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Edirisinghe HS, Rajapaksa AE, Royce SG, Sourial M, Bischof RJ, Anderson J, Sarila G, Nguyen CD, Mulholland K, Do LAH, Licciardi PV. Aerosol Delivery of Palivizumab in a Neonatal Lamb Model of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:2276. [PMID: 38005952 PMCID: PMC10675108 DOI: 10.3390/v15112276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Palivizumab has been an approved preventative monoclonal antibody for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection for over two decades. However, due to its high cost and requirement for multiple intramuscular injections, its use has been limited mostly to high-income countries. Following our previous study showing the successful lung deposition of aerosolised palivizumab in lambs, this current study evaluated the "proof-of-principle" effect of aerosolised palivizumab delivered as a therapeutic to neonatal lambs following RSV infection. (2) Methods: Neonatal lambs were intranasally inoculated with RSV-A2 on day 0 (day 3 post-birth) and treated with aerosolised palivizumab 3 days later (day 3 post-inoculation). Clinical symptoms, RSV viral load and inflammatory response were measured post-inoculation. (3) Results: Aerosolised therapeutic delivery of palivizumab did not reduce RSV viral loads in the nasopharynx nor the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, but resulted in a modest reduction in inflammatory response at day 6 post-inoculation compared with untreated lambs. (4) Conclusions: This proof-of-principle study shows some evidence of aerosolised palivizumab reducing RSV inflammation, but further studies using optimized protocols are needed in order to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasindu S. Edirisinghe
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne 3052, Australia; (H.S.E.); (M.S.); (J.A.); (G.S.); (C.D.N.); (K.M.); (L.A.H.D.)
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Anushi E. Rajapaksa
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne 3052, Australia; (H.S.E.); (M.S.); (J.A.); (G.S.); (C.D.N.); (K.M.); (L.A.H.D.)
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
- Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne 3052, Australia
- Royal Women’s Hospital, Melbourne 3052, Australia
| | - Simon G. Royce
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne 3168, Australia;
| | - Magdy Sourial
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne 3052, Australia; (H.S.E.); (M.S.); (J.A.); (G.S.); (C.D.N.); (K.M.); (L.A.H.D.)
- Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne 3052, Australia
| | - Robert J. Bischof
- Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University, Melbourne 3806, Australia;
| | - Jeremy Anderson
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne 3052, Australia; (H.S.E.); (M.S.); (J.A.); (G.S.); (C.D.N.); (K.M.); (L.A.H.D.)
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Gulcan Sarila
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne 3052, Australia; (H.S.E.); (M.S.); (J.A.); (G.S.); (C.D.N.); (K.M.); (L.A.H.D.)
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Cattram D. Nguyen
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne 3052, Australia; (H.S.E.); (M.S.); (J.A.); (G.S.); (C.D.N.); (K.M.); (L.A.H.D.)
| | - Kim Mulholland
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne 3052, Australia; (H.S.E.); (M.S.); (J.A.); (G.S.); (C.D.N.); (K.M.); (L.A.H.D.)
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Lien Anh Ha Do
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne 3052, Australia; (H.S.E.); (M.S.); (J.A.); (G.S.); (C.D.N.); (K.M.); (L.A.H.D.)
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Paul V. Licciardi
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne 3052, Australia; (H.S.E.); (M.S.); (J.A.); (G.S.); (C.D.N.); (K.M.); (L.A.H.D.)
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
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2
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Weiss A, Bischof RJ, Landersdorfer CB, Nguyen TH, Davies A, Ibrahim J, Wynne P, Wright P, Ditzinger G, Montgomery AB, Meeusen E, McIntosh MP, Sommer MO. Single-dose pharmacokinetics and lung function of nebulized niclosamide ethanolamine in sheep. Pharm Res 2023; 40:1915-1925. [PMID: 37498498 PMCID: PMC10447587 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03559-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Niclosamide is approved as an oral anthelminthic, but its low oral bioavailability hinders its medical use requiring high drug exposure outside the gastrointestinal tract. An optimized solution of niclosamide for nebulization and intranasal administration using the ethanolamine salt has been developed and tested in a Phase 1 trial. In this study we investigate the pulmonary exposure of niclosamide following administration via intravenous injection, oral administration or nebulization. METHODS We characterized the plasma and pulmonary pharmacokinetics of three ascending doses of nebulized niclosamide in sheep, compare it to intravenous niclosamide for compartmental PK modelling, and to the human equivalent approved 2 g oral dose to investigate in the pulmonary exposure of different niclosamide delivery routes. Following a single-dose administration to five sheep, niclosamide concentrations were determined in plasma and epithelial lining fluid (ELF). Non-compartmental and compartmental modeling was used to characterize pharmacokinetic profiles. Lung function tests were performed in all dose groups. RESULTS Administration of all niclosamide doses were well tolerated with no adverse changes in lung function tests. Plasma pharmacokinetics of nebulized niclosamide behaved dose-linear and was described by a 3-compartmental model estimating an absolute bioavailability of 86%. ELF peak concentration and area under the curve was 578 times and 71 times higher with nebulization of niclosamide relative to administration of oral niclosamide. CONCLUSIONS Single local pulmonary administration of niclosamide via nebulization was well tolerated in sheep and resulted in substantially higher peak ELF concentration compared to the human equivalent oral 2 g dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Weiss
- UNION therapeutics Research Services, Hellerup, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Robert J Bischof
- Allergenix Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Australia
- Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Berwick, Australia
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Tri-Hung Nguyen
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew Davies
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Peninsula Campus, Frankston, Australia
| | - Jibriil Ibrahim
- Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Berwick, Australia
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul Wynne
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Phillip Wright
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Els Meeusen
- Allergenix Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Australia
- Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Berwick, Australia
| | - Michelle P McIntosh
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Morten Oa Sommer
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
- UNION therapeutics, Hellerup, Denmark.
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3
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Ibrahim JP, Haque S, Bischof RJ, Whittaker AK, Whittaker MR, Kaminskas LM. Liposomes are Poorly Absorbed via Lung Lymph After Inhaled Administration in Sheep. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:880448. [PMID: 35721215 PMCID: PMC9201389 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.880448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancing the delivery of therapeutic agents to the lung lymph, including drugs, transfection agents, vaccine antigens and vectors, has the potential to significantly improve the treatment and prevention of a range of lung-related illnesses. One way in which lymphatic delivery can be optimized is via the use of nanomaterial-based carriers, such as liposomes. After inhaled delivery however, there is conflicting information in the literature regarding whether nanomaterials can sufficiently access the lung lymphatics to have a therapeutic benefit, in large part due to a lack of reliable quantitative pharmacokinetic data. The aim of this work was to quantitatively evaluate the pulmonary lymphatic pharmacokinetics of a model nanomaterial-based drug delivery system (HSPC liposomes) in caudal mediastinal lymph duct cannulated sheep after nebulized administration to the lungs. Liposomes were labelled with 3H-phosphatidylcholine to facilitate evaluation of pharmacokinetics and biodistribution in biological samples. While nanomaterials administered to the lungs may access the lymphatics via direct absorption from the airways or after initial uptake by alveolar macrophages, only 0.3 and 0.001% of the 3H-lipid dose was recovered in lung lymph fluid and lymph cell pellets (containing immune cells) respectively over 5 days. This suggests limited lymphatic access of liposomes, despite apparent pulmonary bioavailability of the 3H-lipid being approximately 17%, likely a result of absorption of liberated 3H-lipid after breakdown of the liposome in the presence of lung surfactant. Similarly, biodistribution of 3H in the mediastinal lymph node was insignificant after 5 days. These data suggest that liposomes, that are normally absorbed via the lymphatics after interstitial administration, do not access the lung lymphatics after inhaled administration. Alternate approaches to maximize the lung lymphatic delivery of drugs and other therapeutics need to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibriil P Ibrahim
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Shadabul Haque
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert J Bischof
- School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University, Berwick, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew K Whittaker
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael R Whittaker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lisa M Kaminskas
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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4
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Meakin AS, Morrison JL, Bradshaw EL, Holman SL, Saif Z, Gatford KL, Wallace MJ, Bischof RJ, Moss TJM, Clifton VL. Identification of placental androgen receptor isoforms in a sheep model of maternal allergic asthma. Placenta 2021; 104:232-235. [PMID: 33450642 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Maternal asthma is known to impact intrauterine growth outcomes, which may be mediated, in part, by altered androgen signalling. Our aim was to explore whether the sheep placenta expresses androgen receptor (AR) isoforms and determine if the differential expression of AR protein isoforms is altered by maternal asthma. Four known AR isoforms were detected (AR-FL, AR-v1, AR-v7, and AR-45), and their expression and subcellular distribution was altered in the presence of maternal allergic asthma. These findings underscore the importance for in vivo models of maternal asthma to delineate molecular patterns that may contribute to feto-placental growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley S Meakin
- Pregnancy and Development Group, Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Janna L Morrison
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Emma L Bradshaw
