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Cristiano C, Cavanagh RJ, Cuzzucoli Crucitti V, Moloney C, Axioti E, Dixon E, Jacob PL, Schiano ME, Cuozzo M, Liguori FM, Rolando B, Russo R, Taresco V, Sodano F, Rimoli MG. Multiple drug-delivery strategies to enhance the pharmacological and toxicological properties of Mefenamic acid. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116647. [PMID: 38703503 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To improve the biological and toxicological properties of Mefenamic acid (MA), the galactosylated prodrug of MA named MefeGAL was included in polymeric solid dispersions (PSs) composed of poly(glycerol adipate) (PGA) and Pluronic® F68 (MefeGAL-PS). MefeGAL-PS was compared with polymeric solid formulations of MA (MA-PS) or a mixture of equal ratio of MefeGAL/MA (Mix-PS). METHODS The in vitro and in vivo pharmacological and toxicological profiles of PSs have been investigated. In detail, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory (carrageenan-induced paw edema test), analgesic (acetic acid-induced writhing test) and ulcerogenic activity in mice after oral treatment. Additionally, the antiproliferative activity of PSs was assessed on in vitro models of colorectal and non-small cell lung cancer. RESULTS When the PSs were resuspended in water, MefeGAL's, MA's and their mixture's apparent solubilities improved due to the interaction with the polymeric formulation. By comparing the in-vivo biological performance of MefeGAL-PS with that of MA, MefeGAL and MA-PS, it was seen that MefeGAL-PS exhibited the same sustained and delayed analgesic and anti-inflammatory profile as MefeGAL but did not cause gastrointestinal irritation. The pharmacological effect of Mix-PS was present from the first hours after administration, lasting about 44 hours with only slight gastric mucosa irritation. In-vitro evaluation indicated that Mix-PS had statistically significant higher cytotoxicity than MA-PS and MefeGAL-PS. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary data are promising evidence that the galactosylated prodrug approach in tandem with a polymer-drug solid dispersion formulation strategy could represent a new drug delivery route to improve the solubility and biological activity of NSAIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cristiano
- Department of Pharmacy, "Federico II" University of Napoli, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Robert J Cavanagh
- School of Medicine, BioDiscovery Institute-3, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Cuzzucoli Crucitti
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing and Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Cara Moloney
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Axioti
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Dixon
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa L Jacob
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mariarosaria Cuozzo
- Department of Pharmacy, "Federico II" University of Napoli, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Rolando
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Roberto Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, "Federico II" University of Napoli, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Taresco
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
| | - Federica Sodano
- Department of Pharmacy, "Federico II" University of Napoli, Napoli 80131, Italy; Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Torino 10125, Italy.
| | - Maria Grazia Rimoli
- Department of Pharmacy, "Federico II" University of Napoli, Napoli 80131, Italy
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2
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Axioti E, Dixon EG, Reynolds-Green M, Alexander ECH, Brugnoli B, Keddie DJ, Couturaud B, Suksiriworapong J, Swainson SME, Francolini I, Howdle SM, Jacob PL, Cavanagh RJ, Chauhan VM, Taresco V. Glycerol- and diglycerol-based polyesters: Evaluation of backbone alterations upon nano-formulation performance. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 236:113828. [PMID: 38452625 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.113828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Despite the success of polyethylene glycol-based (PEGylated) polyesters in the drug delivery and biomedical fields, concerns have arisen regarding PEG's immunogenicity and limited biodegradability. In addition, inherent limitations, including limited chemical handles as well as highly hydrophobic nature, can restrict their effectiveness in physiological conditions of the polyester counterpart. To address these matters, an increasing amount of research has been focused towards identifying alternatives to PEG. One promising strategy involves the use of bio-derived polyols, such as glycerol. In particular, glycerol is a hydrophilic, non-toxic, untapped waste resource and as other polyols, can be incorporated into polyesters via enzymatic catalysis routes. In the present study, a systematic screening is conducted focusing on the incorporation of 1,6-hexanediol (Hex) (hydrophobic diol) into both poly(glycerol adipate) (PGA) and poly(diglycerol adipate) (PDGA) at different (di)glycerol:hex ratios (30:70; 50:50 and 70:30 mol/mol) and its effect on purification upon NPs formation. By varying the amphiphilicity of the backbone, we demonstrated that minor