-70y) in the UK-based National Diet and Nutrition Survey both separately (21.7% and 49.3% predicted versus 20.2% and 50.5% measured, for white and BAME, respectively) and when combined at UK population-relevant proportions of 97% white and 7% BAME (23.2% predicted versus 23.1% measured). Thus this integrated model presents a viable approach to estimating changes in the population concentrations of 25(OH)D that may arise from various dietary fortification approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette M O'Neill
- Cork Centre for Vitamin D and Nutrition Research, School of Food and Nutritional Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Andreas Kazantzidis
- School of Earth Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Physics Department, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Mairead Kiely
- Cork Centre for Vitamin D and Nutrition Research, School of Food and Nutritional Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research [INFANT], University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Lorna Cox
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah Meadows
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gail Goldberg
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ann Prentice
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard Kift
- School of Earth Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ann R Webb
- School of Earth Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kevin D Cashman
- Cork Centre for Vitamin D and Nutrition Research, School of Food and Nutritional Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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10
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Felton SJ, Cooke MS, Kift R, Berry JL, Webb AR, Lam PMW, de Gruijl FR, Vail A, Rhodes LE. Concurrent beneficial (vitamin D production) and hazardous (cutaneous DNA damage) impact of repeated low-level summer sunlight exposures. Br J Dermatol 2016; 175:1320-1328. [PMID: 27411377 PMCID: PMC5215649 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background The concurrent impact of repeated low‐level summer sunlight exposures on vitamin D production and cutaneous DNA damage, potentially leading to mutagenesis and skin cancer, is unknown. Objectives This is an experimental study (i) to determine the dual impact of repeated low‐level sunlight exposures on vitamin D status and DNA damage/repair (via both skin and urinary biomarkers) in light‐skinned adults; and (ii) to compare outcomes following the same exposures in brown‐skinned adults. Methods Ten white (phototype II) and six South Asian volunteers (phototype V), aged 23–59 years, received 6 weeks’ simulated summer sunlight exposures (95% ultraviolet A/5% ultraviolet B, 1·3 standard erythemal doses three times weekly) wearing summer clothing exposing ~35% body surface area. Assessments made were circulating 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], immunohistochemistry for cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD)‐positive nuclei and urinary biomarkers of direct and oxidative (8‐oxo‐deoxyguanosine) DNA damage. Results Serum 25(OH)D rose from mean 36·5 ± 13·0 to 54·3 ± 10·5 nmol L−1 (14·6 ± 5·2 to 21·7 ± 4·2 ng mL−1) in phototype II vs. 17·2 ± 6·3 to 25·5 ± 9·5 nmol L−1 (6·9 ± 2·5 to 10·2 ± 3·8 ng mL−1) in phototype V (P < 0·05). Phototype II skin showed CPD‐positive nuclei immediately postcourse, mean 44% (range 27–84) cleared after 24 h, contrasting with minimal DNA damage and full clearance in phototype V (P < 0·001). The findings did not differ from those following single ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure. Urinary CPDs remained below the detection threshold in both groups; 8‐oxo‐deoxyguanosine was higher in phototype II than V (P = 0·002), but was unaffected by UVR. Conclusions Low‐dose summer sunlight exposures confer vitamin D sufficiency in light‐skinned people concurrently with low‐level, nonaccumulating DNA damage. The same exposures produce minimal DNA damage but less vitamin D in brown‐skinned people. This informs tailoring of sun‐exposure policies. What's already known about this topic? Repeated low‐level exposures to simulated U.K. sunlight can produce vitamin D sufficiency in light‐skinned people, but the concurrent impact on cutaneous DNA damage is unknown.
What does this study add? Low‐level simulated sunlight exposures in people of skin phototype II conferred vitamin D sufficiency concurrently with DNA damage, which showed partial clearance at 24 h and no evidence of accumulated damage after 6 weeks of exposures. The same exposures produced minimal DNA damage but less vitamin D in brown‐skinned people (phototype V). The findings are informative for sun‐exposure guidance.