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stacey L Holman
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Zarqa Saif
- Pregnancy and Development Group, Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kathryn L Gatford
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Megan J Wallace
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Robert J Bischof
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Timothy J M Moss
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Vicki L Clifton
- Pregnancy and Development Group, Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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5
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Rajapaksa AE, Do LAH, Suryawijaya Ong D, Sourial M, Veysey D, Beare R, Hughes W, Yang W, Bischof RJ, McDonnell A, Eu P, Yeo LY, Licciardi PV, Mulholland EK. Pulmonary Deposition of Radionucleotide-Labeled Palivizumab: Proof-of-Concept Study. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1291. [PMID: 32973520 PMCID: PMC7466567 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Current prevention and/or treatment options for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections are limited as no vaccine is available. Prophylaxis with palivizumab is very expensive and requires multiple intramuscular injections over the RSV season. Here we present proof-of-concept data using nebulized palivizumab delivery as a promising new approach for the prevention or treatment of severe RSV infections, documenting both aerosol characteristics and pulmonary deposition patterns in the lungs of lambs. Design Prospective animal study. Setting Biosecurity Control Level 2-designated large animal research facility at the Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia. Subjects Four weaned Border-Leicester/Suffolk lambs at 5 months of age. Interventions Four lambs were administered aerosolized palivizumab conjugated to Tc-99m, under gaseous anesthesia, using either the commercially available AeroNeb Go® or the investigational HYDRA device, placed in-line with the inspiratory limb of a breathing circuit. Lambs were scanned in a single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT/CT) scanner in the supine position during the administration procedure. Measurements and Main Results Both the HYDRA and AeroNeb Go® produced palivizumab aerosols in the 1–5 µm range with similar median (geometric standard deviation and range) aerosol droplet diameters for the HYDRA device (1.84 ± 1.40 μm, range = 0.54–5.41μm) and the AeroNeb Go® (3.07 ± 1.56 μm, range = 0.86–10 μm). Aerosolized palivizumab was delivered to the lungs at 88.79–94.13% of the total aerosolized amount for all lambs, with a small proportion localized to either the trachea or stomach. No difference between devices were found. Pulmonary deposition ranged from 6.57 to 9.25% of the total dose of palivizumab loaded in the devices, mostly in the central right lung. Conclusions Aerosolized palivizumab deposition patterns were similar in all lambs, suggesting a promising approach in the control of severe RSV lung infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushi E Rajapaksa
- New Vaccines, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Neonatal Research, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Newborn Research, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lien Anh Ha Do
- New Vaccines, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Darren Suryawijaya Ong
- New Vaccines, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Magdy Sourial
- Animal Model Unit, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Duncan Veysey
- Nuclear Imaging, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard Beare
- Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - William Hughes
- New Vaccines, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - William Yang
- New Vaccines, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert J Bischof
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Berwick, VIC, Australia
| | - Amarin McDonnell
- School of Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter Eu
- Department of Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Leslie Y Yeo
- School of Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul V Licciardi
- New Vaccines, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Edward K Mulholland
- New Vaccines, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Neonatal Research, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Disease Control, London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, London, United Kingdom
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6
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Kaminskas LM, Landersdorfer CB, Bischof RJ, Leong N, Ibrahim J, Davies AN, Pham S, Beck S, Montgomery AB, Surber MW. Aerosol Pirfenidone Pharmacokinetics after Inhaled Delivery in Sheep: a Viable Approach to Treating Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Pharm Res 2019; 37:3. [PMID: 31823096 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2732-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inhaled delivery of pirfenidone to the lungs of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis holds promise to eliminate oral-observed side effects while enhancing efficacy. This study aimed to comprehensively describe the pulmonary pharmacokinetics of inhaled aerosol pirfenidone in healthy adult sheep. METHODS Pirfenidone concentrations were evaluated in plasma, lung-derived lymph and epithelial lining fluid (ELF) with data subjected to non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. RESULTS Compartmental pharmacokinetic evaluation indicated that a 49 mg lung-deposited dose delivered an ELF Cmax of 62 ± 23 mg/L, and plasma Cmax of 3.1 ± 1.7 mg/L. Further analysis revealed that plasma pirfenidone reached Tmax faster and at higher concentrations than in lymph. These results suggested inhaled pirfenidone was cleared from the alveolar interstitium via blood faster than the drug could equilibrate between the lung interstitial fluid and lung lymphatics. However, the data also suggested that a 'reservoir' of pirfenidone feeds into lung lymph at later time points (after it has largely been cleared from plasma), prolonging lung lymphatic exposure. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates inhaled pirfenidone efficiently deposits in ELF and is cleared from the lungs by initial absorption into plasma, followed by later equilibrium with lung interstitial and lymph fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Kaminskas
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, QLD, St Lucia, 4072, Australia.
| | - Cornelia B Landersdorfer
- Centre for Medicine Use and Safety, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Andrew N Davies
- Allergenix Pty Ltd, Melbourne, VIC, 3051, Australia
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Peninsula Campus, Frankston, VIC, 3199, Australia
| | - Stephen Pham
- Avalyn Pharma Inc., 701 Pike Street, Suite 1500, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Steven Beck
- Avalyn Pharma Inc., 701 Pike Street, Suite 1500, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - A Bruce Montgomery
- Avalyn Pharma Inc., 701 Pike Street, Suite 1500, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Mark W Surber
- Avalyn Pharma Inc., 701 Pike Street, Suite 1500, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
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7
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Wooldridge AL, Clifton VL, Moss TJM, Lu H, Jamali M, Agostino S, Muhlhausler BS, Morrison JL, De Matteo R, Wallace MJ, Bischof RJ, Gatford KL. Maternal allergic asthma during pregnancy alters fetal lung and immune development in sheep: potential mechanisms for programming asthma and allergy. J Physiol 2019; 597:4251-4262. [PMID: 31192454 DOI: 10.1113/jp277952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Experimental maternal allergic asthma in sheep provides an experimental model in which to test impacts on progeny. Fetuses from allergic asthmatic ewes had fewer surfactant-producing cells in lungs. A greater proportion of lymphocytes from thymus were CD44 positive in fetuses from allergic asthmatic ewes than in controls. These changes to fetal development might contribute to poor neonatal lung function and increased risk of allergy seen in offspring of pregnancies complicated by asthma. ABSTRACT Asthma is prevalent in pregnancy and increases the risk of disease in offspring, including neonatal respiratory distress and childhood asthma and allergy, but the mechanisms are not understood. We hypothesized that fetal lung structure and immune phenotype in late gestation fetal sheep would be impaired in our sheep model of maternal allergic asthma during pregnancy. Singleton-bearing ewes were either sensitized before pregnancy to house dust mite (HDM, allergic, n = 7) or were non-allergic (control, n = 5). The ewes were subsequently subjected to repeated airway challenges with HDM (allergic group) or saline (control group) throughout gestation. Tissues were collected at 140 ± 1 days gestational age (term, ∼147 days). The density of type II alveolar epithelial cells (surfactant protein C-immunostained) in the lungs was 30% lower in fetuses from allergic ewes than in controls (P < 0.001), but tissue-to-air space ratio and numbers of leucocytes and macrophages were not different between groups. The proportion of CD44+ lymphocytes in the fetal thymus was 3.5-fold higher in fetuses from allergic ewes than in control ewes (P = 0.043). Fewer surfactant-producing type II alveolar epithelial cells may contribute to the increased risk of neonatal respiratory distress in infants of asthmatic mothers, suggesting that interventions to promote lung maturation could improve their neonatal outcomes. If the elevated lymphocyte expression of CD44 persists postnatally, this would confer greater susceptibility to allergic diseases in progeny of asthmatic mothers, consistent with observations in humans. Further experiments are needed to evaluate postnatal phenotypes of progeny and investigate potential interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Wooldridge
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Vicki L Clifton
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Mater Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Timothy J M Moss
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Hui Lu
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Monerih Jamali
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Stefanie Agostino
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Beverly S Muhlhausler
- Food and Nutrition Research Centre, Department of Food and Wine Sciences, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Janna L Morrison
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Robert De Matteo
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Megan J Wallace
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert J Bischof
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Kathryn L Gatford
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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8