adjustments influence the NPs formation, NPs stability, drug encapsulation, and degradation of these polymers, despite the high chemical similarity. Moreover, the best performing materials have shown good biocompatibility in both in vitro and in vivo (whole organism) tests. As preliminary result, the sample containing diglycerol and Hex in a 70:30 ratio, named as PDGA-Hex 30%, has shown to be the most promising candidate in this small library analysed. It demonstrated comparable stability to the glycerol-based samples in various media but exhibited superior encapsulation efficiency of a model hydrophobic dye. This in-depth investigation provides new insights into the design and modification of biodegradable (di)glycerol-based polyesters, potentially paving the way for more effective and sustainable PEG-free drug delivery nano-systems in the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Axioti
- School of Chemistry, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Emily G Dixon
- School of Chemistry, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Benedetta Brugnoli
- Dept. of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Daniel J Keddie
- School of Chemistry, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Benoit Couturaud
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est (ICMPE), CNRS, University Paris Est Créteil, UMR 7182, 2 Rue Henri Dunant, Thiais 94320, France
| | | | - Sadie M E Swainson
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Iolanda Francolini
- Dept. of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Steven M Howdle
- School of Chemistry, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa L Jacob
- School of Chemistry, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
| | - Robert J Cavanagh
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Boots Sciences Building, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
| | - Veeren M Chauhan
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Boots Sciences Building, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
| | - Vincenzo Taresco
- School of Chemistry, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
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3
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Cavanagh RJ, Monteiro PF, Moloney C, Travanut A, Mehradnia F, Taresco V, Rahman R, Martin SG, Grabowska AM, Ashford MB, Alexander C. Free drug and ROS-responsive nanoparticle delivery of synergistic doxorubicin and olaparib combinations to triple negative breast cancer models. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:1822-1840. [PMID: 38407276 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01931d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Combinations of the topoisomerase II inhibitor doxorubicin and the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor olaparib offer potential drug-drug synergy for the treatment of triple negative breast cancers (TNBC). In this study we performed in vitro screening of combinations of these drugs, administered directly or encapsulated within polymer nanoparticles, in both 2D and in 3D spheroid models of breast cancer. A variety of assays were used to evaluate drug potency, and calculations of combination index (CI) values indicated that synergistic effects of drug combinations occurred in a molar-ratio dependent manner. It is suggested that the mechanisms of synergy were related to enhancement of DNA damage as shown by the level of double-strand DNA breaks, and mechanisms of antagonism associated with mitochondrial mediated cell survival, as indicated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Enhanced drug delivery and potency was observed with nanoparticle formulations, with a greater extent of doxorubicin localised to cell nuclei as evidenced by microscopy, and higher cytotoxicity at the same time points compared to free drugs. Together, the work presented identifies specific combinations of doxorubicin and olaparib which were most effective in a panel of TNBC cell lines, explores the mechanisms by which these combined agents might act, and shows that formulation of these drug combinations into polymeric nanoparticles at specific ratios conserves synergistic action and enhanced potency in vitro compared to the free drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrícia F Monteiro
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Cara Moloney
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
- School of Medicine, BioDiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | | | | | - Ruman Rahman
- School of Medicine, BioDiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Stewart G Martin
- School of Medicine, BioDiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Anna M Grabowska
- School of Medicine, BioDiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Marianne B Ashford
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
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4