Plain language summary available online
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Felton
- Dermatology Research Centre, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, U.K
| | - M S Cooke
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Florida International University, Miami, FL, U.S.A
| | - R Kift
- School of Earth Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - J L Berry
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester, U.K
| | - A R Webb
- School of Earth Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - P M W Lam
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K
| | - F R de Gruijl
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - A Vail
- Centre for Biostatistics, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, U.K
| | - L E Rhodes
- Dermatology Research Centre, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, U.K
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Farrar MD, Mughal MZ, Adams JE, Wilkinson J, Berry JL, Edwards L, Kift R, Marjanovic E, Vail A, Webb AR, Rhodes LE. Sun Exposure Behavior, Seasonal Vitamin D Deficiency, and Relationship to Bone Health in Adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:3105-13. [PMID: 27228370 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-1559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Vitamin D is essential for bone health in adolescence, when there is rapid bone mineral content accrual. Because cutaneous sun exposure provides vitamin D, there is no recommended oral intake for UK adolescents. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to assess seasonal vitamin D status and its contributors in white Caucasian adolescents and examine bone health in those found deficient. DESIGN Prospective cohort study was undertaken. SETTING Six schools in Greater Manchester, UK, were included. PARTICIPANTS Participants were 131 adolescents between 12 and 15 years of age. INTERVENTION(S) Seasonal assessment of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), personal sun exposure, and dietary vitamin D. Adolescents deficient (25OHD <10 ng/ml/25 nmol/liter) in at least one season underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (lumbar spine, femoral neck), with bone mineral apparent density correction for size, and peripheral quantitative computed tomography (distal radius) for volumetric bone mineral density (BMD). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Serum 25OHD and BMD measurements. RESULTS Mean 25OHD was highest in September: 24.1 (SD, 6.9) ng/ml and lowest in January: 15.5 (5.9) ng/ml. Over the year, 16% were deficient in ≥ one season and 79% insufficient (25OHD <20 ng/ml/50 nmol/liter) including 28% in September. Dietary vitamin D was low year-round, whereas personal sun exposure was seasonal and predominantly across the school week. Holidays accounted for 17% variation in peak 25OHD (P < .001). Nineteen adolescents underwent bone assessment, which showed low femoral neck bone mineral apparent density vs matched reference data (P = .0002), three with Z less than or equal to -2.0 distal radius trabecular volumetric BMD. CONCLUSIONS Sun exposure levels failed to provide adequate vitamin D, with approximately one-quarter of adolescents insufficient even at summer peak. Seasonal vitamin D deficiency was prevalent and those affected had low BMD. Recommendations on vitamin D acquisition are indicated in this age-group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Farrar
- Centre for Dermatology (M.D.F., L.E., E.M., L.E.R.), Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (M.Z.M.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Clinical Radiology (J.E.A.), Manchester Royal Infirmary and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Centre for Biostatistics (J.W., A.V.), Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Group (J.L.B.), Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK; School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences (R.K., A.R.W.), University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - M Zulf Mughal
- Centre for Dermatology (M.D.F., L.E., E.M., L.E.R.), Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (M.Z.M.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Clinical Radiology (J.E.A.), Manchester Royal Infirmary and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Centre for Biostatistics (J.W., A.V.), Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Group (J.L.B.), Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK; School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences (R.K., A.R.W.), University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Judith E Adams
- Centre for Dermatology (M.D.F., L.E., E.M., L.E.R.), Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (M.Z.M.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Clinical Radiology (J.E.A.), Manchester Royal Infirmary and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Centre for Biostatistics (J.W., A.V.), Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Group (J.L.B.), Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK; School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences (R.K., A.R.W.), University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jack Wilkinson