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Clifton VL, McDonald M, Morrison JL, Holman SL, Lock MC, Saif Z, Meakin A, Wooldridge AL, Gatford KL, Wallace MJ, Muhlhausler BS, Bischof RJ, Moss TJM. Placental glucocorticoid receptor isoforms in a sheep model of maternal allergic asthma. Placenta 2019; 83:33-36. [PMID: 31477204 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2019.06.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Maternal asthma increases the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes and may affect fetal growth and placental function by differential effects on the expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) isoforms, leading to altered glucocorticoid signalling. Our aim was to examine the effect of maternal asthma on placental GR profiles using a pregnant sheep model of asthma. Nine known GR isoforms were detected. There was a significant increase in the expression of placental GR isoforms that are known to have low trans-activational activity in other species including GR A, GR P and GRγ which may result in a pro-inflammatory environment in the presence of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki L Clifton
- Pregnancy and Development, Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, South Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Megan McDonald
- Pregnancy and Development, Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Janna L Morrison
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Stacey L Holman
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Mitchell C Lock
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Zarqa Saif
- Pregnancy and Development, Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ashley Meakin
- Pregnancy and Development, Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Amy L Wooldridge
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Kathryn L Gatford
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Megan J Wallace
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Beverly S Muhlhausler
- Food and Nutrition Research Group, Dept of Food and Wine Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Robert J Bischof
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Timothy J M Moss
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
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9
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Paton MCB, Allison BJ, Li J, Fahey MC, Sutherland AE, Nitsos I, Bischof RJ, Dean JM, Moss TJM, Polglase GR, Jenkin G, McDonald CA, Miller SL. Human Umbilical Cord Blood Therapy Protects Cerebral White Matter from Systemic LPS Exposure in Preterm Fetal Sheep. Dev Neurosci 2018; 40:258-270. [PMID: 30179864 DOI: 10.1159/000490943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infants born preterm following exposure to in utero inflammation/chorioamnionitis are at high risk of brain injury and life-long neurological deficits. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of early intervention umbilical cord blood (UCB) cell therapy in a large animal model of preterm brain inflammation and injury. We hypothesised that UCB treatment would be neuroprotective for the preterm brain following subclinical fetal inflammation. METHODS Chronically instrumented fetal sheep at 0.65 gestation were administered lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 150 ng, 055:B5) intravenously over 3 consecutive days, followed by 100 million human UCB mononuclear cells 6 h after the final LPS dose. Controls were administered saline instead of LPS and cells. Ten days after the first LPS dose, the fetal brain and cerebrospinal fluid were collected for analysis of subcortical and periventricular white matter injury and inflammation. RESULTS LPS administration increased microglial aggregate size, neutrophil recruitment, astrogliosis and cell death compared with controls. LPS also reduced total oligodendrocyte count and decreased mature myelinating oligodendrocytes. UCB cell therapy attenuated cell death and inflammation, and recovered total and mature oligodendrocytes, compared with LPS. CONCLUSIONS UCB cell treatment following inflammation reduces preterm white matter brain injury, likely mediated via anti-inflammatory actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison C B Paton
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Beth J Allison
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jingang Li
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael C Fahey
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Monash Children's, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amy E Sutherland
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ilias Nitsos
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert J Bischof
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Justin M Dean
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Timothy J M Moss
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graeme R Polglase
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graham Jenkin
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Courtney A McDonald
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Suzanne L Miller
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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10
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Inocencio IM, Bischof RJ, Xiang SD, Zahra VA, Nguyen V, Lim T, LaRosa D, Barbuto J, Tolcos M, Plebanski M, Polglase GR, Moss TJ. Exacerbation of Ventilation-Induced Lung Injury and Inflammation in Preterm Lambs by High-Dose Nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14704. [PMID: 29089616 PMCID: PMC5665983 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical ventilation of preterm neonates causes lung inflammation and injury, with potential life-long consequences. Inert 50-nm polystyrene nanoparticles (PS50G) reduce allergic inflammation in the lungs of adult mice. We aimed to confirm the anti-inflammatory effects of PS50G in a sheep asthma model, and investigate the effects of prophylactic administration of PS50G on ventilation-induced lung injury (VILI) in preterm lambs. We assessed lung inflammatory cell infiltration, with and without PS50G, after airway allergen challenge in ewes sensitised to house dust mite. Preterm lambs (0.83 gestation) were delivered by caesarean section for immediate tissue collection (n = 5) or ventilation either with (n = 6) or without (n = 5) prophylactic intra-tracheal administration of PS50G nanoparticles (3% in 2 ml). Ventilation was continued for a total of 2 h before tissue collection for histological and biomolecular assessment of lung injury and inflammation. In ewes with experimental asthma, PS50G decreased eosinophilic infiltration of the lungs. Ventilated preterm lambs showed molecular and histological signs of lung injury and inflammation, which were exacerbated in lambs that received PSG50G. PS50G treatment decreased established inflammation in the lungs of asthmatic sheep. However, prophylactic administration of PSG50 exacerbated ventilation-induced lung injury and lung inflammation in preterm lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishmael M Inocencio
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Robert J Bischof
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sue D Xiang
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Alfred Hospital Campus, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Valerie A Zahra
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vy Nguyen
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tammy Lim
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Domenic LaRosa
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jade Barbuto
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mary Tolcos
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Magdalena Plebanski
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Alfred Hospital Campus, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Graeme R Polglase
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Timothy J Moss
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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11
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Wooldridge AL, Bischof RJ, Liu H, Heinemann GK, Hunter DS, Giles LC, Simmons RA, Lien YC, Lu W, Rabinowitz JD, Kind KL, Owens JA, Clifton VL, Gatford KL. Late-gestation maternal dietary methyl donor and cofactor supplementation in sheep partially reverses protection against allergic sensitization by IUGR. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 314:R22-R33. [PMID: 28978515 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00549.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal exposures are associated with altered risks of childhood allergy. Human studies and our previous work suggest that restricted growth in utero (IUGR) is protective against allergic disease. The mechanisms are not clearly defined, but reduced fetal abundance and altered metabolism of methyl donors are hypothesized as possible underlying mechanisms. Therefore, we examined whether late-gestation maternal dietary methyl donor and cofactor supplementation of the placentally restricted (PR) sheep pregnancy would reverse allergic protection in progeny. Allergic outcomes were compared between progeny from control pregnancies (CON; n = 49), from PR pregnancies without intervention (PR; n = 28), and from PR pregnancies where the dam was fed a methyl donor plus cofactor supplement from day 120 of pregnancy until delivery (PR + Methyl; n = 25). Both PR and PR + Methyl progeny were smaller than CON; supplementation did not alter birth size. PR was protective against cutaneous hypersensitivity responses to ovalbumin (OVA; P < 0.01 in singletons). Cutaneous hypersensitivity responses to OVA in PR + Methyl progeny were intermediate to and not different from the responses of CON and PR sheep. Cutaneous hypersensitivity responses to house dust mites did not differ between treatments. In singleton progeny, upper dermal mast cell density was greater in PR + Methyl than in PR or CON (each P < 0.05). The differences in the cutaneous allergic response were not explained by treatment effects on circulating immune cells or antibodies. Our results suggest that mechanisms underlying in utero programming of allergic susceptibility by IUGR and methyl donor availability may differ and imply that late-gestation methyl donor supplementation may increase allergy risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Wooldridge
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia , Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia , Australia
| | - Robert J Bischof
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research , Clayton, Victoria , Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University , Melbourne, Victoria , Australia
| | - Hong Liu
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia , Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia , Australia
| | - Gary K Heinemann
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia , Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia , Australia
| | - Damien S Hunter
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia , Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia , Australia
| | - Lynne C Giles
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia , Australia.,School of Population Health, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia , Australia
| | - Rebecca A Simmons
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yu-Chin Lien
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Wenyun Lu
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Joshua D Rabinowitz
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Karen L Kind
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia , Australia.,School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia , Australia
| | - Julie A Owens
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia , Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia , Australia
