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Hoste E, Maueröder C, van Hove L, Catrysse L, Vikkula HK, Sze M, Maes B, Karjosukarso D, Martens L, Gonçalves A, Parthoens E, Roelandt R, Declercq W, Fuentes I, Palisson F, Gonzalez S, Salas-Alanis JC, Boon L, Huebener P, Mulder KW, Ravichandran K, Saeys Y, Schwabe RF, van Loo G. Epithelial HMGB1 Delays Skin Wound Healing and Drives Tumor Initiation by Priming Neutrophils for NET Formation. Cell Rep 2020; 29:2689-2701.e4. [PMID: 31775038 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerative responses predispose tissues to tumor formation by largely unknown mechanisms. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a danger-associated molecular pattern contributing to inflammatory pathologies. We show that HMGB1 derived from keratinocytes, but not myeloid cells, delays cutaneous wound healing and drives tumor formation. In wounds of mice lacking HMGB1 selectively in keratinocytes, a marked reduction in neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation is observed. Pharmacological targeting of HMGB1 or NETs prevents skin tumorigenesis and accelerates wound regeneration. HMGB1-dependent NET formation and skin tumorigenesis is orchestrated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and requires RIPK1 kinase activity. NETs are present in the microenvironment of keratinocyte-derived tumors in mice and lesional and tumor skin of patients suffering from recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, a disease in which skin blistering predisposes to tumorigenesis. We conclude that tumorigenicity of the wound microenvironment depends on epithelial-derived HMGB1 regulating NET formation, thereby establishing a mechanism linking reparative inflammation to tumor initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Hoste
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Christian Maueröder
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lisette van Hove
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leen Catrysse
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hanna-Kaisa Vikkula
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mozes Sze
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bastiaan Maes
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dyah Karjosukarso
- Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Radboud University, 6525 XZ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Liesbet Martens
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Amanda Gonçalves
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Bio-Imaging Core, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eef Parthoens
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Bio-Imaging Core, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ria Roelandt
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Declercq
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ignacia Fuentes
- Fundación DEBRA Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Genetica y Genomica, Clinica Allemana, Universidad de Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francis Palisson
- Fundación DEBRA Chile, Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Gonzalez
- Departemento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Louis Boon
- Bioceros, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Huebener
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaas Willem Mulder
- Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Radboud University, 6525 XZ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Kodi Ravichandran
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yvan Saeys
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Sciences and Statistics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Geert van Loo
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognise pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to detect the presence of pathogens. In addition to their role in innate immunity, TLRs also play a major role in the regulation of inflammation, even under sterile conditions such as injury and wound healing. This involvement has been suggested to depend, at least in part, on the ability of TLRs to recognise several endogenous TLR ligands termed damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). The liver not only represents a major target of bacterial PAMPs in many disease states but also upregulates several DAMPs following injury. Accordingly, TLR-mediated signals have been implicated in a number of chronic liver diseases. Here, we will summarise recent findings on the role TLRs and TLR ligands in the pathophysiology of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma, and highlight the potential role of TLR agonists, antagonists and probiotics for the treatment of chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mencin
- Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
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Abstract
