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Paul RL, Mille MM, Turkoglu DJ, Chen-Mayer HH. Prompt gamma ray activation analysis for determining chemical composition of 3D printing and casting materials used in biomedical applications. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2023; 332:3285-3291. [PMID: 37545764 PMCID: PMC10399705 DOI: 10.1007/s10967-023-08967-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing and casting materials were analyzed by prompt gamma-ray activation analysis (PGAA) to determine their suitability as human tissue surrogates for the fabrication of phantoms for medical imaging and radiation dosimetry applications. Measured elemental compositions and densities of five surrogate materials simulating soft tissue and bone were used to determine radiological properties (x-ray mass attenuation coefficient and electron stopping power). When compared with radiological properties of International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) materials, it was determined that urethane rubber and PLA plastic yielded the best match for soft tissue, while silicone rubber and urethane resin best simulated the properties of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick L Paul
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg MD, USA
| | - Matthew M Mille
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville MD, USA
| | - Danyal J Turkoglu
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg MD, USA
- Current address: USNC-Tech, Seattle, WA 98199 USA
| | - H Heather Chen-Mayer
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg MD, USA
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Cappelletti RL, Udovic TJ, Li H, Paul RL. Glassy carbon, NIST Standard Reference Material (SRM 3600): hydrogen content, neutron vibrational density of states and heat capacity. J Appl Crystallogr 2018; 51:1323-1328. [PMID: 30279638 PMCID: PMC6157703 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576718010828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial glassy carbon plates being used as absolute intensity calibration standards in small-angle X-ray scattering applications (NIST SRM 3600) have been characterized in several recent publications. This contribution adds to the characterization by measuring the hydrogen content of a plate to be (4.8 ± 0.2) × 10-4 (mol H)/(mol C), and by measuring the vibrational spectrum by neutron inelastic scattering. The spectrum bears a strong resemblance to published measurements on graphite, allowing the identification of several spectral features. The measured spectrum is used to calculate the heat capacity of low-hydrogen-content glassy carbon for comparison with measurements reported here from 20 to 295 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald L Cappelletti
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, MS 6102, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-6102, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Terrence J Udovic
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, MS 6102, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-6102, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.,Hall Radiation Center, 603 10th Street SE, Cedar Rapids, IA 52403, USA
| | - Rick L Paul
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, MS 6102, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-6102, USA
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Yu LL, Browning JF, Burdette CQ, Caceres GC, Chieh KD, Davis WC, Kassim BL, Long SE, Murphy KE, Oflaz R, Paul RL, Sharpless KE, Wood LJ, Yen JH, Zeisler R. Development of a kelp powder (Thallus laminariae) Standard Reference Material. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:1265-1278. [PMID: 29222652 PMCID: PMC6013078 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0766-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A Standard Reference Material (SRM) of seaweed, SRM 3232 Kelp Powder (Thallus laminariae) has been developed to support food and dietary supplement measurements in compliance with the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) and the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA). The material was characterized for nutritional minerals, arsenic species, isomers of vitamin K1, proximates, and toxic elements. Kelp is a rich source of vitamins and minerals, and it is an excellent source of dietary iodine. Kelp also contains a large amount of arsenic, which is toxic as inorganic species but much less so as organic species. To capture the dietary profile of kelp, certified values were issued for As, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, I, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Pb, and Zn. Reference values for proximates were assigned. For the first time, a certified value for iodine, reference values for isomers of vitamin K1, and reference values for arsenic species including arsenosugars were assigned in a seaweed. SRM 3232 fills a gap in Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) needed for quality assurance and method validation in the compositional measurements of kelp and similar seaweeds used as food and as dietary supplements. Graphical Absract Arsenic species and isomers of vitamin K1 were determined in the development of SRM 3232 Kelp Powder (Thallus laminariae).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee L Yu
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
| | - Joseph F Browning
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Carolyn Q Burdette
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - George C Caceres
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Kaitlyn D Chieh
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - W Clay Davis
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Brittany L Kassim
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Stephen E Long
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Karen E Murphy
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Rabia Oflaz
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Rick L Paul
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Katherine E Sharpless
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Laura J Wood
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - James H Yen