| | - Vicki L Clifton
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia , Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia , Australia.,Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland and Translational Research Institute, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kathryn L Gatford
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia , Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia , Australia
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12
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Melville JM, McDonald CA, Bischof RJ, Polglase GR, Lim R, Wallace EM, Jenkin G, Moss TJ. Human amnion epithelial cells modulate the inflammatory response to ventilation in preterm lambs. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173572. [PMID: 28346529 PMCID: PMC5367683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventilation of preterm neonates causes pulmonary inflammation that can contribute to lung injury, propagate systemically and result in long-term disease. Modulation of this initial response may reduce lung injury and its sequelae. We aimed to determine the effect of human amnion epithelial cells (hAECs) on immune activation and lung injury in preterm neonatal lambs. Preterm lambs received intratracheal hAECs (90x106) or vehicle, prior to 2 h of mechanical ventilation. Within 5 min of ventilation onset, lambs also received intravenous hAECs (90x106) or vehicle. Lung histology, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell phenotypes, and cytokine profiles were examined after 2 h of ventilation, and in unventilated controls. Histological indices of lung injury were higher than control, in vehicle-treated ventilated lambs but not in hAEC-treated ventilated lambs. Ventilation-induced pulmonary leukocyte recruitment was greater in hAEC-treated lambs than in vehicle-treated lambs. Lung IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA expression was higher in vehicle- and hAEC-treated ventilated lambs than in controls but IL-8 mRNA levels were greater than control only in vehicle-treated ventilated lambs. Numbers of CD44+ and CD21+ lymphocytes and macrophages from the lungs were altered in vehicle- and hAEC-treated ventilated lambs. Numbers of CD8+ macrophages were lower in hAEC-treated ventilated lambs than in vehicle-treated ventilated lambs. Indices of systemic inflammation were not different between vehicle- and hAEC-treated lambs. Human amnion epithelial cells modulate the pulmonary inflammatory response to ventilation in preterm lambs, and reduce acute lung injury. Immunomodulatory effects of hAECs reduce lung injury in preterm neonates and may protect against longer-term respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Courtney A. McDonald
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert J. Bischof
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Graeme R. Polglase
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca Lim
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Euan M. Wallace
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graham Jenkin
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy J. Moss
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Liravi B, Piedrafita D, Nguyen G, Bischof RJ. Dynamics of IL-4 and IL-13 expression in the airways of sheep following allergen challenge. BMC Pulm Med 2015; 15:101. [PMID: 26362930 PMCID: PMC4566292 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-015-0097-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background IL-4 and IL-13 play a critical yet poorly understood role in orchestrating the recruitment and activation of effector cells of the asthmatic response and driving the pathophysiology of allergic asthma. The house dust mite (HDM) sheep asthma model displays many features of the human condition and is an ideal model to further elucidate the involvement of these critical Th2 cytokines. We hypothesized that airway exposure to HDM allergen would induce or elevate the expression profile of IL-4 and IL-13 during the allergic airway response in this large animal model of asthma. Methods Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples were collected from saline- and house dust mite (HDM)- challenged lung lobes of sensitized sheep from 0 to 48 h post-challenge. BAL cytokines (IL-4, IL-13, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α) were each measured by ELISA. IL-4 and IL-13 expression was assessed in BAL leukocytes by flow cytometry and in airway tissue sections by immunohistology. Results IL-4 and IL-13 were increased in BAL samples following airway allergen challenge. HDM challenge resulted in a significant increase in BAL IL-4 levels at 4 h compared to saline-challenged airways, while BAL IL-13 levels were elevated at all time-points after allergen challenge. IL-6 levels were maintained following HDM challenge but declined after saline challenge, while HDM administration resulted in an acute elevation in IL-10 at 4 h but no change in TNF-α levels over time. Lymphocytes were the main early source of IL-4, with IL-4 release by alveolar macrophages (AMs) prominent from 24 h post-allergen challenge. IL-13 producing AMs were increased at 4 and 24 h following HDM compared to saline challenge, and tissue staining provided evidence of IL-13 expression in airway epithelium as well as immune cells in airway tissue. Conclusion In a sheep model of allergic asthma, airway inflammation is accompanied by the temporal release of key cytokines following allergen exposure that primarily reflects the Th2-driven nature of the immune response in asthma. The present study demonstrates for the first time the involvement of IL-4 and IL-13 in a relevant large animal model of allergic airways disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Liravi
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia.
| | - David Piedrafita
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, 3842, VIC, Australia.
| | - Gary Nguyen
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia.
| | - Robert J Bischof
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia. .,The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, 3168, VIC, Australia.
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14
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Clifton VL, Moss TJM, Wooldridge AL, Gatford KL, Liravi B, Kim D, Muhlhausler BS, Morrison JL, Davies A, De Matteo R, Wallace MJ, Bischof RJ. Development of an experimental model of maternal allergic asthma during pregnancy. J Physiol 2015; 594:1311-25. [PMID: 26235954 DOI: 10.1113/jp270752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal asthma during pregnancy adversely affects pregnancy outcomes but identification of the cause/s, and the ability to evaluate interventions, is limited by the lack of an appropriate animal model. We therefore aimed to characterise maternal lung and cardiovascular responses and fetal-placental growth and lung surfactant levels in a sheep model of allergic asthma. Immune and airway functions were studied in singleton-bearing ewes, either sensitised before pregnancy to house dust mite (HDM, allergic, n = 7) or non-allergic (control, n = 5), and subjected to repeated airway challenges with HDM (allergic group) or saline (control group) throughout gestation. Maternal lung, fetal and placental phenotypes were characterised at 140 ± 1 days gestational age (term, ∼147 days). The eosinophil influx into lungs was greater after HDM challenge in allergic ewes than after saline challenge in control ewes before mating and in late gestation. Airway resistance increased throughout pregnancy in allergic but not control ewes, consistent with increased airway smooth muscle in allergic ewes. Maternal allergic asthma decreased relative fetal weight (-12%) and altered placental phenotype to a more mature form. Expression of surfactant protein B mRNA was 48% lower in fetuses from allergic ewes than controls, with a similar trend for surfactant protein D. Thus, allergic asthma in pregnant sheep modifies placental phenotype, and inhibits fetal growth and lung development consistent with observations from human pregnancies. Preconceptional allergen sensitisation and repeated airway challenges in pregnant sheep therefore provides an animal model to identify mechanisms of altered fetal development and adverse pregnancy outcomes caused by maternal asthma in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki L Clifton
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.,Mater Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4101, Australia
| | - Timothy J M Moss
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Amy L Wooldridge
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Kathryn L Gatford
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Bahar Liravi
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Dasom Kim
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Beverly S Muhlhausler
- FOODplus Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Janna L Morrison
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Andrew Davies
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Peninsula Campus, Monash University, Frankston, VIC, 3199, Australia
| | - Robert De Matteo
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Megan J Wallace
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Robert J Bischof
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
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15
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Wooldridge AL, Bischof RJ, Meeusen EN, Liu H, Heinemann GK, Hunter DS, Giles LC, Kind KL, Owens JA, Clifton VL, Gatford KL. Placental restriction of fetal growth reduces cutaneous responses to antigen after sensitization in sheep. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 306:R441-6. [PMID: 24500430 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00432.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal and early childhood exposures are implicated as causes of allergy, but the effects of intrauterine growth restriction on immune function and allergy are poorly defined. We therefore evaluated effects of experimental restriction of fetal growth on immune function and allergic sensitization in adolescent sheep. Immune function (circulating total red and white blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils, and the antibody response to Clostridial vaccination) and responses to house dust mite (HDM) allergen and ovalbumin (OVA) antigen sensitization (specific total Ig, IgG1, and IgE antibodies, and cutaneous hypersensitivity) were investigated in adolescent sheep from placentally restricted (PR, n = 23) and control (n = 40) pregnancies. Increases in circulating HDM-specific IgE (P = 0.007) and OVA-specific IgE (P = 0.038) were greater in PR than control progeny. PR did not alter total Ig, IgG1, or IgM responses to either antigen. PR increased OVA-specific but not HDM-specific IgA responses in females only (P = 0.023). Multiple birth increased Ig responses to OVA in a sex-specific manner. PR decreased the proportion of positive cutaneous hypersensitivity responders to OVA at 24 h (P = 0.030) but had no effect on cutaneous responses to HDM. Acute wheal responses to intradermal histamine correlated positively with birth weight in singletons (P = 0.023). Intrauterine growth restriction may suppress inflammatory responses in skin downstream of IgE induction, without impairment in antibody responses to a nonpolysaccharide vaccine. Discord between cutaneous and IgE responses following sensitization suggests new mechanisms for prenatal allergy programming.