- Centre for Dermatology (M.D.F., L.E., E.M., L.E.R.), Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (M.Z.M.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Clinical Radiology (J.E.A.), Manchester Royal Infirmary and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Centre for Biostatistics (J.W., A.V.), Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Group (J.L.B.), Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK; School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences (R.K., A.R.W.), University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jacqueline L Berry
- Centre for Dermatology (M.D.F., L.E., E.M., L.E.R.), Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (M.Z.M.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Clinical Radiology (J.E.A.), Manchester Royal Infirmary and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Centre for Biostatistics (J.W., A.V.), Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Group (J.L.B.), Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK; School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences (R.K., A.R.W.), University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Lisa Edwards
- Centre for Dermatology (M.D.F., L.E., E.M., L.E.R.), Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (M.Z.M.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Clinical Radiology (J.E.A.), Manchester Royal Infirmary and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Centre for Biostatistics (J.W., A.V.), Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Group (J.L.B.), Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK; School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences (R.K., A.R.W.), University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard Kift
- Centre for Dermatology (M.D.F., L.E., E.M., L.E.R.), Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (M.Z.M.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Clinical Radiology (J.E.A.), Manchester Royal Infirmary and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Centre for Biostatistics (J.W., A.V.), Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Group (J.L.B.), Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK; School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences (R.K., A.R.W.), University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Elizabeth Marjanovic
- Centre for Dermatology (M.D.F., L.E., E.M., L.E.R.), Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (M.Z.M.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Clinical Radiology (J.E.A.), Manchester Royal Infirmary and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Centre for Biostatistics (J.W., A.V.), Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Group (J.L.B.), Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK; School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences (R.K., A.R.W.), University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Andy Vail
- Centre for Dermatology (M.D.F., L.E., E.M., L.E.R.), Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (M.Z.M.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Clinical Radiology (J.E.A.), Manchester Royal Infirmary and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Centre for Biostatistics (J.W., A.V.), Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Group (J.L.B.), Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK; School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences (R.K., A.R.W.), University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ann R Webb
- Centre for Dermatology (M.D.F., L.E., E.M., L.E.R.), Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (M.Z.M.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Clinical Radiology (J.E.A.), Manchester Royal Infirmary and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Centre for Biostatistics (J.W., A.V.), Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Group (J.L.B.), Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK; School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences (R.K., A.R.W.), University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Lesley E Rhodes
- Centre for Dermatology (M.D.F., L.E., E.M., L.E.R.), Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (M.Z.M.), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; Clinical Radiology (J.E.A.), Manchester Royal Infirmary and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Centre for Biostatistics (J.W., A.V.), Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Group (J.L.B.), Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK; School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences (R.K., A.R.W.), University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Kazantzidis A, Smedley A, Kift R, Rimmer J, Berry JL, Rhodes LE, Webb AR. A modeling approach to determine how much UV radiation is available across the UK and Ireland for health risk and benefit studies. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:1073-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00008d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Monthly average vitamin D effective UV doses (J m−2) over UK based on data for years 2003–2012. The southern part receives 1.5–2 times more UV than the north during spring, summer and autumn. Doses at coastal sites being up to 25% higher than inland areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kazantzidis