- Statistical Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Rolf Zeisler
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
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Levin I, Krayzman V, Cibin G, Tucker MG, Eremenko M, Chapman K, Paul RL. Coupling of emergent octahedral rotations to polarization in (K,Na)NbO 3 ferroelectrics. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15620. [PMID: 29142205 PMCID: PMC5688101 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15937-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Perovskite potassium sodium niobates, K1−xNaxNbO3, are promising lead-free piezoelectrics. Their dielectric and piezoelectric characteristics peak near x = 0.5, but the reasons for such property enhancement remain unclear. We addressed this uncertainty by analyzing changes in the local and average structures across the x = 0.5 composition, which have been determined using simultaneous Reverse Monte Carlo fitting of neutron and X-ray total-scattering data, potassium EXAFS, and diffuse-scattering patterns in electron diffraction. Within the A-sites, Na cations are found to be strongly off-centered along the polar axis as a result of oversized cube-octahedral cages determined by the larger K ions. These Na displacements promote off-centering of the neighboring Nb ions, so that the Curie temperature and spontaneous polarization remain largely unchanged with increasing x, despite the shrinking octahedral volumes. The enhancement of the properties near x = 0.5 is attributed to an abrupt increase in the magnitude and probability of the short-range ordered octahedral rotations, which resembles the pre-transition behavior. These rotations reduce the bond tension around Na and effectively soften the short Na-O bond along the polar axis – an effect that is proposed to facilitate reorientation of the polarization as external electric field is applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Levin
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
| | - V Krayzman
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - G Cibin
- Diamond Light Source, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - M G Tucker
- Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - M Eremenko
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - K Chapman
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont IL, 60439, USA
| | - R L Paul
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
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Abstract
A combination of cold neutron prompt gamma-ray activation analysis (CNPGAA) and thermal neutron (TN) PGAA was used to determine sulfur in fuel oils to develop a method to provide values for certification. CNPGAA was used to measure S/H mass ratios, and TNPGAA to measure hydrogen mass fractions. Measurements were combined to determine sulfur mass fractions (with expanded uncertainties) of 2.159 % ± 0.072 % for SRM 1622e, 0.7066 % ± 0.0120 % for SRM 1619b, and 0.1266 % ± 0.0030 % for SRM 1617b, in agreement with certified values. The results validate the method as suitable for certification of sulfur at mass fractions ≥ 0.1 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick L Paul
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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Kučera J, Bennett JW, Oflaz R, Paul RL, De Nadai Fernandes EA, Kubešová M, Bacchi MA, Stopic AJ, Sturgeon RE, Grinberg P. Elemental Characterization of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Certified Reference Material by Neutron and Prompt γ Activation Analysis. Anal Chem 2015; 87:3699-705. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504094n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kučera
- Nuclear Physics
Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Husinec−Řež 130, CZ-250 58, Czech Republic
| | - John W. Bennett
- Australian Nuclear
Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, New South Wales 2234, Australia
| | - Rabia Oflaz
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences
Division, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Rick L. Paul
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences
Division, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Elisabete A. De Nadai Fernandes
- Nuclear
Energy Center for Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Avenida Centenário 303, 13416-000 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marie Kubešová
- Nuclear Physics
Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Husinec−Řež 130, CZ-250 58, Czech Republic
| | - Marcio A. Bacchi
- Nuclear
Energy Center for Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Avenida Centenário 303, 13416-000 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Attila J. Stopic
- Australian Nuclear
Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, New South Wales 2234, Australia
| | - Ralph E. Sturgeon
- National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Patricia Grinberg
- National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
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Turk GC, Sharpless KE, Cleveland D, Jongsma C, Mackey EA, Marlow AF, Oflaz R, Paul RL, Sieber JR, Thompson RQ, Wood LJ, Yu LL, Zeisler R, Wise SA, Yen JH, Christopher SJ, Day RD, Long SE, Greene E, Harnly J, Ho IP, Betz JM. Certification of elements in and use of standard reference material 3280 multivitamin/multielement tablets. J AOAC Int 2014; 96:1281-7. [PMID: 24645505 DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.13-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Standard Reference Material 3280 Multivitamin/ Multielement Tablets was issued by the National Institute of Standards and Technology in 2009, and has certified and reference mass fraction values for 13 vitamins, 26 elements, and two carotenoids. Elements were measured using two or more analytical methods at NIST with additional data contributed by collaborating laboratories. This reference material is expected to serve a dual purpose: to provide quality assurance in support of a database of dietary supplement products and to provide a means for analysts, dietary supplement manufacturers, and researchers to assess the appropriateness and validity of their analytical methods and the accuracy of their results.