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16
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Van Gramberg JL, de Veer MJ, O'Hehir RE, Meeusen ENT, Bischof RJ. Use of animal models to investigate major allergens associated with food allergy. J Allergy (Cairo) 2013; 2013:635695. [PMID: 23690797 PMCID: PMC3649177 DOI: 10.1155/2013/635695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Food allergy is an emerging epidemic that affects all age groups, with the highest prevalence rates being reported amongst Western countries such as the United States (US), United Kingdom (UK), and Australia. The development of animal models to test various food allergies has been beneficial in allowing more rapid and extensive investigations into the mechanisms involved in the allergic pathway, such as predicting possible triggers as well as the testing of novel treatments for food allergy. Traditionally, small animal models have been used to characterise immunological pathways, providing the foundation for the development of numerous allergy models. Larger animals also merit consideration as models for food allergy as they are thought to more closely reflect the human allergic state due to their physiology and outbred nature. This paper will discuss the use of animal models for the investigation of the major food allergens; cow's milk, hen's egg, and peanut/other tree nuts, highlight the distinguishing features of each of these models, and provide an overview of how the results from these trials have improved our understanding of these specific allergens and food allergy in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L. Van Gramberg
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Michael J. de Veer
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Robyn E. O'Hehir
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Prahran, VIC 3181, Australia
| | - Els N. T. Meeusen
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Robert J. Bischof
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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17
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Melville JM, Bischof RJ, Meeusen EN, Westover AJ, Moss TJM. Changes in fetal thymic immune cell populations in a sheep model of intrauterine inflammation. Reprod Sci 2012; 19:740-7. [PMID: 22421448 DOI: 10.1177/1933719111432873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine inflammation is a common antecedent of preterm birth and can alter the development of the fetal thymus, the site of development, and maturation of T lymphocytes. The effects of intrauterine inflammation on specific thymic T lymphocyte populations are largely unknown. We hypothesized that intrauterine inflammation would alter fetal thymic T cell populations. Immunohistochemistry was used to quantitate the relative proportions of thymic cortical and medullary cell populations in fetal sheep 7 days after intra-amniotic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. The proportions of CD8⁺and MHC II⁺ cells in the fetal thymus were reduced in response to LPS. The ratio of CD4:CD8 cells was increased by LPS exposure. No changes were observed in the percentage of CD4⁺, γδ(WC1)⁺, CD45R⁺B cells, or CD44⁺ cells. These studies indicate that intrauterine inflammation impacts thymic composition of CD8 T cells and the development and/or activation of CD4 T cells in the fetal thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Melville
- The Ritchie Centre, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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18
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Abeynaike L, Meeusen EN, Bischof RJ. An ovine tracheal explant culture model for allergic airway inflammation. J Inflamm (Lond) 2010; 7:46. [PMID: 20804555 PMCID: PMC2940870 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-7-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background The airway epithelium is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of asthmatic disease. However, much of our understanding of airway epithelial cell function in asthma has been derived from in vitro studies that may not accurately reflect the interactive cellular and molecular pathways active between different tissue constituents in vivo. Methods Using a sheep model of allergic asthma, tracheal explants from normal sheep and allergic sheep exposed to house dust mite (HDM) allergen were established to investigate airway mucosal responses ex vivo. Explants were cultured for up to 48 h and tissues were stained to identify apoptotic cells, goblet cells, mast cells and eosinophils. The release of cytokines (IL-1α, IL-6 and TNF-α) by cultured tracheal explants, was assessed by ELISA. Results The general morphology and epithelial structure of the tracheal explants was well maintained in culture although evidence of advanced apoptosis within the mucosal layer was noted after culture for 48 h. The number of alcian blue/PAS positive mucus-secreting cells within the epithelial layer was reduced in all cultured explants compared with pre-cultured (0 h) explants, but the loss of staining was most evident in allergic tissues. Mast cell and eosinophil numbers were elevated in the allergic tracheal tissues compared to naïve controls, and in the allergic tissues there was a significant decline in mast cells after 24 h culture in the presence or absence of HDM allergen. IL-6 was released by allergic tracheal explants in culture but was undetected in cultured control explants. Conclusions Sheep tracheal explants maintain characteristics of the airway mucosa that may not be replicated when studying isolated cell populations in vitro. There were key differences identified in explants from allergic compared to control airways and in their responses in culture for 24 h. Importantly, this study establishes the potential for the application of tracheal explant cultures in relevant ex vivo investigations on the therapeutic and mechanistic modalities of asthmatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latasha Abeynaike
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia.
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Meeusen EN, Snibson KJ, Hirst SJ, Bischof RJ. Sheep as a model species for the study and treatment of human asthma and other respiratory diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Allen JE, Bischof RJ, Sucie Chang HY, Hirota JA, Hirst SJ, Inman MD, Mitzner W, Sutherland TE. Animal models of airway inflammation and airway smooth muscle remodelling in asthma. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2009; 22:455-65. [PMID: 19393759 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 12/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a complex disease that involves chronic inflammation and subsequent decline in airway function. The widespread use of animal models has greatly contributed to our understanding of the cellular and molecular pathways underlying human allergic asthma. Animal models of allergic asthma include smaller animal models which offer 'ease of use' and availability of reagents, and larger animal models that may be used to address aspects of allergic airways disease not possible in humans or smaller animal models. This review examines the application and suitability of various animal models for studying mechanisms of airway inflammation and tissue remodelling in allergic asthma, with a specific focus on airway smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith E Allen
- Ashworth Laboratory, Institute of Infection and Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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21
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Sansome GM, Young AR, Meeusen ENT, Bischof RJ. Production of monoclonal antibodies reactive with ovine eosinophils. BMC Immunol 2007; 8:23. [PMID: 17897475 PMCID: PMC2045663 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-8-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 09/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is strong evidence implicating eosinophils in host defence against parasites as well as allergic disease pathologies. However, a lack of reagents such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for eosinophils has made it difficult to confirm the functional role of eosinophils in such disease conditions. Using an established mammary model of allergic inflammation in sheep, large numbers of inflammatory cells enriched for eosinophils were collected from parasite-stimulated mammary glands and used for the generation of mAbs against ovine eosinophils. RESULTS A panel of mAbs was raised against ovine eosinophils of which two were shown to be highly specific for eosinophils. The reactivity of mAbs 3.252 and 1.2 identified eosinophils from various cell and tissue preparations with no detectable reactivity on cells of myeloid or lymphoid lineage, tissue mast cells, dendritic cells, epithelial cells or other connective tissues. Two other mAbs generated in this study (mAbs 4.4 and 4.10) were found to have reactivity for both eosinophils and neutrophils. CONCLUSION This study describes the production of new reagents to identify eosinophils (as well as granulocytes) in sheep that will be useful in studying the role of eosinophils in disease pathologies in parasite and allergy models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina M Sansome
- Zenyth Therapeutics Ltd, Biologicals Research Group, Richmond, Victoria, 3121 Australia
| | - Anna R Young
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Els NT Meeusen
- Animal Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia
| | - Robert J Bischof
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Animal Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia
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Koumoundouros E, Bischof RJ, Meeusen EN, Mareels IMY, Snibson KJ. Chronic airway disease: deteriorating pulmonary function in sheep associated with repeated challenges of house dust mite. Exp Lung Res 2006; 32:321-30. [PMID: 17060175 DOI: 10.1080/01902140600916960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to characterize lung function and cellular responses in a large animal model for chronic asthma. All sheep were sensitized to house dust mite (HDM) by subcutaneous injection of HDM before lung challenges. Groups of sheep were given weekly lung challenges with either HDM (n = 12) or saline (control, n = 5) for 3 months. Post challenge, there were significant increases in lung resistance in 7 out of 12 HDM-challenged sheep, compared to control sheep. In HDM-responding sheep, there was a progressive increase in the magnitude of HDM-induced resistance throughout the trial. All HDM-challenged sheep developed BAL eosinophilia and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. In conclusion, sheep chronically challenged intralung with HDM consistently develop airway hyperresponsiveness and eosinophilia, whereas allergen-specific bronchoconstriction is observed in just over half of these sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Koumoundouros
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Department of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Snibson KJ, Bischof RJ, Koumoundouros E, McMurtrie LS, Cock M, Harding R. Altered airway responsiveness in adult sheep born prematurely: effects of allergen exposure. Exp Lung Res 2006; 32:215-28. [PMID: 16908448 DOI: 10.1080/01902140600817499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of preterm birth per se on airway function in adult sheep. Preterm birth was induced at approximately 0.89 of term. At approximately 1 year of age the authors measured pulmonary resistance (RL) and airway responsiveness before and after house dust mite (HDM) challenge. Mature preterm sheep tended to have greater baseline RL than controls (P = .12): the smaller preterm sheep showed significantly greater RL than controls following bronchoconstrictor challenge. Preterm animals tended to have greater baseline total blood leukocyte count (P = .06). It was concluded that preterm sheep, especially with low postnatal growth, have greater airway responsiveness to bronchoconstrictor and higher baseline RL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J Snibson
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Department of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Snibson KJ, Bischof RJ, Slocombe RF, Meeusen EN. Airway remodelling and inflammation in sheep lungs after chronic airway challenge with house dust mite. Clin Exp Allergy 2005; 35:146-52. [PMID: 15725184 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Remodelling of airway walls is a significant morbidity factor in patients suffering from chronic asthma. The relationship between airway remodelling and the inflammatory response is not well defined. Sheep have been used extensively to model airway disease in humans and represent a suitable model to examine airway remodelling. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to develop a model for airway remodelling in sheep after repeated challenge with a relevant human allergen to assess the relationship of airway remodelling with inflammation. METHODS Repeated challenges of house dust mite (HDM) extract or saline (control) were administered to local lung segments of sheep for a period of 6 months. After the last challenge, lung tissues from both challenged and unchallenged lung compartments of the same sheep were compared using morphometric image analysis and (immuno) histological studies. RESULTS All HDM-challenged sheep developed significant bronchoalveolar lavage eosinophilia during challenge. At the end of the challenge period, significant increases in airway collagen and airway smooth muscle content were found in a proportion (3/7) of the HDM-challenged sheep. Hyperplasia of goblet cells and epithelial cells were observed in small bronchi and bronchioles exposed to allergen. Irrespective of airway remodelling changes, all HDM-challenged, but no saline-challenged sheep, displayed significant increases in mast cells in alveolar septa and airway walls of challenged lungs compared with untreated lung compartments of the same sheep. Significant increases were also observed in CD5 and gamma delta T cell subpopulations in all allergen-exposed lung parenchyma. CONCLUSION A proportion of atopic sheep develop typical airway remodelling changes after chronic allergen challenge, which is not directly related to the level of allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Snibson
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.
