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Carbajal-de-la-Fuente AL, Piccinali RV, Porcasi X, Marti GA, de Arias AR, Abrahan L, Suárez FC, Lobbia P, Medina G, Provecho Y, Cortez MR, Soria N, Gonçalves TC, Nattero J. Variety is the spice: the role of morphological variation of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) at a macro-scale §. Acta Trop 2024:107239. [PMID: 38735448 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas, 1909). One of the primary vectors of T. cruzi in South America is Triatoma infestans (Klug, 1834). This triatomine species is distributed across a huge latitudinal gradient, inhabiting domiciliary , peridomiciliary , and wild environments. Its wide geographic distribution provides an excellent opportunity to study the relationships between environmental gradients and intraspecific morphological variation. In this study, we investigated variations in wing size and shape in T. infestans across six ecoregions. We aimed to address the following questions: How do wing size and shape vary on a regional scale, does morphological variation follow specific patterns along an environmental or latitudinal gradient, and what environmental factors might contribute to wing variation? Geometric morphometric methods were applied to the wings of 162 females belonging to 21 T. infestans populations, 13 from Argentina (n = 105), 5 from Bolivia (n = 42), and 3 from Paraguay (n = 15). A comparison of wing centroid size across the 21 populations showed significant differences. Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA) revealed significant differences in wing shape between the populations from Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay, although there was a considerable overlap, especially among the Argentinian populations. Well-structured populations were observed for the Bolivian and Paraguayan groups. Two analyses were performed to assess the association between wing size and shape, geographic and climatic variables: multiple linear regression analysis (MRA) for size and Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression for shape. The MRA showed a significant general model fit. Six temperature-related variables, one precipitation-related variable, and the latitude showed significant associations with wing size. The PLS analysis revealed a significant correlation between wing shape with latitude, longitude, temperature-related, and rainfall-related variables. Wing size and shape in T. infestans populations varied across geographic distribution. Our findings demonstrate that geographic and climatic variables significantly influence T. infestans wing morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Laura Carbajal-de-la-Fuente
- Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemo-epidemias (CENDIE/ ANLIS-Malbrán). Av. Paseo Colón 568, CP 1063, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, CP 1425, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Romina V Piccinali
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, DEGE (FCEN, UBA), IEGEBA (UBA/CONICET), Intendente Güiraldes 2160 - Ciudad Universitaria - Pabellón 2, CP 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ximena Porcasi
- Instituto Gulich (CONAE UNC), Ruta C45 Km 8, CP 5187, Falda del Cañete, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gerardo Aníbal Marti
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE) CCT-La Plata CONICET-UNLP-asociado a CIC, Blvd. 120 y 60 CP 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonieta Rojas de Arias
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigación Científica (CEDIC), Manduvirá 635 entre 15 de agosto y Oleary, CP 1255, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Luciana Abrahan
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja (CRILAR), UNLAR, SEGEMAR, UNCa, CONICET, Entre Ríos y Mendoza s/n, Anillaco, CP 5301, La Rioja, Provincia de La Rioja, Argentina
| | - Florencia Cano Suárez
- Programa Provincial Control de Vectores, Ministerio de Salud Pública San Juan. Santa Fe 977 (este) predio Hospital Dr Guillermo Rawson, CP 5400, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Patricia Lobbia
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, CP 1425, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Unidad Operativa de Vectores y Ambiente (UNOVE), Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemo-epidemias (CENDIE / ANLIS-Malbrán), Pabellón Rawson s/n. Hospital Colonia, CP 2423, Santa María de Punilla, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Medina
- Dirección de Control Integral de Vectores y Zoonosis. Laboratorio Entomológico y Parasitológico. Ministerio de Salud de Catamarca, Chacabuco 169, CP 4700, San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca, Argentina
| | - Yael Provecho
- Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Dirección de Control de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores. Av. 9 de Julio 1925, CP 1073, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mirko Rojas Cortez
- Fundación Salud Naturaleza Integral (SANIT), Pasaje Fidelia de Sanchez 433, CP 00591, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Nicolás Soria