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Paul RL, Davis WC, Yu L, Murphy KE, Guthrie WF, Leber DD, Bryan CE, Vetter TW, Shakirova G, Mitchell G, Kyle DJ, Jarrett JM, Caldwell KL, Jones RL, Eckdahl S, Wermers M, Maras M, Palmer CD, Verostek M, Geraghty CM, Steuerwald AJ, Parsons PJ. Certification of Total Arsenic in Blood and Urine Standard Reference Materials by Radiochemical Neutron Activation Analysis and Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014; 299:1555-1563. [PMID: 26300575 PMCID: PMC4544667 DOI: 10.1007/s10967-013-2866-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A newly developed procedure for determination of arsenic by radiochemical neutron activation analysis (RNAA) was used to measure arsenic at four levels in SRM 955c Toxic Elements in Caprine Blood and at two levels in SRM 2668 Toxic Elements in Frozen Human Urine for the purpose of providing mass concentration values for certification. Samples were freeze-dried prior to analysis followed by neutron irradiation for 3 h at a fluence rate of 1×1014cm-2s-1. After sample dissolution in perchloric and nitric acids, arsenic was separated from the matrix by extraction into zinc diethyldithiocarbamate in chloroform, and 76As quantified by gamma-ray spectroscopy. Differences in chemical yield and counting geometry between samples and standards were monitored by measuring the count rate of a 77As tracer added before sample dissolution. RNAA results were combined with inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) values from NIST and collaborating laboratories to provide certified values of (10.81 ± 0.54) μg/kg and (213.1 ± 0.73) μg/kg for SRM 2668 Levels I and II, and certified values of (21.66 ± 0.73) μg/kg, (52.7 ± 1.1) μg/kg, and (78.8 ± 4.9) μg/kg for SRM 955c Levels 2, 3, and 4 respectively. Because of discrepancies between values obtained by different methods for SRM 955c Level 1, an information value of < 5 μg/kg was assigned for this material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick L. Paul
- Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - W. Clay Davis
- Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Lee Yu
- Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Karen E. Murphy
- Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - William F. Guthrie
- Statistical Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Dennis D. Leber
- Statistical Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Colleen E. Bryan
- Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Thomas W. Vetter
- Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Gulchekhra Shakirova
- Inorganic and Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Graylin Mitchell
- Inorganic and Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - David J. Kyle
- Inorganic and Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Jeffery M. Jarrett
- Inorganic and Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Kathleen L. Caldwell
- Inorganic and Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Robert L. Jones
- Inorganic and Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | | | | | | | - C. D. Palmer
- Laboratory of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH), Albany, NY 12201-0509
| | - M.F. Verostek
- Laboratory of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH), Albany, NY 12201-0509
| | - C. M. Geraghty
- Laboratory of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH), Albany, NY 12201-0509
| | - Amy J. Steuerwald
- Laboratory of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH), Albany, NY 12201-0509
| | - Patrick J. Parsons
- Laboratory of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH), Albany, NY 12201-0509
- Dept of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, 12201-0509
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Wang HW, Wesolowski DJ, Proffen TE, Vlcek L, Wang W, Allard LF, Kolesnikov AI, Feygenson M, Anovitz LM, Paul RL. Structure and Stability of SnO2 Nanocrystals and Surface-Bound Water Species. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:6885-95. [DOI: 10.1021/ja312030e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rick L. Paul
- Chemical Science Division, Materials
Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United
States