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Bischof RJ, Snibson K, Shaw R, Meeusen ENT. Induction of allergic inflammation in the lungs of sensitized sheep after local challenge with house dust mite. Clin Exp Allergy 2003; 33:367-75. [PMID: 12614452 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01534.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous sheep models of asthma are based on sheep sensitized to nematode (Ascaris) allergens and these have been used to evaluate the physiological and pharmacological effects of potential anti-asthma agents. The immunological mechanisms associated with the allergic response in sheep lungs has not been examined in detail. OBJECTIVE To develop an experimental sheep model of allergic lung inflammation based on a relevant major human allergen, house dust mite, and to define the immunological features of the allergic response in this model. METHODS Sheep immunized subcutaneously with solubilized house dust mite extract were given a single bronchial challenge with house dust mite. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and peripheral blood leucocytes were collected before and after challenge for flow cytometry, and tissue samples were taken post-mortem (48 h post-challenge) for histology and immunohistochemical analyses. RESULTS Immunizations with 50 microg house dust mite induced an allergen-specific IgE response in 50 to 60% of sheep (allergic sheep), with higher antigen doses increasing specific IgG1 but not IgE. Lung challenge of allergic sheep with house dust mite led to the initial recruitment of neutrophils (at 6 h post-challenge) followed by eosinophils and activated lymphocytes into the lung tissue and BAL, similar to the late-phase allergic response seen in human asthma. Eosinophil recruitment peaked at 48 h post-challenge, representing 10 to 33% of BAL leucocytes in allergen-challenged allergic sheep compared to 0 to 3% in allergen-challenged control (naïve) sheep. Lymphocytes recovered from the lung after allergen challenge were enriched for CD4+ T cells and were more activated than lymphocytes in blood. There was significant down-regulation of CD62L (L-selectin) and CD49d (VLA-4) expression after allergen challenge on BAL eosinophils and lymphocytes compared to blood. In addition, VCAM-1 (ligand for VLA-4) was up-regulated on blood vessels of allergen-challenged lungs. Eosinophils, CD4+ T cells and CD45R+ B cells were the most prominent leucocytes found in lung tissue 48 h after allergen challenge. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates, for the first time, the ability of house dust mite to induce allergic responses in sheep lungs. This novel sheep model of allergic lung inflammation using relevant human allergens, exhibits similarities to human asthmatic disease and will be a useful tool for studies of the immunological and physiological mechanisms of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Bischof
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Abstract
Lactating animals are particularly susceptible to mastitis during the early stages of mammary gland involution following weaning. In this study we compared the phagocytic capacity of cells collected from sheep mammary secretions at different stages of involution. The ability of neutrophils and macrophages to ingest latex beads in an in vitro phagocytosis assay was found to be dependent on how heavily the phagocytes were loaded with milk constituents. There was a decline in the phagocytic capacity of neutrophils from 1 to 2 days after weaning, while macrophages collected from fully involuted glands were more effective phagocytes compared with earlier stages (7-15 days) of involution. In addition, dendritic cells present in fully involuted mammary gland secretions (30 days after weaning) were highly phagocytic. These studies demonstrate that neutrophils and macrophages in sheep mammary secretions at early stages of involution are incapacitated, and as such may compromise the immune status of the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Tatarczuch
- Department of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Dunphy JL, Barcham GJ, Bischof RJ, Young AR, Nash A, Meeusen ENT. Isolation and characterization of a novel eosinophil-specific galectin released into the lungs in response to allergen challenge. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:14916-24. [PMID: 11839756 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m200214200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel galectin cDNA (galectin-14) was cloned from ovine eosinophil-rich leukocytes by low stringency reverse transcriptase-PCR and cDNA library screening. Data base searches indicate that this gene encodes a novel prototype galectin that contains one putative carbohydrate recognition domain and exhibits most identity to galectin-9/ecalectin, a potent eosinophil chemoattractant. The sugar binding properties of the recombinant molecule were confirmed by a hemagglutination assay and lactose inhibition. The mRNA and protein of galectin-14 are expressed at high levels in eosinophil-rich cell populations. Flow cytometry and cytospot staining demonstrate that the protein localizes to the cytoplasmic, but not the granular, compartment of eosinophils. In contrast, galectin-14 mRNA and protein were not detected in neutrophils, macrophages, or lymphocytes. Western blot analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid indicates that galectin-14 is released from eosinophils into the lumen of the lungs after challenge with house dust mite allergen. The restricted expression of this novel galectin to eosinophils and its release into the lumen of the lung in a sheep asthma model indicates that it may play an important role in eosinophil function and allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian L Dunphy
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue recruitment of eosinophils and activated lymphocytes is a characteristic feature of allergic reactions. However, little is known about the involvement of specific adhesion molecules in the traffic of leucocytes during the allergic response. OBJECTIVE To use a sheep mammary infusion model to characterize the kinetics of cell recruitment and expression of cellular adhesion molecules and activation markers on eosinophils and lymphocytes involved in an allergic-type response. METHODS Mature non-lactating ewes were primed and challenged by direct infusion of the mammary glands with nematode larvae. Using a non-invasive method of saline infusion and 'milking' of the glands, large numbers of inflammatory cells were repeatedly sampled over 10 to 96 h following their migration into the mammary gland lumen, and analyzed by 2-colour flow cytometry. RESULTS Leucocyte recruitment into the mammary lumen was characterized by two separate phases involving an acute neutrophilic response at 10 h post-challenge, followed by a dramatic reduction in neutrophils and appearance of eosinophils and activated lymphocytes. From 48 h post-challenge, eosinophils were predominant and represented 40 to 65% of leucocytes in the mammary lavage (MAL). Increases in activated CD4+ T cells and gammadelta+ T cells were also observed at this time-point. The kinetics of expression of cell surface molecules on eosinophils and lymphocytes in blood and MAL were compared during the course of the allergic-type reaction. Adhesion molecule expression on lymphocytes was modulated following allergen challenge and an activation of MAL vs. blood lymphocytes was seen during the later stages of the allergic response. Eosinophil expression of VLA-4 and l-selectin was down-regulated compared with blood at all time-points examined. There were high levels of expression of CD11b and CD44 on eosinophils during the early compared to the late-phase of the allergic reaction. CONCLUSION These results indicate the existence of two separate mechanisms of eosinophil recruitment during the allergic inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Bischof
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Abstract
PROBLEM Placentation in different large animal species shows a remarkable diversity in the level of trophoblast invasion into the maternal endometrial tissues. We wish to determine the influence of implantation on T-cell responses during pregnancy. METHOD OF STUDY Review of the literature and current data. RESULTS alphabeta-TCR+ T cells are only prominent during early pregnancy in species with relatively non-invasive placentation (pig and horse) but are rapidly downregulated in species with more invasive placentae. gammadelta-TCR+ T cells are prominent in species with moderate trophoblast invasion (ruminants) where they increase dramatically during mid and late pregnancy. gammadelta-TCR+ T cells remain prominent during late gestation in species with highly invasive placentation (humans) and, in addition, a distinct gammadelta T-cell population is present in first trimester decidua where it may play a regulatory role in controlling natural killer cell activity. The gammadelta-TCR+ population present in both ruminants and humans shows large granular morphology and contains antimicrobial proteins, suggesting their function may be to protect the uterine environment from infection during pregnancy and parturition. CONCLUSION The comparative analysis of T-cell responses during pregnancy in different large animal species supports an increasing role for cells of the innate immune response (NK and gammadelta T cells) and a downregulation of the adaptive immune response with increasingly invasive placentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Meeusen
