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Franco L, Isse AA, Barbon A, Altomare L, Hyppönen V, Rosa J, Olsson V, Kettunen M, Melone L. Redox Properties and in Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cyclodextrin-Polynitroxides Contrast Agents. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202300100. [PMID: 37431722 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the synthesis, characterization and in vivo application of water-soluble supramolecular contrast agents (Mw: 5-5.6 kDa) for MRI obtained from β-cyclodextrin functionalized with different kinds of nitroxide radicals, both with piperidine structure (CD2 and CD3) and with pyrrolidine structure (CD4 and CD5). As to the stability of the radicals in presence of ascorbic acid, CD4 and CD5 have low second order kinetic constants (≤0.05 M-1 s-1 ) compared to CD2 (3.5 M-1 s-1 ) and CD3 (0.73 M-1 s-1 ). Relaxivity (r1 ) measurements on compounds CD3-CD5 were carried out at different magnetic field strength (0.7, 3, 7 and 9.4 T). At 0.7 T, r1 values comprised between 1.5 mM-1 s-1 and 1.9 mM-1 s-1 were found while a significant reduction was observed at higher fields (r1 ≈0.6-0.9 mM-1 s-1 at 9.4 T). Tests in vitro on HEK293 human embryonic kidney cells, L929 mouse fibroblasts and U87 glioblastoma cells indicated that all compounds were non-cytotoxic at concentrations below 1 μmol mL-1 . MRI in vivo was carried out at 9.4 T on glioma-bearing rats using the compounds CD3-CD5. The experiments showed a good lowering of T1 relaxation in tumor with a retention of the contrast for at least 60 mins confirming improved stability also in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Franco
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Abdirisak Ahmed Isse
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Barbon
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Lina Altomare
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G.Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Viivi Hyppönen
- Metabolic MR Imaging, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jessica Rosa
- Metabolic MR Imaging, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Venla Olsson
- Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Kettunen
- Metabolic MR Imaging, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio Biomedical Imaging Unit, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lucio Melone
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G.Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milano, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca per l'Energia, l'Ambiente e il Territorio (CREAT), Università Telematica eCampus, Via Isimbardi 10, 22060, Novedrate, Italy
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Hyppönen V, Stenroos P, Nivajärvi R, Ardenkjaer-Larsen JH, Gröhn O, Paasonen J, Kettunen MI. Metabolism of hyperpolarised [1- 13 C]pyruvate in awake and anaesthetised rat brains. NMR Biomed 2022; 35:e4635. [PMID: 34672399 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of hyperpolarised 13 C pyruvate for nononcological neurological applications has not been widespread so far, possibly due to delivery issues limiting the visibility of metabolites. First proof-of-concept results have indicated that metabolism can be detected in human brain, and this may supersede the results obtained in preclinical settings. One major difference between the experimental setups is that preclinical MRI/MRS routinely uses anaesthesia, which alters both haemodynamics and metabolism. Here, we used hyperpolarised [1-13 C]pyruvate to compare brain metabolism in awake rats and under isoflurane, urethane or medetomidine anaesthesia. Spectroscopic [1-13 C]pyruvate time courses measured sequentially showed that pyruvate-to-bicarbonate and pyruvate-to-lactate labelling rates were lower in isoflurane animals than awake animals. An increased bicarbonate-to-lactate ratio was observed in the medetomidine group compared with other groups. The study shows that hyperpolarised [1-13 C]pyruvate experiments can be performed in awake rats, thus avoiding anaesthesia-related issues. The results suggest that haemodynamics probably dominate the observed pyruvate-to-metabolite labelling rates and area-under-time course ratios of referenced to pyruvate. On the other hand, the results obtained with medetomidine suggest that the ratios are also modulated by the underlying cerebral metabolism. However, the ratios between intracellular metabolites were unchanged in awake compared with isoflurane-anaesthetised rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viivi Hyppönen
- Kuopio Biomedical Imaging Unit, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petteri Stenroos
- Kuopio Biomedical Imaging Unit, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riikka Nivajärvi
- Kuopio Biomedical Imaging Unit, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jan Henrik Ardenkjaer-Larsen
- Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Olli Gröhn
- Kuopio Biomedical Imaging Unit, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaakko Paasonen
- Kuopio Biomedical Imaging Unit, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko I Kettunen
- Kuopio Biomedical Imaging Unit, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Nivajärvi R, Olsson V, Hyppönen V, Bowen S, Leinonen HM, Lesch HP, Ardenkjaer-Larsen JH, Gröhn OHJ, Ylä-Herttuala S, Kettunen MI. Detection of lentiviral suicide gene therapy in C6 rat glioma using hyperpolarised [1- 13 C]pyruvate. NMR Biomed 2020; 33:e4250. [PMID: 31909530 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarised [1-13 C]pyruvate MRI has shown promise in monitoring therapeutic efficacy in a number of cancers including glioma. In this study, we assessed the pyruvate response to the lentiviral suicide gene therapy of herpes simplex virus-1 thymidine kinase with the prodrug ganciclovir (HSV-TK/GCV) in C6 rat glioma and compared it with traditional MR therapy markers. Female Wistar rats were inoculated with 106 C6 glioma cells. Treated animals received intratumoural lentiviral HSV-TK gene transfers on days 7 and 8 followed by 2-week GCV therapy starting on day 10. Animals were repeatedly imaged during therapy using volumetric MRI, diffusion and relaxation mapping, as well as metabolic [1-13 C]pyruvate MRS imaging. Survival (measured as time before animals reached a humane endpoint and were euthanised) was assessed up to day 30 posttherapy. HSV-TK/GCV gene therapy lengthened the median survival time from 12 to 25 days. This was accompanied by an apparent tumour growth arrest, but no changes in diffusion or relaxation parameters in treated animals. The metabolic response was more evident in the case-by-case analysis than in the group-level analysis. Treated animals also showed a 37 ± 15% decrease (P < 0.05, n = 5) in lactate-to-pyruvate ratio between therapy weeks, whereas a 44 ± 18% increase (P < 0.05, n = 6) was observed in control animals. Hyperpolarised [1-13 C]pyruvate MRI can offer complementary metabolic information to traditional MR methods to give a more comprehensive picture of the slowly developing gene therapy response. This may benefit the detection of the successful therapy response in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Nivajärvi
- Kuopio Biomedical Imaging Unit, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Venla Olsson
- Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Viivi Hyppönen
- Kuopio Biomedical Imaging Unit, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sean Bowen
- Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hanna M Leinonen
- FinVector Oy, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hanna P Lesch
- FinVector Oy, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jan Henrik Ardenkjaer-Larsen
- Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Olli H J Gröhn
- Kuopio Biomedical Imaging Unit, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko I Kettunen
- Kuopio Biomedical Imaging Unit, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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