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Moloney C, Mehradnia F, Cavanagh RJ, Ibrahim A, Pearce AK, Ritchie AA, Clarke P, Rahman R, Grabowska AM, Alexander C. Chain-extension in hyperbranched polymers alters tissue distribution and cytotoxicity profiles in orthotopic models of triple negative breast cancers. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:6545-6560. [PMID: 37593851 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm00609c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic efficacy of nanomedicines is highly dependent on their access to target sites in the body, and this in turn is markedly affected by their size, shape and transport properties in tissue. Although there have been many studies in this area, the ability to design nanomaterials with optimal physicochemical properties for in vivo efficacy remains a significant challenge. In particular, it is often difficult to quantify the detailed effects of cancer drug delivery systems in vivo as tumour volume reduction, a commonly reported marker of efficacy, does not always correlate with cytotoxicity in tumour tissue. Here, we studied the behaviour in vivo of two specific poly(2-hydroxypropyl methacrylamide) (pHPMA) pro-drugs, with hyperbranched and chain-extended branched architectures, redox-responsive backbone components, and pH-sensitive linkers to the anti-cancer drug doxorubicin. Evaluation of the biodistribution of these polymers following systemic injection indicated differences in the circulation time and organ distribution of the two polymers, despite their very similar hydrodynamic radii (∼10 and 15 nm) and architectures. In addition, both polymers showed improved tumour accumulation in orthotopic triple-negative breast cancers in mice, and decreased accumulation in healthy tissue, as compared to free doxorubicin, even though neither polymer-doxorubicin pro-drug decreased overall tumour volume as much as the free drug under the dosing regimens selected. However, the results of histopathological examinations by haematoxylin and eosin, and TUNEL staining indicated a higher population of apoptotic cells in the tumours for both polymer pro-drug treatments, and in turn a lower population of apoptotic cells in the heart, liver and spleen, as compared to free doxorubicin treatment. These data suggest that the penetration of these polymer pro-drugs was enhanced in tumour tissue relative to free doxorubicin, and that the combination of size, architecture, bioresponsive backbone and drug linker degradation yielded greater efficacy for the polymers as measured by biomarkers than that of tumour volume. We suggest therefore that the effects of nanomedicines may be different at various length scales relative to small molecule free drugs, and that penetration into tumour tissue for some nanomedicines may not be as problematic as prior reports have suggested. Furthermore, the data indicate that dual-responsive crosslinked polymer-prodrugs in this study may be effective nanomedicines for breast cancer chemotherapy, and that endpoints beyond tumour volume reduction can be valuable in selecting candidates for pre-clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Moloney
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Fatemeh Mehradnia
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Robert J Cavanagh
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Asmaa Ibrahim
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Amanda K Pearce
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Alison A Ritchie
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Philip Clarke
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Ruman Rahman
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Anna M Grabowska
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Cameron Alexander
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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5
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Jacob PL, Brugnoli B, Del Giudice A, Phan H, Chauhan VM, Beckett L, Gillis RB, Moloney C, Cavanagh RJ, Krumins E, Reynolds-Green M, Lentz JC, Conte C, Cuzzucoli Crucitti V, Couturaud B, Galantini L, Francolini I, Howdle SM, Taresco V. Poly (diglycerol adipate) variants as enhanced nanocarrier replacements in drug delivery applications. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 641:1043-1057. [PMID: 36996683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.03.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Sustainably derived poly(glycerol adipate) (PGA) has been deemed to deliver all the desirable features expected in a polymeric scaffold for drug-delivery, including biodegradability, biocompatibility, self-assembly into nanoparticles (NPs) and a functionalisable pendant group. Despite showing these advantages over commercial alkyl polyesters, PGA suffers from a series of key drawbacks caused by poor amphiphilic balance. This leads to weak drug-polymer interactions and subsequent low drug-loading in NPs, as well as low NPs stability. To overcome this, in the present work, we applied a more significant variation of the polyester backbone while maintaining mild and sustainable polymerisation conditions. We have investigated the effect of the variation of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments upon physical properties and drug interactions as well as self-assembly and NPs stability. For the first time we have replaced glycerol with the more hydrophilic diglycerol, as well as adjusting the final amphiphilic balance of the polyester repetitive units by incorporating the more hydrophobic 1,6-n-hexanediol (Hex). The properties of the novel poly(diglycerol adipate) (PDGA) variants have been compared against known polyglycerol-based polyesters. Interestingly, while the bare PDGA showed improved water solubility and diminished self-assembling ability, the Hex variation demonstrated enhanced features as a nanocarrier. In this regard, PDGAHex NPs were tested for their stability in different environments and for their ability to encode enhanced drug loading. Moreover, the novel materials have shown good biocompatibility in both in vitro and in vivo (whole organism) experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa L Jacob