- School of Earth Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences
- University of Manchester
- UK
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics
- Physics Department
| | - Andrew Smedley
- School of Earth Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences
- University of Manchester
- UK
| | - Richard Kift
- School of Earth Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences
- University of Manchester
- UK
| | - John Rimmer
- School of Earth Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences
- University of Manchester
- UK
| | - Jacqueline L. Berry
- Specialist Assay Laboratory
- Endocrinology and Diabetes
- Institute of Human Development
- University of Manchester
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre
| | - Lesley E. Rhodes
- Photobiology Unit
- Dermatology Centre
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair
- University of Manchester
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre
| | - Ann R. Webb
- School of Earth Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences
- University of Manchester
- UK
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13
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Rhodes LE, Webb AR, Berry JL, Felton SJ, Marjanovic EJ, Wilkinson JD, Vail A, Kift R. Sunlight exposure behaviour and vitamin D status in photosensitive patients: longitudinal comparative study with healthy individuals at U.K. latitude. Br J Dermatol 2014; 171:1478-86. [PMID: 25110159 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low vitamin D status is prevalent in wintertime in populations at northerly latitudes. Photosensitive patients are advised to practise sun avoidance, but their sunlight exposure levels, photoprotective measures and resulting vitamin D status are unknown. OBJECTIVES To examine seasonal vitamin D status in photosensitive patients relative to healthy individuals and to assess quantitatively behavioural and demographic contributors. METHODS This was a longitudinal prospective cohort study (53·5°N) examining year-round 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels, sun-exposure behaviour and oral vitamin D intake in photosensitive patients diagnosed at a photoinvestigation unit (n = 53), compared with concurrently assessed healthy adults (n = 109). RESULTS Photosensitive patients achieved seasonal 25(OH)D variation, but insufficient (< 20 ng mL(-1); 50 nmol L(-1)) and even deficient (< 10 ng mL(-1); 25 nmol L(-1)) levels occurred at the summer peak in 47% and 9% of patients, respectively, rising to 73% and 32% at the winter trough. Adjusting for demographic factors, the mean values were lower than for healthy volunteers by 18% [95% confidence interval (CI) 4-29] in summer (P = 0·02) and 25% (95% CI 7-39) in winter (P = 0·01). Behavioural factors explained 25(OH)D differences between cohorts. Patients demonstrated lower weekend ultraviolet B doses (P < 0·001), smaller skin surface area exposure (P = 0·004) and greater sunscreen use (P < 0·001), while average oral vitamin D intake was low in both groups (photosensitive: 2·94 μg per day). Supplementation and summer surface area exposure predicted summer peak and winter trough 25(OH)D levels. A 1 μg per day increment in supplementary vitamin D raised summer and winter 25(OH)D by 5% (95% CI 3-7) and 9% (95% CI 5-12), respectively (both P < 0·001). CONCLUSIONS Photosensitive patients are, through their photoprotective measures, at high risk of year-round low vitamin D status. Guidance on oral measures should target this patient group and their physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Rhodes
- Dermatology Centre, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, U.K
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14
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Gould M, Farrar MD, Kift R, Berry JL, Mughal MZ, Bundy C, Vail A, Webb AR, Rhodes LE. Sunlight exposure and photoprotection behaviour of white Caucasian adolescents in the UK. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2014; 29:732-7. [PMID: 25185510 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sun exposure has positive and negative effects on health, yet little is known about the sun exposure behaviour of UK adolescents, including those more prone or less prone to sunburn. OBJECTIVE To examine sun exposure behaviour of UK white Caucasian adolescents including time spent outdoors, holiday behaviour, use of sunscreen and clothing, with assessment for differences between sun-reactive skin type groups. METHODS White Caucasian adolescents (12-15 years) attending schools in Greater Manchester completed a two-page questionnaire to assess sun exposure and photoprotective behaviour. RESULTS A total of 133 adolescents (median age 13.4 years; 39% skin type I/II, 61% skin type III/IV) completed the questionnaire. In summer, adolescents spent significantly longer outdoors at weekends (median 4 h/day, range 0.25-10) than on weekdays (2, 0.25-6; P < 0.0001). When at home in the UK during summer, 44% reported never wearing sunscreen compared to just 1% when on a sunny holiday. Sunscreen use was also greater (frequency/coverage) when