- División Manejo Integrado de Vectores, Departamento de Zoonosis, Dirección de Jurisdicción de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud de la Provincia de Córdoba, Santiago Cáceres 1885, CP 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Teresa C Gonçalves
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemiptera. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/ Fundação Oswaldo Cruz). Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, CP 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Julieta Nattero
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, DEGE (FCEN, UBA), IEGEBA (UBA/CONICET), Intendente Güiraldes 2160 - Ciudad Universitaria - Pabellón 2, CP 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Verly T, Pita S, Carbajal-de-la-Fuente AL, Burgueño-Rodríguez G, Piccinali RV, Fiad FG, Ríos N, Panzera F, Lobbia P, Sánchez-Casaccia P, Rojas de Arias A, Cavallo MJ, Gigena GV, Rodríguez CS, Nattero J. Relationship between genetic diversity and morpho-functional characteristics of flight-related traits in Triatoma garciabesi (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:145. [PMID: 38500121 PMCID: PMC10949591 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06211-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triatoma garciabesi, a potential vector of the parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, which is the causative agent of Chagas disease, is common in peridomestic and wild environments and found throughout northwestern and central Argentina, western Paraguay and the Bolivian Chaco. Genetic differentiation of a species across its range can help to understand dispersal patterns and connectivity between habitats. Dispersal by flight is considered to be the main active dispersal strategy used by triatomines. In particular, the morphological structure of the hemelytra is associated with their function. The aim of this study was to understand how genetic diversity is structured, how morphological variation of dispersal-related traits varies with genetic diversity and how the morphological characteristics of dispersal-related traits may explain the current distribution of genetic lineages in this species. METHODS Males from 24 populations of T. garciabesi across its distribution range were examined. The cytochrome c oxidase I gene (coI) was used for genetic diversity analyses. A geometric morphometric method based on landmarks was used for morpho-functional analysis of the hemelytra. Centroid size (CS) and shape of the forewing, and contour of both parts of the forewing, the head and the pronotum were characterised. Length and area of the forewing were measured to estimate the aspect ratio. RESULTS The morphometric and phylogenetic analysis identified two distinct lineages, namely the Eastern and Western lineages, which coincide with different ecological regions. The Eastern lineage is found exclusively in the eastern region of Argentina (Chaco and Formosa provinces), whereas the Western lineage is prevalent in the rest of the geographical range of the species. CS, shape and aspect ratio of the hemelytra differed between lineages. The stiff portion of the forewing was more developed in the Eastern lineage. The shape of both portions of the hemelytra were significantly different between lineages, and the shape of the head and pronotum differed between lineages. CONCLUSIONS The results provide preliminary insights into the evolution and diversification of T. garciabesi. Variation in the forewing, pronotum and head is congruent with genetic divergence. Consistent with genetic divergence, morphometry variation was clustered according to lineages, with congruent variation in the size and shape of the forewing, pronotum and head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaiane Verly
- Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemo-Epidemias (CeNDIE), Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos Malbrán" (ANLIS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Pita
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Ana Laura Carbajal-de-la-Fuente
- Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemo-Epidemias (CeNDIE), Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos Malbrán" (ANLIS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Romina V Piccinali
- Departamento de Ecología Genética y Evolución, Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (IEGEBA), CONICET/Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico G Fiad
- Cátedras de Introducción a la Biología y Morfología Animal, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)/Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Néstor Ríos
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Francisco Panzera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Patricia Lobbia
- Unidad Operativa de Vectores y Ambiente (UnOVE), Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos Malbrán", Centro Nacional de Diagnostico e Investigación en Endemo-Epidemias (CeNDIE), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Paz Sánchez-Casaccia
- Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemo-Epidemias (CeNDIE), Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos Malbrán" (ANLIS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigación Científica (CEDIC), Asunción, Paraguay