- School of Chemistry, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Benedetta Brugnoli
- Dept. of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Hien Phan
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est, Université de Paris-Est Créteil, CNRS UMR 7182, 2 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Veeren M Chauhan
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Surface Analysis, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Boots Sciences Building, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Beckett
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Surface Analysis, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Boots Sciences Building, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Richard B Gillis
- National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, United Kingdom; Biomaterials Group, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, United Kingdom; College of Business, Technology and Engineering, Sheffield Hallam University, Food and Nutrition Group, Sheffield S1 1WB, United Kingdom
| | - Cara Moloney
- School of Medicine, BioDiscovery Institute-3, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Cavanagh
- School of Medicine, BioDiscovery Institute-3, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Eduards Krumins
- School of Chemistry, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Joachim C Lentz
- School of Chemistry, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Conte
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Valentina Cuzzucoli Crucitti
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing and Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Benoit Couturaud
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est, Université de Paris-Est Créteil, CNRS UMR 7182, 2 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Luciano Galantini
- Dept. of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Iolanda Francolini
- Dept. of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Steven M Howdle
- School of Chemistry, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Taresco
- School of Chemistry, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
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6
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Anane-Adjei AB, Fletcher NL, Cavanagh RJ, Houston ZH, Crawford T, Pearce AK, Taresco V, Ritchie AA, Clarke P, Grabowska AM, Gellert PR, Ashford MB, Kellam B, Thurecht KJ, Alexander C. Synthesis, characterisation and evaluation of hyperbranched N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamides for transport and delivery in pancreatic cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:2328-2344. [PMID: 35380131 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01548f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hyperbranched polymers have many promising features for drug delivery, owing to their ease of synthesis, multiple functional group content, and potential for high drug loading with retention of solubility. Here we prepared hyperbranched N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) polymers with a range of molar masses and particle sizes, and with attached dyes, radiolabel or the anticancer drug gemcitabine. Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerisation enabled the synthesis of pHPMA polymers and a gemcitabine-comonomer functionalised pHPMA polymer pro-drug, with diameters of the polymer particles ranging from 7-40 nm. The non-drug loaded polymers were well-tolerated in cancer cell lines and macrophages, and were rapidly internalised in 2D cell culture and transported efficiently to the centre of dense pancreatic cancer 3D spheroids. The gemcitabine-loaded polymer pro-drug was found to be toxic both to 2D cultures of MIA PaCa-2 cells and also in reducing the volume of MIA PaCa-2 spheroids. The non-drug loaded polymers caused no short-term adverse effects in healthy mice following systemic injection, and derivatives of these polymers labelled with 89Zr-were tracked for their distribution in the organs of healthy and MIA PaCa-2 xenograft bearing Balb/c nude mice. Tumour accumulation, although variable across the samples, was highest in individual animals for the pHPMA polymer of ∼20 nm size, and accordingly a gemcitabine pHPMA polymer pro-drug of ∼18 nm diameter was evaluated for efficacy in the tumour-bearing animals. The efficacy of the pHPMA polymer pro-drug was very similar to that of free gemcitabine in terms of tumour growth retardation, and although there was a survival benefit after 70 days for the polymer pro-drug, there was no difference at day 80. These data suggest that while polymer pro-drugs of this type can be effective, better tumour targeting and enhanced in situ release remain as key obstacles to clinical translation even for relatively simple polymers such as pHPMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akosua B Anane-Adjei