on a sunny holiday than at home in the UK summer (P < 0.0001). Adolescents of skin types I/II (easy burning) spent significantly less time outdoors than skin types III/IV (easy tanning) on summer weekends (P < 0.001), summer weekdays (P < 0.05) and on a sunny holiday (P = 0.001). Furthermore, skin types I/II reported greater sunscreen use during summer in the UK and on sunny holiday (both P < 0.01), and wore clothing covering a greater skin area on a sunny holiday (P < 0.01) than skin types III/IV. There was no difference in sun exposure behaviour/protection between males and females. CONCLUSION The greater sun-protective measures reported by adolescents of sun-reactive skin type group I/II than III/IV suggest those who burn more easily are aware of the greater need to protect their skin. However, use of sunscreen during the UK summer is low and may need more effective promotion in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gould
- Centre for Dermatology, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Hospital, Manchester, UK
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15
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Kift R, Berry JL, Vail A, Durkin MT, Rhodes LE, Webb AR. Lifestyle factors including less cutaneous sun exposure contribute to starkly lower vitamin D levels in U.K. South Asians compared with the white population. Br J Dermatol 2014; 169:1272-8. [PMID: 23855783 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-standing concerns over the vitamin D status of South Asian adults in the U.K. require studies using statistically valid sample sizes to measure annual variation and contributory lifestyle factors. OBJECTIVES To measure annual variation in the vitamin D status of U.K. South Asians, to determine the associated lifestyle influences, and to compare these with a similar study of white adults. METHODS A single-centre, prospective cohort study measuring circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], sunlight exposure levels and lifestyle factors for 1 year in 125 ambulant South Asian adults with sun-reactive skin type V, aged 20-60 years, in Greater Manchester, U.K. (53·5°N). RESULTS The 25(OH)D levels of South Asians were alarmingly low. In summer, their median 25(OH)D level was 9·0 ng mL(-1) , [interquartile range (IQR) 6·7-13·1], falling to 5·8 ng mL(-1) (IQR 4·0-8·1) in winter. This compared with values in the white population of 26·2 ng mL(-1) (IQR 19·9-31·5) in summer and 18·9 ng mL(-1) IQR (11·6-23·7) in winter. Median daily dietary vitamin D was lower in South Asians (1·32 μg vs. 3·26 μg for white subjects) and was compounded by low supplement use. Despite similar times spent outdoors, ultraviolet (UV) dosimeters recorded lower personal UV exposure among South Asians, indicating sun avoidance when outside, while sun exposure diaries recorded lower amounts of skin surface exposure. CONCLUSIONS The majority of South Asians never reached sufficiency in vitamin D status. Lifestyle differences, with lower oral intake, sun exposure and rates of cutaneous production due to darker skin, indicate that standard advice on obtaining sufficient vitamin D needs modification for the South Asian community in the U.K.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kift
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
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16
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Richter K, Breitner S, Webb AR, Huth C, Thorand B, Kift R, Linseisen J, Schuh A, Kratzsch J, Mielck A, Weidinger S, Peters A, Schneider A. Influence of external, intrinsic and individual behaviour variables on serum 25(OH)D in a German survey. J Photochem Photobiol B 2014; 140:120-9. [PMID: 25116947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to identify external, intrinsic or behavioural factors that significantly influenced serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations in a German survey. Data from 3061 participants in the Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg, Germany (KORA) F4 survey were used to relate potential determinants to measured mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations using multivariable regression models. The factors significantly associated with hypovitaminosis D (defined as 25(OH)D<25 nmolL(-1)) were season (winter, spring and autumn), urban environment and high body mass index. In contrast, times spent in sunny regions, hours per day spent outdoors in the summer as well as additional oral intake were associated with higher 25(OH)D concentrations. These results suggest that mainly ambient UV exposure but also individual behaviour are the most important determinants for personal 25(OH)D concentrations. The analyses further showed that in winter 43% of subjects were vitamin D deficient and 42% insufficient. Even in summer over half the population has insufficient vitamin D status with 8% deficient and 47% insufficient. Therefore measures to mitigate widespread vitamin D insufficiency such as regular short-term sun exposure and/or improved dietary intake/supplementation recommendations by public health bodies need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Richter
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Susanne Breitner