| | | | - María José Cavallo
- Centro Regional de Energía y Ambiente Para el Desarrollo Sustentable (CREAS-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Catamarca (UNCA), San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca, Catamarca, Argentina
| | - Gisel V Gigena
- Cátedras de Introducción a la Biología y Morfología Animal, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)/Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia S Rodríguez
- Cátedras de Introducción a la Biología y Morfología Animal, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)/Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Julieta Nattero
- Departamento de Ecología Genética y Evolución, Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (IEGEBA), CONICET/Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Piccinali RV, Gaspe MS, Nattero J, Gürtler RE. Population structure and migration in Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) from the Argentine Chaco: An integration of genetic and morphometric data. Acta Trop 2023; 247:107010. [PMID: 37666351 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetic and morphological structure of vector populations are useful to identify panmictic groups, reinfestation sources and minimal units for control interventions. Currently, no studies have integrated genetic and morphometric data in Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), one of the main vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi. We characterized the genetic and phenotypic structure of T. infestans at a small spatial scale (2-8 km), identified potential migrants and compared flight-related traits among genetic groups and between migrant and non-migrant insects in a well-defined area without insecticide spraying in the previous 12 years. We obtained microsatellite genotypes (N = 303), wing shape and size (N = 164) and body weight-to-length ratios (N = 188) in T. infestans from 11 houses in Pampa del Indio, Argentine Chaco. The uppermost level of genetic structuring partially agreed with the morphological groups, showing high degrees of substructuring. The genetic structure showed a clear spatial pattern around Route 3 and one genetic group overlapped with an area of persistent infestation and insecticide resistance. Females harboured more microsatellite alleles than males, which showed signs of isolation-by-distance. Wing shape discriminant analyses of genetic groups revealed low reclassification scores whereas wing size differed among genetic groups for both sexes. Potential migrants (8%) did not differ from non-migrants in sex, ecotope, wing shape and size. However, male migrants had lower W/L than non-migrants suggesting poorer nutritional state. Our findings may contribute to the understanding of population characteristics, dispersal dynamics and ongoing elimination efforts of T. infestans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina V Piccinali
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución. Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología. Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina.
| | - M Sol Gaspe
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución. Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología. Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Julieta Nattero
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución. Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología. Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Ricardo E Gürtler
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución. Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología. Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
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Gigena GV, Rodríguez CS, Fiad FG, Hernández ML, Carbajal-de-la-Fuente AL, Piccinali RV, Sánchez Casaccia P, Rojas de Arias A, Lobbia P, Abrahan L, Bustamante Gomez M, Espinoza J, Cano F, Nattero J. Phenotypic variability in traits related to flight dispersal in the wing dimorphic species Triatoma guasayana. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:8. [PMID: 36624528 PMCID: PMC9830765 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05570-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triatoma guasayana is considered an emerging vector of Chagas disease in the Southern Cone of South America. The presence of a triatomine population with brachypterous individuals, in which both wings are reduced, has recently been reported for this species. The aim of the present study was to determine if flight-related traits varied across populations, if these traits could explain differences in flight capacity across populations and if flight-related traits are associated with geographic and/or climatic variation. METHODS The study involved 66 male T. guasayana specimens from 10 triatomine populations. Digital images of wing, head and pronotum were used to estimate linear and geometric morphometric variables. Variations in size and shape were analysed using one-way analysis of variance and canonical variate analysis (CVA), respectively. Mantel tests were applied to analyse the relationship between morphometric and geographic distances, and the association