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Nicholas L Fletcher
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. .,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert J Cavanagh
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Zachary H Houston
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. .,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Theodore Crawford
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Amanda K Pearce
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Vincenzo Taresco
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | | | - Phillip Clarke
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | - Paul R Gellert
- Product Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Marianne B Ashford
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Barrie Kellam
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Kristofer J Thurecht
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. .,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Cameron Alexander
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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7
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Vasey CE, Cavanagh RJ, Taresco V, Moloney C, Smith S, Rahman R, Alexander C. Polymer Pro-Drug Nanoparticles for Sustained Release of Cytotoxic Drugs Evaluated in Patient-Derived Glioblastoma Cell Lines and In Situ Gelling Formulations. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020208. [PMID: 33546301 PMCID: PMC7913572 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common, malignant and aggressive brain tumour in adults. Despite the use of multimodal treatments, involving surgery, followed by concomitant radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the median survival for patients remains less than 15 months from diagnosis. Low penetration of drugs across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dose-limiting factor for systemic GBM therapies, and as a result, post-surgical intracranial drug delivery strategies are being developed to ensure local delivery of drugs within the brain. Here we describe the effects of PEGylated poly(lactide)-poly(carbonate)-doxorubicin (DOX) nanoparticles (NPs) on the metabolic activity of primary cancer cell lines derived from adult patients following neurosurgical resection, and the commercially available GBM cell line, U87. The results showed that non-drug-loaded NPs were well tolerated at concentrations of up to 100 µg/mL while tumour cell-killing effects were observed for the DOX-NPs at the same concentrations. Further experiments evaluated the release of DOX from polymer-DOX conjugate NPs when incorporated in a thermosensitive in situ gelling poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PLGA/PEG) matrix paste, in order to simulate the clinical setting of a locally injected formulation for GBM following surgical tumour resection. These assays demonstrated drug release from the polymer pro-drugs, when in PLGA/PEG matrices of two formulations, over clinically relevant time scales. These findings encourage future in vivo assessment of the potential capability of polymer-drug conjugate NPs to penetrate brain parenchyma efficaciously, when released from existing interstitial delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Vasey
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Robert J Cavanagh
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Vincenzo Taresco
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Cara Moloney
- School of Medicine, BioDiscovery Institute-3, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Stuart Smith
- School of Medicine, BioDiscovery Institute-3, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Ruman Rahman
- School of Medicine, BioDiscovery Institute-3, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Cameron Alexander
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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8
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Pearce AK, Anane‐Adjei AB, Cavanagh RJ, Monteiro PF, Bennett TM, Taresco V, Clarke PA, Ritchie AA, Alexander MR, Grabowska AM, Alexander C. Effects of Polymer 3D Architecture, Size, and Chemistry on Biological Transport and Drug Delivery In Vitro and in Orthotopic Triple Negative Breast Cancer Models. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2000892. [PMID: 33073536 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The size, shape, and underlying chemistries of drug delivery particles are key parameters which govern their ultimate performance in vivo. Responsive particles are desirable for triggered drug delivery, achievable through architecture change and biodegradation to control in vivo fate. Here, polymeric materials are synthesized with linear, hyperbranched, star, and micellar-like architectures based on 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylamide (HPMA), and the effects of 3D architecture and redox-responsive biodegradation on biological transport are investigated. Variations in "stealth" behavior between the materials are quantified in vitro and in vivo, whereby reduction-responsive hyperbranched polymers most successfully avoid accumulation within the liver, and none of the materials target the spleen or lungs. Functionalization of selected architectures with doxorubicin (DOX) demonstrates enhanced efficacy over the free drug in 2D and 3D in vitro models, and enhanced efficacy in vivo in a highly aggressive orthotopic breast cancer model when dosed over schedules accounting for the biodistribution of the carriers. These data show it is possible to direct materials of the same chemistries into different cellular and physiological regions via modulation of their 3D architectures, and thus the work overall provides valuable new insight into how nanoparticle architecture and programmed degradation can be tailored to elicit specific biological responses for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Pearce