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ann R Webb
- School of Earth Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Cornelia Huth
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Thorand
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Richard Kift
- School of Earth Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jakob Linseisen
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Angela Schuh
- Public Health and Health Services Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kratzsch
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Mielck
- Institute of Health Economics and Health Care Management, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Weidinger
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology, and Venereology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Schneider
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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Farrar MD, Webb AR, Kift R, Durkin MT, Allan D, Herbert A, Berry JL, Rhodes LE. Efficacy of a dose range of simulated sunlight exposures in raising vitamin D status in South Asian adults: implications for targeted guidance on sun exposure. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 97:1210-6. [PMID: 23615828 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.052639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D is essential for bone health, and cutaneous synthesis is an important source. South Asians cannot attain adequate amounts of vitamin D by following general recommendations on summer sunlight exposure at northerly latitudes, and increased exposure may be appropriate for improving their vitamin D status. OBJECTIVE We examined the efficacy of a dose range of simulated summer sunlight exposures in raising vitamin D status in UK adults of South Asian ethnicity. DESIGN In a dose-response study, healthy adults of South Asian ethnicity (n = 60; 20-60 y old) received 1 of 6 ultraviolet exposures ranging from 0.65 to 3.9 standard erythema doses (SEDs), which were equivalent to 15-90 min unshaded noontime summer sunlight at 53.5°N (Manchester, United Kingdom), 3 times/wk for 6 wk, while wearing casual clothes that revealed a 35% skin area. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] was measured weekly, and dietary vitamin D was estimated. RESULTS At baseline, all completing participants (n = 51) were vitamin D insufficient [25(OH)D concentrations <20 ng/mL], and a high proportion of participants were deficient [35% of subjects had 25(OH)D concentrations <5 ng/mL, and 90% of subjects had 25(OH)D concentrations <10 ng/mL, which are concentrations at which osteomalacia and rickets occur). The 25(OH)D concentration rose significantly in all dose groups. Postcourse, all participants achieved 25(OH)D concentrations ≥5 ng/mL, whereas only 6 subjects attained 25(OH)D concentrations ≥20 ng/mL. Participants who received exposures ≥1.95 SEDs (equivalent to 45 min unshaded sunlight; n = 33) attained a mean (±SD) 25(OH)D concentration of 15.7 ± 5 ng/mL (mean rise: 8.7 ± 5.7 ng/mL; 95% CI: 6.8, 10.6 ng/mL; P < 0.001), and 94% of subjects achieved concentrations >10 ng/mL. CONCLUSIONS Targeted guidance on sunlight exposure could usefully enhance vitamin D status to avoid deficiency [25(OH)D concentration >10 ng/mL] in South Asians living at latitudes distant from the equator. This trial was registered at the ISRCTN Register (www.isrctn.org) as 07565297.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Farrar
- Dermatology Centre, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Farrar MD, Kift R, Felton SJ, Berry JL, Durkin MT, Allan D, Vail A, Webb AR, Rhodes LE. Recommended summer sunlight exposure amounts fail to produce sufficient vitamin D status in UK adults of South Asian origin. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94:1219-24. [PMID: 21918215 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.019976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D is dependent on UVB from sunlight, but melanin reduces the penetration of UVB and thus contributes to vitamin D insufficiency in individuals with darker skin. The national guidance provided on amounts of sunlight exposure in the United Kingdom is for the light-skinned population, and in the absence of dedicated information, darker-skinned people may attempt to follow this guidance. OBJECTIVES We determined the relative effect of a simulation of UK recommendations of summer sunlight exposure on the vitamin D status of individuals of South Asian ethnicity compared with that of whites. DESIGN In a prospective cohort study, simulated summer sunlight exposures were provided under rigorous dosimetric conditions to 15 adults (aged 20-60 y) of South Asian ethnicity, and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] was measured weekly. Dietary vitamin D intake was estimated. Outcomes were compared with those of 109 whites (aged 20-60 y) treated with the identical UV-radiation exposure protocol. RESULTS At baseline (winter trough), all South Asians were vitamin D-insufficient [25(OH)D concentrations <20 ng/mL], and 27% of South Asians were vitamin D-deficient [25(OH)D concentrations <5 ng/mL]; although 25(OH)D concentrations increased postcourse (P < 0.0001), all South Asians remained vitamin D-insufficient. The mean increase in 25(OH)D was 4.3 compared with 10.5 ng/mL in the South Asian and white groups, respectively (P < 0.0001), and 90% of the white group reached vitamin D sufficiency postcourse. The median dietary vitamin D intake was very low in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Sunlight-exposure recommendations are inappropriate for individuals of South Asian ethnicity who live at the UK latitude. More guidance is required to meet the vitamin D requirements of this sector of the population. This study was registered at www.isrctn.org as ISRCTN 07565297.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Farrar