between size measurements was analysed using Pearson's correlation. We explored covariation between size and shape variables using partial least square analyses (PLS). The association of geographic and climatic variables with size measurements was tested using linear regression analyses. We performed PLS analyses for shape measurements. RESULTS Wing size differed significantly across triatomine populations. The CVA showed that wing shape of the brachypterous population is well discriminated from that of the other populations. The Mantel test showed a positive and significant association between wing shape and geographic distances. The heads of the brachypterous population were significantly larger than those of the other populations. Similar to wing shape, the head shape of the brachypterous population was well discriminated from those of the other populations. Pronotum width did not show significant differences across populations. Geographic and climatic factors were associated with size and shape of both the wing and head, but not with pronotum width. CONCLUSIONS Most of the traits related to flight dispersal varied across populations. Wing shape and head shape were found to be better markers for differentiated morphological variation across populations. Head measurements also varied in accordance with this condition. Geographic and climatic variables were associated with most of the flight-related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisel V. Gigena
- grid.423606.50000 0001 1945 2152Cátedras de Morfología Animal y de Introducción a la Biología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)/Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sársfield 299, X5000JJC Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia S. Rodríguez
- grid.423606.50000 0001 1945 2152Cátedras de Morfología Animal y de Introducción a la Biología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)/Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sársfield 299, X5000JJC Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Federico G. Fiad
- grid.423606.50000 0001 1945 2152Cátedras de Morfología Animal y de Introducción a la Biología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)/Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sársfield 299, X5000JJC Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Laura Hernández
- grid.423606.50000 0001 1945 2152Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina ,Unidad Operativa de Vectores y Ambiente (UnOVE), Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud “Dr. Carlos Malbrán, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemo-Epidemias (CeNDIE), Santa María de Punilla, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ana Laura Carbajal-de-la-Fuente
- grid.419202.c0000 0004 0433 8498Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemo-Epidemias (CeNDIE), Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud “Dr. Carlos Malbrán” (ANLIS), Av. Paseo Colón 568, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina V. Piccinali
- grid.7345.50000 0001 0056 1981Departamento de Ecología Genética y Evolución, Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina ,grid.7345.50000 0001 0056 1981Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (IEGEBA), Intendente Güiraldes, CONICET/Universidad de Buenos Aires, 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paz Sánchez Casaccia
- grid.419202.c0000 0004 0433 8498Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemo-Epidemias (CeNDIE), Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud “Dr. Carlos Malbrán” (ANLIS), Av. Paseo Colón 568, Buenos Aires, Argentina ,Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigación Científica (CEDIC), Manduvirá 635 entre 15 de agosto y Oleary, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Antonieta Rojas de Arias
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigación Científica (CEDIC), Manduvirá 635 entre 15 de agosto y Oleary, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Patricia Lobbia
- grid.423606.50000 0001 1945 2152Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina ,Unidad Operativa de Vectores y Ambiente (UnOVE), Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud “Dr. Carlos Malbrán, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemo-Epidemias (CeNDIE), Santa María de Punilla, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Luciana Abrahan
- grid.507426.2Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja (CRILAR), UNLAR, SEGEMAR, UNCa, CONICET, Entre Ríos y Mendoza S/N, Anillaco , 5301 La Rioja, Provincia de La Rioja Argentina
| | - Marinely Bustamante Gomez
- grid.441790.f0000 0004 0489 2878Departamento de Apoyo y Asesoramiento a Proyectos, Universidad Privada del Valle, Campus Tiquipaya, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Jorge Espinoza
- grid.10491.3d0000 0001 2176 4059Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Florencia Cano
- Programa de Control de Vectores, Ministerio de Salud Pública de San Juan, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Julieta Nattero