- School of Chemistry University of Birmingham Edgbaston B15 2TT UK
- School of Pharmacy University of Nottingham Nottingham NG72RD UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Vincenzo Taresco
- School of Pharmacy University of Nottingham Nottingham NG72RD UK
| | - Phil A. Clarke
- School of Medicine University of Nottingham Nottingham NG72RD UK
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Taresco V, Abelha TF, Cavanagh RJ, Vasey CE, Anane‐Adjei AB, Pearce AK, Monteiro PF, Spriggs KA, Clarke P, Ritchie A, Martin S, Rahman R, Grabowska AM, Ashford MB, Alexander C. Functionalized Block Co‐Polymer Pro‐Drug Nanoparticles with Anti‐Cancer Efficacy in 3D Spheroids and in an Orthotopic Triple Negative Breast Cancer Model. Adv Therap 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Taresco
- School of Pharmacy University Park University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Thais F. Abelha
- School of Pharmacy University Park University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Robert J. Cavanagh
- School of Pharmacy University Park University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Catherine E. Vasey
- School of Pharmacy University Park University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | | | - Amanda K. Pearce
- School of Pharmacy University Park University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
- School of Chemistry University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Patrícia F. Monteiro
- School of Pharmacy University Park University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Keith A. Spriggs
- School of Pharmacy University Park University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Philip Clarke
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceutical Sciences Innovative Medicines Silk Court Business Park Macclesfield Cheshire SK10 2NA UK
| | - Alison Ritchie
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceutical Sciences Innovative Medicines Silk Court Business Park Macclesfield Cheshire SK10 2NA UK
| | - Stewart Martin
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceutical Sciences Innovative Medicines Silk Court Business Park Macclesfield Cheshire SK10 2NA UK
| | - Ruman Rahman
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceutical Sciences Innovative Medicines Silk Court Business Park Macclesfield Cheshire SK10 2NA UK
| | - Anna M. Grabowska
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceutical Sciences Innovative Medicines Silk Court Business Park Macclesfield Cheshire SK10 2NA UK
| | - Marianne B. Ashford
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Cameron Alexander
- School of Pharmacy University Park University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
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10
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Greco C, Taresco V, Pearce AK, Vasey CE, Smith S, Rahman R, Alexander C, Cavanagh RJ, Musumeci F, Schenone S. Development of Pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidine Kinase Inhibitors as Potential Clinical Candidates for Glioblastoma Multiforme. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:657-663. [PMID: 32435367 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor. Residual cells at the tumor margin are responsible for up to 85% of GBM recurrences after standard treatment. Despite this evidence, the identification of compounds active on this cell population is still an underexplored field. Herein, starting from the knowledge that kinases are implicated in GBM, we evaluated three in-house pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines active as Src, Fyn, and SGK1 kinase inhibitors against patient derived cell lines from either the invasive region or contrast-enhanced core of GBM. We identified our Src inhibitor, SI306, as a promising lead compound for eradicating invasive GBM cells. Furthermore, aiming at the development of a feasible oral treatment for GBM, we performed a formulation study using 2D inkjet printing to generate soluble polymer-drug dispersions. Overall, this study led to the identification of a set of polymer-formulated pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine kinase inhibitors as promising candidates for GBM preclinical efficacy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Greco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Taresco
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Amanda K. Pearce
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Catherine E. Vasey
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Stuart Smith
- Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Ruman Rahman
- Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Cameron Alexander
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Robert J. Cavanagh