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Baxter LA, Bobrowski A, Bond AM, Heath GA, Paul RL, Mrzljak R, Zarebski J. Electrochemical and spectroscopic investigation of the reduction of dimethylglyoxime at mercury electrodes in the presence of cobalt and nickel. Anal Chem 2012; 70:1312-23. [PMID: 21644728 DOI: 10.1021/ac9703616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Voltammograms (polarograms) obtained from solutions of cobalt and nickel containing dimethylglyoxime (dmgH(2)) are widely used for the trace determination of these metals. Detailed electrochemical and spectroscopic studies on the reduction process observed in the analytically important ammonia buffer media at mercury dropping, hanging, and pool electrodes are all consistent with an overall 10-electron reduction process, in which both the dmgH(2) ligand and cobalt ions are reduced in the adsorbed state: Co(II) + 2dmgH(2) ⇌ (solution) [Co(II)(dmgH)(2)] + 2H(+); [Co(II)(dmgH)(2)] + Hg ⇌ (electrode) [Co(II)(dmgH)(2)](ads)Hg; and [Co(II)(dmgH)(2)](ads)Hg + 10e(-) + 10H(+) → Co(Hg) + 2[2,3-bis(hydroxylamino)butane]. The limited solubility of the nickel complex in aqueous media restricts the range of studies that can be undertaken with this system, but an analogous mechanism is believed to occur. Low-temperature voltammetric studies in dichloromethane at a frozen hanging mercury drop electrode and in situ electron spin resonance electrochemical measurements on more soluble analogues of the dimethylglyoxime complexes are consistent with an initial one-electron reduction step being available in the absence of water. Deliberate addition of water to acetone solutions enables the influence of the aqueous environment on voltammograms and polarograms to be examined. The results of the present study are compared with the wide range of mechanisms proposed in other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Baxter
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, GPO Box 4, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia, Department of Materials Science and Ceramics, University of Mining and Metallurgy, 30-059 Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 30, Poland, Department of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia, and School of Chemistry, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
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Kumari H, Kline SR, Dennis CL, Mossine AV, Paul RL, Deakyne CA, Atwood JL. Cover Picture: Solution-Phase and Magnetic Approach towards Understanding Iron Gall Ink-like Nanoassemblies (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 37/2012). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201206327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kumari H, Kline SR, Dennis CL, Mossine AV, Paul RL, Deakyne CA, Atwood JL. Solution-Phase and Magnetic Approach towards Understanding Iron Gall Ink-like Nanoassemblies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201204776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kumari H, Kline SR, Dennis CL, Mossine AV, Paul RL, Deakyne CA, Atwood JL. Titelbild: Solution-Phase and Magnetic Approach towards Understanding Iron Gall Ink-like Nanoassemblies (Angew. Chem. 37/2012). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201206327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kumari H, Kline SR, Dennis CL, Mossine AV, Paul RL, Deakyne CA, Atwood JL. Solution-Phase and Magnetic Approach towards Understanding Iron Gall Ink-like Nanoassemblies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:9263-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201204776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kumari H, Kline SR, Wycoff WG, Paul RL, Mossine AV, Deakyne CA, Atwood JL. Solution-phase structures of gallium-containing pyrogallol[4]arene scaffolds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:5086-91. [PMID: 22511521 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201200209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harshita Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, 601 S. College Avenue, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Kumari H, Kline SR, Wycoff WG, Paul RL, Mossine AV, Deakyne CA, Atwood JL. Solution-Phase Structures of Gallium-Containing Pyrogallol[4]arene Scaffolds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201200209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Zeisler R, Oflaz R, Paul RL, Fagan JA. Use of neutron activation analysis for the characterization of single-wall carbon nanotube materials. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-011-1290-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Radiochemical neutron activation analysis (RNAA) with retention on hydrated manganese dioxide (HMD) has played a key role in the certification of As in biological materials at NIST. Although this method provides very high and reproducible yields and detection limits at low microgram/kilogram levels, counting geometry uncertainties may arise from unequal distribution of As in the HMD, and arsenic detection limits may not be optimal due to significant retention of other elements. An alternate RNAA procedure with separation of arsenic by solvent extraction has been investigated. After digestion of samples in nitric and perchloric acids, As(III) is extracted from 2 M sulfuric acid solution into a solution of zinc diethyldithiocarbamate in chloroform. Counting of (76)As allows quantitation of arsenic. Addition of an (77)As tracer solution prior to dissolution allows correction for chemical yield and counting geometries, further improving reproducibility. The HMD and solvent extraction procedures for arsenic were compared through analysis of SRMs 1577c (bovine liver), 1547 (peach leaves), and 1575a (pine needles). Both methods gave As results in agreement with certified values with comparable reproducibility. However, the solvent extraction method yields a factor of 3 improvement in detection limits and is less time-consuming than the HMD method. The new method shows great promise for use in As certification in reference materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick L Paul
- Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States.
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Marinenko RB, Turner S, Simons DS, Rabb SA, Zeisler RL, Yu LL, Newbury DE, Paul RL, Ritchie NWM, Leigh SD, Winchester MR, Richter LJ, Meier DC, Scott KCK, Klinedinst D, Small JA. Characterization of SiGe films for use as a National Institute of Standards and Technology Microanalysis Reference Material (RM 8905). Microsc Microanal 2010; 16:1-12. [PMID: 20030913 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927609991231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Bulk silicon-germanium (SiGe) alloys and two SiGe thick films (4 and 5 microm) on Si wafers were tested with the electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) using wavelength dispersive spectrometers (WDS) for heterogeneity and composition for use as reference materials needed by the microelectronics industry. One alloy with a nominal composition of Si0.86Ge0.14 and the two thick films with nominal compositions of Si0.90Ge0.10 and Si0.75Ge0.25 on Si, evaluated for micro- and macroheterogeneity, will make good microanalysis reference materials with an overall expanded heterogeneity uncertainty of 1.1% relative or less for Ge. The bulk Ge composition in the Si0.86Ge0.14 alloy was determined to be 30.228% mass fraction Ge with an expanded uncertainty of the mean of 0.195% mass fraction. The thick films were quantified with WDS-EPMA using both the Si0.86Ge0.14 alloy and element wafers as reference materials. The Ge concentration was determined to be 22.80% mass fraction with an expanded uncertainty of the mean of 0.12% mass fraction for the Si0.90Ge0.10 wafer and 43.66% mass fraction for the Si0.75Ge0.25 wafer with an expanded uncertainty of the mean of 0.25% mass fraction. The two thick SiGe films will be issued as National Institute of Standards and Technology Reference Materials (RM 8905).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryna B Marinenko
- Surface and Microanalysis Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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Paul RL, Mackey EA, Zeisler R, Spatz RO, Tomlin BE. Determination of elements in SRM soil 2709a by neutron activation analysis. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-009-0250-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
An instrument for cold neutron prompt gamma-ray activation analysis (PGAA), located at the NIST Center for Neutron Research (NCNR), has proven useful for the measurement of boron in a variety of materials. Neutrons, moderated by passage through liquid hydrogen at 20 K, pass through a (58)Ni coated guide to the PGAA station in the cold neutron guide hall of the NCNR. The thermal equivalent neutron fluence rate at the sample position is 9 x 10(8) cm(-2) s(-1). Prompt gamma rays are measured by a cadmium- and lead-shielded high-purity germanium detector. The instrument has been used to measure boron mass fractions in minerals, in NIST SRM 2175 (Refractory Alloy MP-35-N) for certification of boron, and most recently in semiconductor-grade silicon. The limit of detection for boron in many materials is <10 ng g(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick L Paul
- Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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Paul RL, Simons DS, Guthrie WF, Lu J. Radiochemical Neutron Activation Analysis for Certification of Ion-Implanted Phosphorus in Silicon. Anal Chem 2003; 75:4028-33. [PMID: 14632114 DOI: 10.1021/ac0342018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A radiochemical neutron activation analysis procedure has been developed, critically evaluated, and shown to have the necessary sensitivity, chemical specificity, matrix independence, and precision to certify phosphorus at ion implantation levels in silicon. 32P, produced by neutron capture of 31P, is chemically separated from the sample matrix and measured using a beta proportional counter. The method is used here to certify the amount of phosphorus in SRM 2133 (Phosphorus Implant in Silicon Depth Profile Standard) as (9.58 +/- 0.16) x 10(14) atoms x cm(-2). A detailed evaluation of uncertainties is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick L Paul
- Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, Statistical Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA.
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Young SK, Trevino SF, Tan NCB, Paul RL. Utilization of prompt-? neutron activation analysis in the evaluation of Nafion membranes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.10488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Hooper AM, Donato B, Woodcock CM, Park JH, Paul RL, Boo KS, Hardie J, Pickett JA. Characterization of (1'R,4S,4aR,7S,7aR)-dihydronepetalactol as a semiochemical for lacewings, including Chrysopa spp. and Peyerimhoffina gracilis. J Chem Ecol 2002; 28:849-64. [PMID: 12035931 DOI: 10.1023/a:1015201129331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The enantiomerically pure diastereoisomers (1R,4S,4aR,7S,7aR)- (1) and (1R,4R,4aR,7S,7aR)-dihydronepetalactol (2) were synthesized diastereoselectively from a renewable resource, (4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactone (3), isolated as the main constituent of the essential oil of the catmint plant Nepeta cataria. The stereochemistry of the compounds was determined by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography, and the compounds were identified, respectively, as neomatatabiol and isoneomatatabiol, natural products from Actinidia polygama, for which the lactol stereochemistry was previously incompletely defined. Compound 1 was found to catch significant numbers of three species of lacewing in the field: in Korea. Chrysopa cognata, and in the United Kingdom, Nineta vittata and most notably Peverimhoffina gracilis. All species caught in significant numbers were found more frequently in traps releasing 1 than 2, while more C. cognata, C. formosa, and C. phyllochroma were found in traps releasing (1R,4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactol (4). The catch of P. gracilis with 1 is of particular interest as this lacewing has only recently been recorded in the United Kingdom. Where sexed, the lacewings of all species trapped were found to be male, implying a possible pheromonal role for these or structurally related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Hooper
- Biological Chemistry Division, IACR-Rothamsted Harpenden, Herts, United Kingdom
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Anderson KM, Connelly NG, Llamas-Rey E, Orpen AG, Paul RL. Control over directional metal-metal charge transfer in cyanide-bridged dimanganese complexes: effects of mu-CN linkage isomerism and ancillary ligand set. Chem Commun (Camb) 2001:1734-5. [PMID: 12240289 DOI: 10.1039/b104998b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and characterisation of cyano-bridged complexes of the form [(eta-C5R4Me)L(ON)Mn(mu-XY)Mn(CO)2-L'(dppm)]z (X,Y = C,N; z = 1-3) shows that systematic variation of the orientation of the CN bridge and the nature and geometric arrangement of the ancillary ligands affords control of the direction and energy of metal-metal charge transfer in the mixed valence dications.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Anderson
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK BS8 1TS
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Abstract
An instrument for cold neutron prompt gamma-ray activation analysis (CNPGAA) has been used for the nondestructive determination of nitrogen. The samples were analyzed in an evacuated box to minimize background from neutron capture by atmospheric nitrogen. The system features lower background and lower detection limits than obtainable with the University of Maryland-National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) thermal neutron PGAA instrument. CNPGAA has been used to measure nitrogen in standard reference materials which included biological materials and soils; the results are in agreement with certified values. The detection limit for nitrogen in most biological and geological samples is near 1000 mg kg-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Paul
- Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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Xu G, Aeppli G, Bisher ME, Broholm C, DiTusa JF, Frost CD, Ito T, Oka K, Paul RL, Takagi H, Treacy MM. Holes in a Quantum Spin Liquid. Science 2000; 289:419-422. [PMID: 10903195 DOI: 10.1126/science.289.5478.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic neutron scattering provides evidence for nucleation of antiferromagnetic droplets around impurities in a doped nickel oxide-based quantum magnet. The undoped parent compound contains a spin liquid with a cooperative singlet ground state and a gap in the magnetic excitation spectrum. Calcium doping creates excitations below the gap with an incommensurate structure factor. We show that weakly interacting antiferromagnetic droplets with a central phase shift of pi and a size controlled by the correlation length of the quantum liquid can account for the data. The experiment provides a quantitative impression of the magnetic polarization cloud associated with holes in a doped transition metal oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA. NEC Research Institute, 4 Independence Way, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA. National Institute of Standards and Technology Center for Neutron Research, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA. ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, UK. Electrotechnical Laboratory, Tsukuba 305, Japan. Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo Hongo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Abstract
PURPOSE To describe a pediatric patient with a severe abdominal injury following a roller coaster crash, and to review the relevant literature of lap belt injuries and roller coaster safety regulations. METHODS Case report. RESULTS A seven-year-old girl sitting in the front seat of a two-person roller coaster car was injured when it crashed into the stopped car in front. The patient's injuries, including a partial hepatic amputation, were due to the combined forces of both passengers applied against her lap belt. CONCLUSIONS Roller coaster restraint systems do not have the same federal or state oversights as motor vehicles and can result in life-threatening injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Holtzman
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
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Zhang H, Gallagher PD, Satija SK, Lindstrom RM, Paul RL, Russell TP, Lambooy P, Kramer EJ. Grazing incidence prompt gamma emissions and resonance-enhanced neutron standing waves in a thin film. Phys Rev Lett 1994; 72:3044-3047. [PMID: 10056053 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.72.3044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Lindstrom RM, Mackey EA, Paul RL. Analytical applications of guided neutron beams. Biol Trace Elem Res 1994; 43-45:47-53. [PMID: 7710862 DOI: 10.1007/bf02917298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Guided beams of thermal and cold neutrons have become available to analysts at several reactors during the past decade. The very pure beams from these guides have led to lower backgrounds and higher sensitivities for prompt-gamma activation analysis (PGAA), and thus to new applications for this technique. For analytical accuracy, the details of neutron scattering within the sample need to be taken into account; this consideration is especially important for most materials of biological origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Lindstrom
- Inorganic Analytical Research Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
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Abstract
Three patients who experienced central nervous system toxicity secondary to intraventricular therapy with cefazolin are described. On the basis of this experience it is recommended that cefazolin not be used for intraventricular antibiotic therapy in the treatment of shunt infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Manzella
- Department of Medicine, York Hospital, Pennsylvania
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Paul RL. Failure of prophylactic barbiturate coma: correction. J Neurosurg 1985; 62:943. [PMID: 3998851 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1985.62.6.0943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Abstract
Electrochemical aspects of
semiconductors are used to interpret well established observations on the
kinetics of leaching of chalcopyrite. The oxidation of this n-type
semiconductor is dominated by a surface film which is thermally unstable and
breaks down in CS2, acetone or acidified water, or under dry
nitrogen, over comparable time periods. The film is thought to be a
semiconductor metal-deficient polysulfide which slows transport of Cu+
and Fe2+ products, slows electron transfer to oxidants such as Fe3+
and Cu2+, and dramatically slows supply of holes and thus electron
transfer from reduced species such as Fe2+ on corroding
chalcopyrite. Thus the Fe3+/Fe2+ couple (especially as
sulfate) is much less reversible on corroding chalcopyrite than on pyrite or platinum.