- grid.7345.50000 0001 0056 1981Departamento de Ecología Genética y Evolución, Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina ,grid.7345.50000 0001 0056 1981Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (IEGEBA), Intendente Güiraldes, CONICET/Universidad de Buenos Aires, 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Piccinali RV, Gaunt MW, Gürtler RE. A Microsatellite-Based Analysis of House Infestation With Triatoma Infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) After Insecticide Spraying in the Argentine Chaco. J Med Entomol 2018; 55:609-619. [PMID: 29385501 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Prevention of vector-borne transmission of Chagas disease mainly relies on residual insecticide spraying. Despite significant success at a regional scale, house infestation with Triatoma infestans (Klug) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) still persists in the Gran Chaco ecoregion. One key aspect is the identification of the sources of reinfestant triatomines. After detecting fine-scale genetic structure in two rural villages of Pampa del Indio, Argentine Chaco, we tested hypotheses on the putative origins of the triatomines collected at 4, 8, and 12 mo after insecticide house spraying. We genotyped 10 microsatellite loci in 262 baseline and 83 postspraying triatomines from different houses. Genetic variability was similar between baseline and postspraying populations, but 13 low-frequency alleles were not detected at postspraying. FSTs were not significant between insects collected before and after insecticide spraying at the same house in all but one case, and they clustered together in a neighbor-joining tree. A clustering algorithm detected seven genetic groups, four of them mainly composed of baseline and postspraying insects from the same house. Assignment tests suggested multiple putative sources (including the house of collection) for most postspraying insects but excluded a house located more than 9 km from the study area. The origin of three triatomines was attributed to immigration from other unaccounted sources. Our study is compatible with the hypothesis that house reinfestations in the Argentine Chaco are mostly related to residual foci (i.e., survival of insects within the same community), in agreement with field observations, spatial analysis, and morphometric studies previously published.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina V Piccinali
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Michael W Gaunt
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Ricardo E Gürtler
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Orozco MM, Piccinali RV, Mora MS, Enriquez GF, Cardinal MV, Gürtler RE. The role of sigmodontine rodents as sylvatic hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi in the Argentinean Chaco. Infect Genet Evol 2014; 22:12-22. [PMID: 24394448 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The role of rodents in the sylvatic transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi has seldom been investigated using parasitological and molecular methods. We assessed the occurrence of T. cruzi in wild small rodents from Pampa del Indio, in the Argentinean Chaco, and identified the taxonomic status of positive rodents by sequencing a fragment of cytochrome b gene (cytb) and performing BLAST searches and phylogenetic analyses. A total of 176 Sigmodontinae rodents was captured in six surveys using 5425 trap-nights in a wide range of sylvatic habitats between 2009 and 2011. Host infection was determined by xenodiagnosis and by polymerase chain reaction amplification of the hyper-variable region of kinetoplast DNA minicircles of T. cruzi (kDNA-PCR) from blood samples. None of the 176 rodents examined was xenodiagnosis-positive. The prevalence of infection determined by kDNA-PCR from blood samples was 16.2% (95% confidence interval, 10.1-21.9%). Half of the infections detected by kDNA-PCR were confirmed by nuclear satellite DNA-PCR or by kDNA-PCR of the rectal contents of xenodiagnostic bugs. The 24 positive specimens were assigned to eight species, providing the first records of T. cruzi in Akodon montensis, Akodon toba, Graomys chacoensis, and Oligoryzomys chacoensis. The occurrence of T. cruzi infection in Oligoryzomys nigripes, Calomys callosus, Necromys lasiurus and Oecomys sp. (most probably Oecomys mamorae) from the Gran Chaco is also reported for the first time. Although sigmodontine rodents were frequently infected, the intensity of bug rectal infection with T. cruzi was below the detection limit of xenodiagnosis (subpatent infectiousness to bugs), indicating they had a low reservoir host competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marcela Orozco
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (IEGEBA), CONICET, Argentina
| | - Romina V Piccinali
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (IEGEBA), CONICET, Argentina
| | - Matías S Mora
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC, CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Gustavo F Enriquez
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (IEGEBA), CONICET, Argentina
| | - M Victoria Cardinal
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (IEGEBA), CONICET, Argentina
| | - Ricardo E Gürtler
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (IEGEBA), CONICET, Argentina.