- Dermatological Sciences, Inflammation Sciences Research Group, School of Translational Medicine, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
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Wagner J, Angelini F, Blumthaler M, Fitzka M, Gobbi G, Kift R, Kreuter A, Rieder H, Simic S, Webb A, Weihs P. Investigation of the 3-D actinic flux field in mountainous terrain. Atmos Res 2011; 102:300-310. [PMID: 26412915 PMCID: PMC4459542 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
During three field campaigns spectral actinic flux was measured from 290-500 nm under clear sky conditions in Alpine terrain and the associated O3- and NO2-photolysis frequencies were calculated and the measurement products were then compared with 1-D- and 3-D-model calculations. To do this 3-D-radiative transfer model was adapted for actinic flux calculations in mountainous terrain and the maps of the actinic flux field at the surface, calculated with the 3-D-radiative transfer model, are given. The differences between the 3-D- and 1-D-model results for selected days during the campaigns are shown, together with the ratios of the modeled actinic flux values to the measurements. In many cases the 1-D-model overestimates actinic flux by more than the measurement uncertainty of 10%. The results of using a 3-D-model generally show significantly lower values, and can underestimate the actinic flux by up to 30%. This case study attempts to quantify the impact of snow cover in combination with topography on spectral actinic flux. The impact of snow cover on the actinic flux was ~ 25% in narrow snow covered valleys, but for snow free areas there were no significant changes due snow cover in the surrounding area and it is found that the effect snow-cover at distances over 5 km from the point of interest was below 5%. Overall the 3-D-model can calculate actinic flux to the same accuracy as the 1-D-model for single points, but gives a much more realistic view of the surface actinic flux field in mountains as topography and obstruction of the horizon are taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.E. Wagner
- Institute for Meteorology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - F. Angelini
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Rome, Italy
| | - M. Blumthaler
- Division for Biomedical Physics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M. Fitzka
- Institute for Meteorology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - G.P. Gobbi
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Rome, Italy
| | - R. Kift
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - A. Kreuter
- Division for Biomedical Physics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - H.E. Rieder
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - S. Simic
- Institute for Meteorology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - A. Webb
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - P. Weihs
- Institute for Meteorology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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Webb AR, Kift R, Berry JL, Rhodes LE. The Vitamin D Debate: Translating Controlled Experiments into Reality for Human Sun Exposure Times. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 87:741-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.00898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Webb AR, Kift R, Durkin MT, O'Brien SJ, Vail A, Berry JL, Rhodes LE. The role of sunlight exposure in determining the vitamin D status of the U.K. white adult population. Br J Dermatol 2010; 163:1050-5. [PMID: 20716215 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09975.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D is necessary for bone health and is potentially protective against a range of malignancies. Opinions are divided on whether the proposed optimal circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] level (≥ 32 ng mL⁻¹) is an appropriate and feasible target at population level. OBJECTIVES We examined whether personal sunlight exposure levels can provide vitamin D sufficient (≥ 20 ng mL⁻¹) and optimal status in the U.K. public. METHODS This prospective cohort study measured circulating 25(OH)D monthly for 12 months in 125 white adults aged 20-60 years in Greater Manchester. Dietary vitamin D and personal ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure were assessed over 1-2 weeks in each season. The primary analysis determined the post-summer peak 25(OH)D required to maintain sufficiency in wintertime. RESULTS Dietary vitamin D remained low in all seasons (median 3·27 μg daily, range 2·76-4·15) while personal