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Hyppönen V, Stenroos P, Nivajärvi R, Ardenkjaer-Larsen JH, Gröhn O, Paasonen J, Kettunen MI. Metabolism of hyperpolarised [1- 13 C]pyruvate in awake and anaesthetised rat brains. NMR Biomed 2022; 35:e4635. [PMID: 34672399 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of hyperpolarised 13 C pyruvate for nononcological neurological applications has not been widespread so far, possibly due to delivery issues limiting the visibility of metabolites. First proof-of-concept results have indicated that metabolism can be detected in human brain, and this may supersede the results obtained in preclinical settings. One major difference between the experimental setups is that preclinical MRI/MRS routinely uses anaesthesia, which alters both haemodynamics and metabolism. Here, we used hyperpolarised [1-13 C]pyruvate to compare brain metabolism in awake rats and under isoflurane, urethane or medetomidine anaesthesia. Spectroscopic [1-13 C]pyruvate time courses measured sequentially showed that pyruvate-to-bicarbonate and pyruvate-to-lactate labelling rates were lower in isoflurane animals than awake animals. An increased bicarbonate-to-lactate ratio was observed in the medetomidine group compared with other groups. The study shows that hyperpolarised [1-13 C]pyruvate experiments can be performed in awake rats, thus avoiding anaesthesia-related issues. The results suggest that haemodynamics probably dominate the observed pyruvate-to-metabolite labelling rates and area-under-time course ratios of referenced to pyruvate. On the other hand, the results obtained with medetomidine suggest that the ratios are also modulated by the underlying cerebral metabolism. However, the ratios between intracellular metabolites were unchanged in awake compared with isoflurane-anaesthetised rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viivi Hyppönen
- Kuopio Biomedical Imaging Unit, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petteri Stenroos
- Kuopio Biomedical Imaging Unit, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riikka Nivajärvi
- Kuopio Biomedical Imaging Unit, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jan Henrik Ardenkjaer-Larsen
- Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Olli Gröhn
- Kuopio Biomedical Imaging Unit, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaakko Paasonen
- Kuopio Biomedical Imaging Unit, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko I Kettunen
- Kuopio Biomedical Imaging Unit, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Melone L, Bach A, Lamura G, Canepa F, Nivajärvi R, Olsson V, Kettunen M. Cyclodextrin‐Based Organic Radical Contrast Agents for in vivo Imaging of Gliomas. Chempluschem 2020; 85:1171-1178. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Melone
- Department of Chemistry Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”Politecnico di Milano Via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milano Italy
- UniversitàTelematica e-Campus Via Isimbardi 10 22060 Novedrate, Como Italy
| | - Alice Bach
- Polytech Sorbonne 4 place Jussieu 75252 Paris Cedex 05 France
| | | | - Fabio Canepa
- CNR-SPIN Corso Perrone 24 16152 Genoa Italy
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial ChemistryUniversità di Genova Via Dodecaneso, 31 16146 Genova Italy
| | - Riikka Nivajärvi
- Kuopio Biomedical Imaging Unit A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of Eastern Finland Neulaniementie 2 70211 Kuopio Finland
| | - Venla Olsson
- Molecular Medicine A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of Eastern Finland Neulaniementie 2 70211 Kuopio Finland
| | - Mikko Kettunen
- Kuopio Biomedical Imaging Unit A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of Eastern Finland Neulaniementie 2 70211 Kuopio Finland
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Nivajärvi R, Olsson V, Hyppönen V, Bowen S, Leinonen HM, Lesch HP, Ardenkjaer-Larsen JH, Gröhn OHJ, Ylä-Herttuala S, Kettunen MI. Detection of lentiviral suicide gene therapy in C6 rat glioma using hyperpolarised [1- 13 C]pyruvate. NMR Biomed 2020; 33:e4250. [PMID: 31909530 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarised [1-13 C]pyruvate MRI has shown promise in monitoring therapeutic efficacy in a number of cancers including glioma. In this study, we assessed the pyruvate response to the lentiviral suicide gene therapy of herpes simplex virus-1 thymidine kinase with the prodrug ganciclovir (HSV-TK/GCV) in C6 rat glioma and compared it with traditional MR therapy markers. Female Wistar rats were inoculated with 106 C6 glioma cells. Treated animals received intratumoural lentiviral HSV-TK gene transfers on days 7 and 8 followed by 2-week GCV therapy starting on day 10. Animals were repeatedly imaged during therapy using volumetric MRI, diffusion and relaxation mapping, as well as metabolic [1-13 C]pyruvate MRS imaging. Survival (measured as time before animals reached a humane endpoint and were euthanised) was assessed up to day 30 posttherapy. HSV-TK/GCV gene therapy lengthened the median survival time from 12 to 25 days. This was accompanied by an apparent tumour growth arrest, but no changes in diffusion or relaxation parameters in treated animals. The metabolic response was more evident in the case-by-case analysis than in the group-level analysis. Treated animals also showed a 37 ± 15% decrease (P < 0.05, n = 5) in lactate-to-pyruvate ratio between therapy weeks, whereas a 44 ± 18% increase (P < 0.05, n = 6) was observed in control animals. Hyperpolarised [1-13 C]pyruvate MRI can offer complementary metabolic information to traditional MR methods to give a more comprehensive picture of the slowly developing gene therapy response. This may benefit the detection of the successful therapy response in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Nivajärvi
- Kuopio Biomedical Imaging Unit, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Venla Olsson
- Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Viivi Hyppönen
- Kuopio Biomedical Imaging Unit, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sean Bowen
- Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hanna M Leinonen
- FinVector Oy, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hanna P Lesch
- FinVector Oy, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jan Henrik Ardenkjaer-Larsen
- Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Olli H J Gröhn
- Kuopio Biomedical Imaging Unit, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko I Kettunen
- Kuopio Biomedical Imaging Unit, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Soikkeli M, Kettunen MI, Nivajärvi R, Olsson V, Rönkkö S, Laakkonen JP, Lehto VP, Kavakka J, Heikkinen S. Assessment of the Relaxation-Enhancing Properties of a Nitroxide-Based Contrast Agent TEEPO-Glc with In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Contrast Media Mol Imaging 2019; 2019:5629597. [PMID: 31920468 PMCID: PMC6942761 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5629597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging examinations are frequently carried out using contrast agents to improve the image quality. Practically all clinically used contrast agents are based on paramagnetic metals and lack in selectivity and specificity. A group of stable organic radicals, nitroxides, has raised interest as new metal-free contrast agents for MRI. Their structures can easily be modified to incorporate different functionalities. In the present study, a stable nitroxide TEEPO (2,2,6,6-tetraethylpiperidin-1-oxyl) was linked to a glucose moiety (Glc) to construct a water-soluble, potentially tumor-targeting compound with contrast-enhancing ability. The ability was assessed with in vivo MRI experiments. The constructed TEEPO-Glc agent proved to shorten the T 1 relaxation time in tumor, while the T 1 time in healthy brain tissue remained the same. The results indicate the potential of TEEPO-Glc as a valuable addition to the growing field of metal-free contrast enhancement in MRI-based diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiju Soikkeli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko I. Kettunen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riikka Nivajärvi
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Venla Olsson
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Rönkkö
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna P. Laakkonen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vesa-Pekka Lehto
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jari Kavakka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sami Heikkinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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