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Ceballos LA, Piccinali RV, Marcet PL, Vazquez-Prokopec GM, Cardinal MV, Schachter-Broide J, Dujardin JP, Dotson EM, Kitron U, Gürtler RE. Hidden sylvatic foci of the main vector of Chagas disease Triatoma infestans: threats to the vector elimination campaign? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1365. [PMID: 22039559 PMCID: PMC3201917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Establishing the sources of reinfestation after residual insecticide spraying is crucial for vector elimination programs. Triatoma infestans, traditionally considered to be limited to domestic or peridomestic (abbreviated as D/PD) habitats throughout most of its range, is the target of an elimination program that has achieved limited success in the Gran Chaco region in South America. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS During a two-year period we conducted semi-annual searches for triatomine bugs in every D/PD site and surrounding sylvatic habitats after full-coverage spraying of pyrethroid insecticides of all houses in a well-defined rural area in northwestern Argentina. We found six low-density sylvatic foci with 24 T. infestans in fallen or standing trees located 110-2,300 m from the nearest house or infested D/PD site detected after insecticide spraying, when house infestations were rare. Analysis of two mitochondrial gene fragments of 20 sylvatic specimens confirmed their species identity as T. infestans and showed that their composite haplotypes were the same as or closely related to D/PD haplotypes. Population studies with 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci and wing geometric morphometry consistently indicated the occurrence of unrestricted gene flow between local D/PD and sylvatic populations. Mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite sibship analyses in the most abundant sylvatic colony revealed descendents from five different females. Spatial analysis showed a significant association between two sylvatic foci and the nearest D/PD bug population found before insecticide spraying. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that, despite of its high degree of domesticity, T. infestans has sylvatic colonies with normal chromatic characters (not melanic morphs) highly connected to D/PD conspecifics in the Argentinean Chaco. Sylvatic habitats may provide a transient or permanent refuge after control interventions, and function as sources for D/PD reinfestation. The occurrence of sylvatic foci of T. infestans in the Gran Chaco may pose additional threats to ongoing vector elimination efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo A. Ceballos
- Laboratory of Eco-Epidemiology, Department of Ecology, Genetics and Evolution, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina V. Piccinali
- Laboratory of Eco-Epidemiology, Department of Ecology, Genetics and Evolution, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula L. Marcet
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gonzalo M. Vazquez-Prokopec
- Department of Environmental Studies, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - M. Victoria Cardinal
- Laboratory of Eco-Epidemiology, Department of Ecology, Genetics and Evolution, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Judith Schachter-Broide
- Laboratory of Eco-Epidemiology, Department of Ecology, Genetics and Evolution, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jean-Pierre Dujardin
- Unité Mixte de Recherche, Institut de Recherches pour le Développment-Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Ellen M. Dotson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Uriel Kitron
- Department of Environmental Studies, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ricardo E. Gürtler
- Laboratory of Eco-Epidemiology, Department of Ecology, Genetics and Evolution, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Piccinali RV, Marcet PL, Ceballos LA, Kitron U, Gürtler RE, Dotson EM. Genetic variability, phylogenetic relationships and gene flow in Triatoma infestans dark morphs from the Argentinean Chaco. Infect Genet Evol 2011; 11:895-903. [PMID: 21352954 PMCID: PMC3104122 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The recent discovery of sylvatic populations of Triatoma infestans outside the Andean Valleys of Bolivia prompted an evolutionary question about the putative ancestral area of origin and dispersal of the species, and an epidemiological question regarding the possible role of these sylvatic populations in the recolonization process of insecticide-treated houses. The finding of a population of sylvatic melanic T. infestans (dark morphs) in the Argentinean dry Chaco at 7 km from a peridomestic bug population of typical coloration gave us the opportunity to test both questions simultaneously by employing phylogenetic and population genetic approaches. For this purpose we analyzed sylvatic and peridomestic bugs using sequence-based mitochondrial and nuclear markers (mtCOI and ITS-1) and microsatellites. Sylvatic bugs were confirmed to be T. infestans and not hybrids, and showed high levels of genetic variability and departures from neutral expectations for mtCOI variation. New ITS-1 and mtCOI haplotypes were recorded, as well as haplotypes shared with peridomestic and/or domestic bugs from previous records. The peridomestic population was invariant for ITS-1 and mtCOI, but showed variability for microsatellites and signatures of a population bottleneck, probably due to a limited number of founders. Phylogenetic analyses were consistent with the presence of ancestral haplotypes in sylvatic bugs. According to F-statistics and assignment methods there was a significant differentiation between sylvatic and peridomestic bugs and gene flow was low and asymmetric, with more bugs moving from the peridomicile to the sylvatic environment. These results support the hypothesis of the Chaco region as the area of origin of T. infestans, and a limited role of sylvatic melanic T. infestans in peridomestic infestation in the Argentinean Chaco.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Piccinali