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Francesca Musumeci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Schenone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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11
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Sodano F, Cavanagh RJ, Pearce AK, Lazzarato L, Rolando B, Fraix A, Abelha TF, Vasey CE, Alexander C, Taresco V, Sortino S. Enhancing doxorubicin anticancer activity with a novel polymeric platform photoreleasing nitric oxide. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:1329-1344. [DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01644a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Combination of Doxorubicin with light-regulated NO release achieved through formulation strategy of tailored polymeric conjugate nanoparticles may open new treatment modalities to improve cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Sodano
- Department of Drug Science and Technology
- University of Turin
- Turin
- Italy
| | | | | | - Loretta Lazzarato
- Department of Drug Science and Technology
- University of Turin
- Turin
- Italy
| | - Barbara Rolando
- Department of Drug Science and Technology
- University of Turin
- Turin
- Italy
| | - Aurore Fraix
- Laboratory of Photochemistry
- Department of Drug Sciences
- University of Catania
- I-95125 Catania
- Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Salvatore Sortino
- Laboratory of Photochemistry
- Department of Drug Sciences
- University of Catania
- I-95125 Catania
- Italy
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12
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Cavanagh RJ, Smith PA, Stolnik S. Exposure to a Nonionic Surfactant Induces a Response Akin to Heat-Shock Apoptosis in Intestinal Epithelial Cells: Implications for Excipients Safety. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:618-631. [PMID: 30608696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Amphipathic, nonionic, surfactants are widely used in pharmaceutical, food, and agricultural industry to enhance product features; as pharmaceutical excipients, they are also aimed at increasing cell membrane permeability and consequently improving oral drugs absorption. Here, we report on the concentration- and time-dependent succession of events occurring throughout and subsequent exposure of Caco-2 epithelium to a "typical" nonionic surfactant (Kolliphor HS15) to provide a molecular explanation for nonionic surfactant cytotoxicity. The study shows that the conditions of surfactant exposure, which increase plasma membrane fluidity and permeability, produced rapid (within 5 min) redox and mitochondrial effects. Apoptosis was triggered early during exposure (within 10 min) and relied upon an initial mitochondrial membrane hyperpolarization (5-10 min) as a crucial step, leading to its subsequent depolarization and caspase-3/7 activation (60 min). The apoptotic pathway appears to be triggered prior to substantial surfactant-induced membrane damage (observed ≥60 min). We hence propose that the cellular response to the model nonionic surfactant is triggered via surfactant-induced increase in plasma membrane fluidity, a phenomenon akin to the stress response to membrane fluidization induced by heat shock, and consequent apoptosis. Therefore, the fluidization effect that confers surfactants the ability to enhance drug permeability may also be intrinsically linked to the propagation of their cytotoxicity. The reported observations have important implications for the safety of a multitude of nonionic surfactants used in drug delivery formulations and to other permeability enhancing compounds with similar plasma membrane fluidizing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Cavanagh
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Smith
- School of Life Science , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
| | - Snow Stolnik
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
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Kluger NJ, Clifford JS, Cavanagh RJ, Griffith WL. A case of a chemically dependent patient with a thalamic pain syndrome treated with amitriptyline. J Addict Dis 1991; 10:97-102. [PMID: 1657198 DOI: 10.1300/j069v10n03_09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A fifty year old white male with a right sided thalamic pain syndrome became alcohol and benzodiazepine dependent in an attempt to alleviate the pain. He entered an inpatient alcohol and drug treatment facility where, in an attempt to treat this pain, he was placed on low dose amitriptyline. Comparison of results on a symptoms checklist (SCL-90-R) completed at amitriptyline dosages of 30 mg. and 50 mg. showed a statistically significant difference in the somatization scale (p = .029). The low dose of amitriptyline used, its low blood level, and the early onset of effect make it unlikely that its antidepressant action was a significant factor in this patient's pain relief. This is, perhaps, the first described case where low dose amitriptyline has been shown to relieve the thalamic pain syndrome in a chemically dependent person.
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Cavanagh RJ. The treatment of manic-related diseases with lithium carbonate. Mil Med 1970; 135:199-202. [PMID: 4991692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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