The couples Cu2+/Cu+,I3-/I-
and Fe(CN)63-/Fe(CN)64- are more
reversible than Fe3+ /Fe2+ but all couples are much less
reversible on chalcopyrite than on pyrite. A layer of sulfur forms on corroding
chalcopyrite, but this is not the species which slows transport of ions and
transfer of electrons. A mixture of Fe3+/Cu2+ chlorides
is one of the more effective oxidants for CuFeS2 because of
relatively fast electron transfer from corroding chalcopyrite to Cu2+
and oxidation of Cu+ by Fe3+. Catalysis by iodine and by
inclusion of Ag2S or FeS2 in natural chalcopyrite is
explained by the electrochemical model.
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Paul RL, Arnold JG, Matjasko-Chiu MJ, Jansky CM. A computerized general purpose patient monitoring system. Am Surg 1976; 42:27-32. [PMID: 1247242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Abstract
✓ Three cases of incomplete acute traumatic myelopathies resulting from anterior spinal cord compression were managed by direct surgical decompression by way of the transthoracic approach. The surgical anatomy, technique, diagnostic work-up, and indications for the procedure are discussed.
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Abstract
✓ Thirty hydrocephalic children with obstruction of the cerebral aqueduct were treated by aqueductal catheterization (interventriculostomy). The complications encountered in the early cases have led to the use of a two-shunt technique. The surgical mortality of 13% compares favorably with that of other methods, and the possibility of a permanent cure of the hydrocephalus eliminating the problems of shunts and shunt dependence makes this approach an appealing one to the authors.
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Crosby RM, Paul RL, Kosnik EJ. Surgical treatment of hydrocephalus caused by Arnold-Chiari malformation in infants and young children. Am Surg 1972; 38:377-9. [PMID: 5033762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Paul RL, Gessner JE. Evaluation and management of lumbar disc disease. Md State Med J 1972; 21:76-80. [PMID: 5034407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Paul RL, Polanco O, Turney SZ, McAslan TC, Cowley RA. Intracranial pressure responses to alterations in arterial carbon dioxide pressure in patients with head injuries. J Neurosurg 1972; 36:714-20. [PMID: 5030400 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1972.36.6.0714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
✓ Cerebral vasomotor responses to alterations in arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2), as manifested by intraventricular pressure changes, were studied in a group of patients with head injuries. These patients could be classified into three types based on various degrees of responsiveness thought to reflect the integrity of their cerebral vasomotor reactivity.
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Paul RL, Goodman H, Merzenich M. Alterations in mechanoreceptor input to Brodmann's areas 1 and 3 of the postcentral hand area of Macaca mulatta after nerve section and regeneration. Brain Res 1972; 39:1-19. [PMID: 4623626 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(72)90782-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Paul RL, Merzenich M, Goodman H. Representation of slowly and rapidly adapting cutaneous mechanoreceptors of the hand in Brodmann's areas 3 and 1 of Macaca mulatta. Brain Res 1972; 36:229-49. [PMID: 4621596 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(72)90732-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Crosby RM, Paul RL. Treatment of hydrocephalus: direct attach on the obstruction. Am Surg 1969; 35:701-4. [PMID: 5824342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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