Activator protein-1 (AP-1) was examined at multiple levels (mRNA, DNA binding, composition) in hippocampus of young and aged rats that were behaviorally characterized for spatial memory. GFAP mRNA was measured as a gene product known to increase with aging and to be regulated by AP-1. The activity of Jun-amino terminal-kinase (JNK) was also assessed. Levels of c-jun and c-fos mRNAs were unchanged with aging or spatial learning ability. Abundance of GFAP mRNA was significantly increased in aged hippocampus but did not correlate with spatial learning. Total AP-1 binding activity was unaltered with age or cognitive ability. In hippocampus of young, aged unimpaired and aged impaired rats, AP-1 consists mainly of c-Jun, phosphorylated c-Jun (p-c-Jun), JunD, and smaller amounts of c-Fos. JNK is constitutively active in young and aged hippocampus. We conclude that the basal expression of c-fos and c-jun mRNA, overall AP-1 binding activity and AP-1 composition are not influenced by aging or cognitive ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Schwabe RF, Schnabl B, Kweon YO, Brenner DA. CD40 activates NF-kappa B and c-Jun N-terminal kinase and enhances chemokine secretion on activated human hepatic stellate cells. J Immunol 2001; 166:6812-9. [PMID: 11359840 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.11.6812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the main producers of extracellular matrix in the fibrotic liver and contribute to hepatic inflammation through the secretion of chemokines and the recruitment of leukocytes. This study assesses the function of CD40 on human HSCS: Activated human HSCs express CD40 in culture and in fibrotic liver, as determined by flow cytometry, RT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry. CD40 expression is strongly enhanced by IFN-gamma. Stimulation of CD40 with CD40 ligand (CD40L)-transfected baby hamster kidney cells induces NF-kappaB, as demonstrated by the activation of I-kappaB kinase (IKK), increased NF-kappaB DNA binding, and p65 nuclear translocation. CD40-activated IKK also phosphorylates a GST-p65 substrate at serine 536 in the transactivation domain 1. Concomitant with the activation of IKK, CD40L-transfected baby hamster kidney cell treatment strongly activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase. CD40 activation increases the secretion of IL-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 by HSCs 10- and 2-fold, respectively. Adenovirally delivered dominant negative (dn) IKK2 and TNFR-associated factor 2dn inhibit IKK-mediated GST-I-kappaB and GST-p65 phosphorylation, NF-kappaB binding, and IL-8 secretion, whereas IKK1dn and NF-kappaB-inducing kinase dominant negative do not have inhibitory effects. We conclude that the CD40-CD40L receptor-ligand pair is involved in a cross-talk between HSCs and immune effector cells that contributes to the perpetuation of HSC activation in liver fibrosis through TNFR-associated factor 2- and IKK2-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Schwabe
- Department of Medicine and Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Abstract
Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) protects hepatocytes from undergoing apoptosis during embryonic development and during liver regeneration. Activation of NF-kappa B is mediated through phosphorylation of its inhibitor, I kappa B, by a kinase complex that contains 2 I kappa B kinases. We analyzed the differential role of I kappa B kinase 1 (IKK1) and I kappa B kinase 2 (IKK2) in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)- and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta)-mediated NF-kappa B activation in primary rat hepatocytes. Maximal induction of IKK activity was observed 5 minutes after TNF-alpha and 15 minutes after IL-1 beta treatment, and activated IKK was able to phosphorylate GST-I kappa B (1-54) and GST-p65 (354-551), but not a GST-p65 (354-551) substrate with a serine-to-alanine substitution at position 536. Infection with an adenovirus containing catalytically inactive IKK2K44M (Ad5IKK2dn) completely blocked both TNF-alpha- and IL-1 beta-induced GST-I kappa B and GST-p65 phosphorylation, I kappa B degradation, and NF-kappa B DNA binding. Adenovirally transduced, catalytically inactive IKK1K44M (Ad5IKK1dn) reduced IKK activity and NF-kappa B DNA binding only slightly. Accordingly, Ad5IKK2dn induced apoptosis in 75% (+/-6%) of hepatocytes after 12 hours of TNF-alpha, which was accompanied by activation of caspases 3 and 8, nuclear fragmentation, and DNA laddering. In contrast, Ad5IKK1dn led to 21% (+/-2%) apoptosis in TNF-alpha-treated hepatocytes after 12 hours and comparatively low activity of caspases 3 and 8. Furthermore, Ad5IKK2dn completely blocked the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), whereas Ad5IKK1dn had no influence on the expression of iNOS. Thus, IKK2 is the main mediator for cytokine-induced NF-kappa B activation in primary hepatocytes and protects against TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis, whereas IKK1 kinase activity is not required for NF-kappa B activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Schwabe
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA
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Lehmann TG, Wheeler MD, Schwabe RF, Connor HD, Schoonhoven R, Bunzendahl H, Brenner DA, Jude Samulski R, Zhong Z, Thurman RG. Gene delivery of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase improves graft function after transplantation of fatty livers in the rat. Hepatology 2000; 32:1255-64. [PMID: 11093732 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2000.19814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen-derived free radicals play a central role in reperfusion injury after organ transplantation, and fatty livers are particularly susceptible. Endogenous radical scavengers such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) degrade these radicals; however, SOD is destroyed rapidly when given exogenously. Therefore, an adenoviral vector encoding the Cu/Zn-SOD gene (Ad.SOD1) was used here to test the hypothesis that organ injury would be reduced and survival increased in a rat model of transplantation of fatty livers. Donors received chow diet (untreated), high-fat diet, or ethanol-containing high-fat diet. Some of the ethanol-fed donors were infected either with the gene lacZ encoding bacterial beta-galactosidase (Ad.lacZ), or Ad.SOD1. After liver transplantation, SOD activity and protein expression in liver, survival, histopathology, release of transaminases, free radical adducts in bile, and activation of NF-kappaB, IkappaB kinase (IKK), Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK), and TNFalpha were evaluated. Ad.SOD1 treatment increased survival dramatically, blunted transaminase release, and reduced necrosis and apoptosis significantly. Free radical adducts were increased two-fold in the ethanol group compared with untreated controls. Ad. SOD1 blunted this increase and reduced the activation of NF-kappaB. However, release of TNFalpha was not affected. Ad.SOD1 also blunted JNK activity after transplantation. This study shows that gene therapy with Ad.SOD1 protects marginal livers from failure after transplantation because of decreased oxygen radical production. Genetic modification of fatty livers using viral vectors represents a new approach to protect marginal grafts against primary nonfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Lehmann
- Laboratory of Hepatobiology and Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Schwabe RF, Engelmann H, Hess S, Fricke H. Soluble CD40 in the serum of healthy donors, patients with chronic renal failure, haemodialysis and chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. Clin Exp Immunol 1999; 117:153-8. [PMID: 10403929 PMCID: PMC1905469 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1999.00935.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CD40 and its ligand CD40L are key players in T cell-B cell interaction and T cell-antigen-presenting cell (APC) interaction. Inhibition of CD40-CD40L interaction leads to severe humoral and cellular immunodeficiency. In this study we examined the presence of soluble CD40 (sCD40) in the serum of haemodialysis (HD) patients, CAPD patients, chronic renal failure (CRF) patients and healthy donors in order to evaluate the possible involvement of CD40 in uraemic immunodeficiency. Soluble CD40 was detected in the serum of healthy donors (n = 41) with a mean of 0.14 +/- 0.12 ng/ml and in the urine of healthy donors with a mean of 1.80 +/- 0.74 ng/ml. Soluble CD40 was highly elevated in all patients with impaired renal function. HD patients (n = 22) had up to 100-fold elevated sCD40 levels with a mean concentration of 8.32 +/- 4.11 ng/ml, whereas CAPD patients (n = 10) had considerably lower levels of sCD40 with a mean of 3.58 +/- 2.40 ng/ml. A strong correlation between sCD40 and serum creatinine levels was noted in CRF patients (n = 66). The highly elevated levels of sCD40 may point to the involvement of CD40 and its ligand CD40L in the clinical manifestation of uraemic immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Schwabe
- Institute for Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Munich, Germany
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Abstract
The B cell surface molecule CD40 may be activated either by its ligand CD40L or by anti-CD40 antibodies. In this study, five new anti-CD40 monoclonal antibodies (MAb) were characterized. Bioactivity of the MAb was assessed using a receptor hybrid consisting of the extracellular domain of CD40 and the intracellular domain of the p55 TNF receptor as a model for CD40 activation. Two agonistic MAb were able to enhance the activation of this CD40 hybrid CD40L. These MAb bound to an epitope that was not located within the CD40L-binding region indicating that activation of CD40 occurs epitope-independent. A second pair of ligand mimetic anti-CD40 MAb which appeared to bind to the CD40L binding site decreased CD40L bioactivity. With regard to ligand mimetic effects binding of the CD40L epitope was not of advantage. Combining anti-CD40 MAb with different epitope specificities or cross linking anti-CD40 MAB with secondary antibodies enhanced ligand mimetic effects. These data clearly show that ligand or antibody-mediated receptor aggregation is the major mechanism by which CD40 is activated. Furthermore, our data support that an aggregate of activated receptors is favorable in regard to CD40 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Schwabe
- Institute for Immunology, University of Munich, Germany
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