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Campbell IK, Rich MJ, Bischof RJ, Hamilton JA. The colony-stimulating factors and collagen-induced arthritis: exacerbation of disease by M-CSF and G-CSF and requirement for endogenous M-CSF. J Leukoc Biol 2000; 68:144-50. [PMID: 10914502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) may play a part in chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We examined the involvement of macrophage CSF (M-CSF or CSF-1) and granulocyte CSF (G-CSF) in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), a murine model of RA. Daily injections of M-CSF or G-CSF, 20-24 days postprimary immunization with type II collagen, exacerbated disease symptoms in suboptimally immunized DBA/1 mice. Support for the involvement of endogenous M-CSF in CIA was obtained by studies in which neutralizing monoclonal antibody reduced the severity of established CIA and also by studies showing the resistance of M-CSF-deficient op/op mice to CIA induction. These studies show that M-CSF and G-CSF can be proinflammatory in CIA and provide evidence that macrophage- and granulocyte-lineage cells can exacerbate CIA. Our results also show that M-CSF-dependent cells are essential for CIA development, suggesting M-CSF may be a suitable target for therapeutic intervention in RA.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/chemically induced
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/complications
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/physiopathology
- Autoimmune Diseases/chemically induced
- Autoimmune Diseases/complications
- Autoimmune Diseases/physiopathology
- Cell Lineage
- Chickens
- Collagen/immunology
- Collagen/toxicity
- Disease Models, Animal
- Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/immunology
- Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/toxicity
- Granulocytes/pathology
- Immunity, Innate
- Immunization
- Interleukin-1/toxicity
- Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/immunology
- Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/physiology
- Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/toxicity
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Osteopetrosis/complications
- Osteopetrosis/genetics
- Rats
- Recombinant Proteins/toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- I K Campbell
- Inflammation Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Campbell IK, Rich MJ, Bischof RJ, Hamilton JA. The colony‐stimulating factors and collagen‐induced arthritis: exacerbation of disease by M‐CSF and G‐CSF and requirement for endogenous M‐CSF. J Leukoc Biol 2000. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.68.1.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ian K. Campbell
- Inflammation Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Melissa J. Rich
- Inflammation Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Robert J. Bischof
- Inflammation Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - John A. Hamilton
- Inflammation Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
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Bischof RJ, Zafiropoulos D, Hamilton JA, Campbell IK. Exacerbation of acute inflammatory arthritis by the colony-stimulating factors CSF-1 and granulocyte macrophage (GM)-CSF: evidence of macrophage infiltration and local proliferation. Clin Exp Immunol 2000; 119:361-7. [PMID: 10632676 PMCID: PMC1905504 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2000.01125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CSF-1 and GM-CSF have been implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. We report the effects of CSF-1 and GM-CSF in the development of an acute methylated bovine serum albumin (mBSA)-induced murine arthritis model. Examination of histopathological features revealed that the systemic administration of CSF-1 or GM-CSF following mBSA administration into the knee resulted in the exacerbation of arthritis. This included synovial hyperplasia and joint inflammation, most evident at 7 and 14 days post-mBSA administration, and the appearance of erosive pannus tissue. The exacerbation by CSF-1 and GM-CSF was not sustained but declined in incidence and severity by 21 days post-mBSA administration, similar to the effects of IL-1beta in this model, reported here and previously. Macrophages expressing Mac-2 and F4/80 were a prominent feature of the pathology observed, particularly the infiltration of Mac-2+ macrophages seen in all mice administered CSF-1, GM-CSF or IL-1beta. Present in inflamed knees was a locally dividing population of cells which included Mac-2+ and F4/80+ macrophages. These studies demonstrate that CSF-1 and GM-CSF can exacerbate and prolong the histopathology of acute inflammatory arthritis and lend support to monocytes/macrophages being a driving influence in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Bischof
- Inflammation Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Hamilton JA, Chan J, Byrne RJ, Bischof RJ, Jaworowski A, Kanagasundaram V. MRL/lpr and MRL+/+ macrophage DNA synthesis in the absence and the presence of colony-stimulating factor-1 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J Immunol 1998; 161:6802-11. [PMID: 9862711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage accumulation and proliferation as well as altered macrophage properties have been observed in autoimmune MRL mice. To determine whether there might be innate differences in the proliferative responses, we examined the DNA synthesis responses of peritoneal macrophages and macrophages derived in vitro from bone marrow precursors (bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM)). Murine peritoneal exudate macrophages normally require the addition of macrophage CSF (CSF-1) to enter cell cycle in vitro. In contrast, we have found that many thioglycollate-induced adherent peritoneal macrophages, but not resident peritoneal macrophages, from both MRL/lpr and MRL+/+ mice atypically underwent DNA synthesis even in the absence of added CSF-1. They also responded very well to granulocyte-macrophage CSF. These findings may help to explain the appearance of increased macrophage numbers in MRL lesions. In contrast to a previous report, it was found that MRL/lpr and MRL+/+ BMM did not have an enhanced response to CSF-1 and that modulation of CSF-1 receptor expression was not more rapid in MRL BMM. We also found no evidence for abnormal CSF-1 internalization and degradation or for the lpr mutation to have any enhanced effect on BMM survival in the absence of CSF-1. TNF-alpha lowered the DNA synthesis response to CSF-1 of MRL/lpr BMM rather than enhanced it, as has been reported. Our data suggest that the enhanced accumulation of macrophages in the MRL/lpr kidney cannot be explained by a proposed model of enhanced responsiveness of MRL/lpr BMM to CSF-1, including a contribution by TNF-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Hamilton
- Inflammation Research Center, University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Hamilton JA, Chan J, Byrne RJ, Bischof RJ, Jaworowski A, Kanagasundaram V. MRL/ lpr and MRL+/+ Macrophage DNA Synthesis in the Absence and the Presence of Colony-Stimulating Factor-1 and Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor. The Journal of Immunology 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.12.6802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Macrophage accumulation and proliferation as well as altered macrophage properties have been observed in autoimmune MRL mice. To determine whether there might be innate differences in the proliferative responses, we examined the DNA synthesis responses of peritoneal macrophages and macrophages derived in vitro from bone marrow precursors (bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM)). Murine peritoneal exudate macrophages normally require the addition of macrophage CSF (CSF-1) to enter cell cycle in vitro. In contrast, we have found that many thioglycollate-induced adherent peritoneal macrophages, but not resident peritoneal macrophages, from both MRL/lpr and MRL+/+ mice atypically underwent DNA synthesis even in the absence of added CSF-1. They also responded very well to granulocyte-macrophage CSF. These findings may help to explain the appearance of increased macrophage numbers in MRL lesions. In contrast to a previous report, it was found that MRL/lpr and MRL+/+ BMM did not have an enhanced response to CSF-1 and that modulation of CSF-1 receptor expression was not more rapid in MRL BMM. We also found no evidence for abnormal CSF-1 internalization and degradation or for the lpr mutation to have any enhanced effect on BMM survival in the absence of CSF-1. TNF-α lowered the DNA synthesis response to CSF-1 of MRL/lpr BMM rather than enhanced it, as has been reported. Our data suggest that the enhanced accumulation of macrophages in the MRL/lpr kidney cannot be explained by a proposed model of enhanced responsiveness of MRL/lpr BMM to CSF-1, including a contribution by TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Hamilton
- Inflammation Research Center, University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - James Chan
- Inflammation Research Center, University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert J. Byrne
- Inflammation Research Center, University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert J. Bischof
- Inflammation Research Center, University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony Jaworowski
- Inflammation Research Center, University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Varuni Kanagasundaram
- Inflammation Research Center, University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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35