UVR exposure levels were high in spring and summer, low in autumn and negligible in winter. Mean 25(OH)D levels were highest in September [28·4 ng mL⁻¹; 28% optimal, zero deficient (<5 ng mL⁻¹)], and lowest in February (18·3 ng mL⁻¹; 7% optimal, 5% deficient). A February 25(OH)D level of 20 ng mL⁻¹ was achieved following a mean (95% confidence interval) late summer level of 30·4 (25·6-35·2) and 34·9 (27·9-41·9) ng mL⁻¹ in women and men, respectively, with 62% of variance explained by gender and September levels. CONCLUSIONS Late summer 25(OH)D levels approximating the optimal range are required to retain sufficiency throughout the U.K. winter. Currently the majority of the population fails to reach this post-summer level and becomes vitamin D insufficient during the winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Webb
- School of Earth Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Photosensitivity disorders involve an abnormal skin reaction to sunlight exposure and affect a substantial percentage of the population. No previous studies have directly compared lifestyle attributes between photosensitive and healthy individuals. OBJECTIVES To assess the impact of photosensitivity on time spent outdoors in the U.K., holiday behaviour, use of sunscreens and vitamin D supplements, and employment status. METHODS Questionnaires were completed by ambulant photosensitive and healthy adults aged 18-60 years residing in Greater Manchester. RESULTS Forty-five adults with moderate-severe photosensitivity and 124 healthy adults completed the questionnaire. This revealed that photosensitive subjects spent significantly less time outdoors in the U.K. on both summer weekdays (P < 0·01) and summer weekends (P < 0·0001) than healthy subjects, took fewer holidays per year (P < 0·05), and spent less time outdoors on a sunny holiday (P < 0·0001). They wore clothing that covered a wider skin area (P < 0·0001), and use of sunscreen was greater (both frequency of application and area covered) in the photosensitive group outside of holiday time (P < 0·0001), but not when on a sunny holiday, as healthy people increased their sunscreen use at this time. Despite the reduced sun exposure, photosensitive subjects were no more likely to take vitamin D supplements than healthy subjects were; they also exhibited a significantly higher rate of unemployment (P < 0·05). CONCLUSIONS Photosensitivity disorders negatively influence lifestyle including employment status; more attention is required to the socioeconomic impact of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Stafford
- Photobiology Unit, Dermatological Sciences, Epithelial Sciences Research Group, School of Translational Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Hospital, University of Manchester, Manchester, M6 8HD, UK
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Pissulla D, Seckmeyer G, Cordero RR, Blumthaler M, Schallhart B, Webb A, Kift R, Smedley A, Bais AF, Kouremeti N, Cede A, Herman J, Kowalewski M. Comparison of atmospheric spectral radiance measurements from five independently calibrated systems. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2009; 8:516-27. [DOI: 10.1039/b817018e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kift R, Webb AR, Page J, Rimmer J, Janjai S. A Web-based tool for UV irradiance data: predictions for European and Southeast Asian sites. Photochem Photobiol 2006; 82:579-86. [PMID: 16613516 DOI: 10.1562/2005-04-20-ra-494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There are a range of UV models available, but one needs significant pre-existing knowledge and experience in order to be able to use them. In this article a comparatively simple Web-based model developed for the SoDa (Integration and Exploitation of Networked Solar Radiation Databases for Environment Monitoring) project is presented. This is a clear-sky model with modifications for cloud effects. To determine if the model produces realistic UV data the output is compared with 1 year sets of hourly measurements at sites in the United Kingdom and Thailand. The accuracy of the output depends on the input, but reasonable results were obtained with the use of the default database inputs and improved when pyranometer instead of modeled data provided the global radiation input needed to estimate the UV. The average modeled values of UV for the UK site were found to be within 10% of measurements. For the tropical sites in Thailand the average modeled values were within 1120% of measurements for the four sites with the use of the default SoDa database values. These results improved when pyranometer data and TOMS ozone data from 2002 replaced the standard SoDa database values, reducing the error range for all four sites to less than 15%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kift
- University of Manchester, SEAES, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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Webb AR, Kift R, Thiel S, Bais AF, Blumthaler M, Kylling A, Schmitt RM, Gobbi GP. Empirical approach to converting spectral UV measurements to actinic flux data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1117/12.452909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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