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Campbell IK, Rich MJ, Bischof RJ, Dunn AR, Grail D, Hamilton JA. Protection from collagen-induced arthritis in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-deficient mice. J Immunol 1998; 161:3639-44. [PMID: 9759887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF) in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) was examined using GM-CSF-deficient mice. Although CIA is generally considered to be restricted to mice of the H-2q or H-2r haplotypes, we examined the role of GM-CSF in the CIA model using GM-CSF-deficient (-/-) and wild-type (+/+) mice on a C57BL/6 (H-2b) background. Mice were immunized by intradermal injection at the base of the tail with chick type II collagen followed by a repeat injection 21 days later. We found, based on both clinical and histologic assessments, that wild-type mice on this background developed severe CIA, while the GM-CSF-deficient mice had virtually no disease. Mice that were heterozygous for the GM-CSF gene (+/-) collectively displayed an intermediate response between those of the GM-CSF(+/+) and GM-CSF(-/-) groups, suggesting a gene dosage effect. GM-CSF(+/+) and GM-CSF(+/-) mice exhibited CIA responses ranging from mild (single digits) to severe swelling of all four paws, while in the few GM-CSF(-/-) mice that developed CIA the disease was confined to single digits. Despite the putative role of GM-CSF in dendritic cell development, GM-CSF-deficient mice exhibited both humoral and cellular (delayed-type hypersensitivity) responses to type II collagen; however, the cellular response was significantly reduced in the GM-CSF-deficient mice compared with the wild-type controls. These findings suggest that GM-CSF is required for CIA development in mice and support the idea that GM-CSF is a key cytokine in inflammatory joint disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- I K Campbell
- Department of Medicine, Inflammation Research Center, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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36
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Campbell IK, Rich MJ, Bischof RJ, Dunn AR, Grail D, Hamilton JA. Protection from Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor-Deficient Mice. The Journal of Immunology 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.7.3639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The involvement of granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF) in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) was examined using GM-CSF-deficient mice. Although CIA is generally considered to be restricted to mice of the H-2q or H-2r haplotypes, we examined the role of GM-CSF in the CIA model using GM-CSF-deficient (−/−) and wild-type (+/+) mice on a C57BL/6 (H-2b) background. Mice were immunized by intradermal injection at the base of the tail with chick type II collagen followed by a repeat injection 21 days later. We found, based on both clinical and histologic assessments, that wild-type mice on this background developed severe CIA, while the GM-CSF-deficient mice had virtually no disease. Mice that were heterozygous for the GM-CSF gene (+/−) collectively displayed an intermediate response between those of the GM-CSF+/+ and GM-CSF−/− groups, suggesting a gene dosage effect. GM-CSF+/+ and GM-CSF+/− mice exhibited CIA responses ranging from mild (single digits) to severe swelling of all four paws, while in the few GM-CSF−/− mice that developed CIA the disease was confined to single digits. Despite the putative role of GM-CSF in dendritic cell development, GM-CSF-deficient mice exhibited both humoral and cellular (delayed-type hypersensitivity) responses to type II collagen; however, the cellular response was significantly reduced in the GM-CSF-deficient mice compared with the wild-type controls. These findings suggest that GM-CSF is required for CIA development in mice and support the idea that GM-CSF is a key cytokine in inflammatory joint disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian K. Campbell
- *Department of Medicine, Inflammation Research Center, University of Melbourne, and
| | - Melissa J. Rich
- *Department of Medicine, Inflammation Research Center, University of Melbourne, and
| | - Robert J. Bischof
- *Department of Medicine, Inflammation Research Center, University of Melbourne, and
| | - Ashley R. Dunn
- †The Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dianne Grail
- †The Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - John A. Hamilton
- *Department of Medicine, Inflammation Research Center, University of Melbourne, and
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Abstract
Cell subpopulations in local lymph nodes draining the uterine tissue of non-pregnant and pregnant pigs were examined by one- and two-colour immunofluorescent staining and flow cytometry using a panel of monoclonal antibodies to pig leucocyte cell surface antigens. Significant changes were observed in the T and B lymphocyte subpopulations and in a subpopulation of non-T or B cells. Activation of lymphocytes in the uterine lymph nodes during cycling in non-pregnant gilts suggests a role for the local immune system in the normal physiology of the uterus. In non-pregnant sows there was evidence of an increase in the CD4/CD8H ratio and in the proportion of B cells in the uterine nodes when compared to gilts with no prior reproductive experience. Pregnancy was shown to induce further dramatic changes in the uterine lymph nodes with an escalation in the proportion of B cells from 48% to 88% and a further increase in the CD4/CD8H ratio. For the first time in swine, low-level CD2 expression is reported on a subpopulation of B cells which are activated during pregnancy. These results provide evidence that the local uterine immune system in pigs plays a role in reproduction and perhaps in the maintenance of normal pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Bischof
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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Abstract
In pigs, little is known about the role of the uterine immune system during pregnancy. Immunohistochemical studies were conducted using a panel of monoclonal antibodies to pig leukocytes on uterine tissues taken from gilts after fertile mating and at different stages of pregnancy. Acute inflammation in the endometrium in response to fertile mating which included marked changes in the tissue and immune cell components of the endometrium was observed. Throughout pregnancy the pig uterus contained a substantial population of leukocytes. MHC class II staining was prominent in the endometrium at all stages examined and included macrophages, dendritic and fibroblast-like cells, lymphocytes and the endothelial lining of many uterine blood vessels. The majority of lymphoid cells were CD2+, indicating the prevalence of T cells. In early pregnancy specific changes were seen in the tissue distribution of uterine immune cells. Following placentation distinct cellular changes in the local immune cell environment of the uterus were also observed despite the non-invasive nature of the pig placenta. There appears to be suppression and activation of various immune cell components in the uteri of pregnant pigs. This phenomenon is presumably in response to foetal or trophoblast antigens, suggesting that the local immune system is involved in the uterine response to pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Bischof
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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39
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Abstract
To establish the cellular basis for the local immune response in the porcine uterus, immunohistochemical studies using a panel of monoclonal antibodies to pig leukocytes were conducted on uterine tissues from prepubertal and cycling gilts. In prepubertal uteri, neutrophils were the most predominant cell type, while MHC class II+ cells and CD2+ T lymphocytes were also common. At the early-stage of the oestrous cycle, CD2+ T cells were numerous in the endometrium, particularly in the uterine epithelium and subepithelial regions. However, by the mid-stage of the cycle there was a significant and dramatic fall in CD2+ T cells and other lymphocytes expressing the CD4, CD8 and CD1 phenotypes, MHC class II+ cells were predominant throughout the endometrium. During late oestrus there was a dramatic infiltration of neutrophils into the subepithelial stroma. A distinct increase in the CD2+ intraepithelial T lymphocyte population was also observed at this stage of the cycle. It was concluded that in the healthy, non-pregnant pig uterus T lymphocytes, macrophages and neutrophils were the prominent leukocyte cell types and their migration and distribution in the uterus was strongly influenced by the oestrous cycle. These immune cells may play an important interactive role in the cyclic cellular changes in both the structure and function of the endometrium. Furthermore, the leukocyte phenotypes found in the porcine endometrium indicate that a local cellular immune response could be elicited.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Bischof
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Abstract
The immunological and physiological influence of seminal plasma on the local uterine environment was investigated by immunohistochemical and flow cytometrical studies on uterine tissues and lymph nodes taken from gilts after mating with a vasectomised boar and from control, unmated gilts. These studies revealed that mating with a vasectomised boar induces an acute transient inflammatory response in the endometrium resulting in marked changes in the presence and distribution of leukocytes and extensive proliferation of the endometrial glands. At the same time there was an increase in CD8L and sIg+ cells and an up-regulation of MHC class II and IL-2 receptor expression in the uterine lymph nodes of mated pigs. This would suggest that seminal plasma deposited in the uterus can activate cells in the local draining lymph nodes. Together, these results demonstrate in utero that pronounced immunological and physiological changes are induced in vivo by seminal plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Bischof
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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