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Piccinali RV, Canale DM, Sandoval AE, Cardinal MV, Jensen O, Kitron U, Gurtler RE. Triatoma infestans bugs in Southern Patagonia, Argentina. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 16:887-9. [PMID: 20409398 PMCID: PMC2954526 DOI: 10.3201/eid1605.091260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Piccinali RV, Marcet PL, Noireau F, Kitron U, Gürtler RE, Dotson EM. Molecular population genetics and phylogeography of the Chagas disease vector Triatoma infestans in South America. J Med Entomol 2009; 46:796-809. [PMID: 19645282 PMCID: PMC2777637 DOI: 10.1603/033.046.0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the genetic variability, population structure, and evolutionary history of Triatoma infestans may be useful for developing rational vector control strategies. A 661-bp fragment of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I (COI) was sequenced and analyzed in bugs from Argentina, Uruguay, Peru, and Bolivia, including peridomestic, domestic, Andean, and Chaco sylvatic bugs. A total of 48 polymorphic sites among 37 haplotypes were described. Nucleotide variation fluctuated among samples, with the highest nucleotide diversity observed in seven Argentinean provinces. Within this group, some populations showed patterns of variability compatible with population expansions and/or fine-scale population structure, whereas others suggested population bottlenecks and/or population admixture processes. A maximum parsimony analysis of the haplotypes showed the presence of a Bolivian/Peruvian and an Argentinean/Uruguayan clade. Bolivian sequences were further divided in Chaco sylvatic and Andean domestic and sylvatic. Two different nested clades were found within the Argentinean/Uruguayan cluster. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and K(ST)* analysis supported a strong population structure in Argentina, where genetic differentiation was correlated with geographic distance. Departures from neutrality expectations and a nested cladistic analysis suggest a recent population expansion of T. infestans in Argentina, followed by restricted gene flow and patterns of isolation by distance. This expansion could have taken place as a two-wave process, as was shown by the phylogenetic analysis and signatures of population admixture in the southern most Argentinean populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Piccinali
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina.
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Cortez MR, Emperaire L, Piccinali RV, Gürtler RE, Torrico F, Jansen AM, Noireau F. Sylvatic Triatoma infestans (Reduviidae, Triatominae) in the Andean valleys of Bolivia. Acta Trop 2007; 102:47-54. [PMID: 17397789 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2006] [Revised: 02/24/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Triatoma infestans is the main vector of Chagas disease in the Southern Cone countries. Wild populations of T. infestans appear widespread throughout the Andean valleys of Bolivia. In Cotapachi (2750 m asl), all sorts of rocky outcrops, regardless of their size, provided good refuges for T. infestans. Of the 1120 ecotopes investigated, 330 (29.5%) contained triatomines and 92% of the collected insects were nymphal instars. In the cold season, triatomine densities were similar in small and large outcrops. During the hot season, bug densities were higher in the larger outcrops, particularly in those located in peridomestic sites. T. infestans populations apparently produced one generation per year. Over half the sampled bugs were positive for T. cruzi infection. At Mataral (1750 m asl), a site located in the inter-Andean Chaco, a new morph of T. infestans was detected in a sylvatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Rojas Cortez
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Piccinali RV, Mascord LJ, Barker JSF, Oakeshott JG, Hasson E. Molecular population genetics of the alpha-esterase5 gene locus in original and colonized populations of Drosophila buzzatii and its sibling Drosophila koepferae. J Mol Evol 2006; 64:158-70. [PMID: 17160646 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-005-0224-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2005] [Accepted: 07/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have suggested that esterase-2 (EST-2) may be the target of natural selection in the cactophilic fly Drosophila buzzatii. In this work, we analyzed nucleotide variation in a fragment of alpha-esterase5 (alphaE5), the gene encoding EST-2, in original (Argentinian) and colonized (Australian) populations of D. buzzatii and in its sibling D. koepferae. Estimates of nucleotide heterozygosity in D. buzzatii were similar in Australia and Argentina, although we detected a loss of singletons in colonized populations, suggesting a moderate founder effect. Interspecific comparisons revealed that D. buzzatii was more polymorphic for nonsynonymous variation, whereas D. koepferae was more variable for synonymous and noncoding sites. The two major chromosomal arrangements (2st and 2j) in D. buzzatii displayed similar levels of nucleotide variation, whereas 2jz3 was monomorphic. The sequenced region allowed the discrimination of a greater number of EST-2 protein variants in the Australian sample than in the Argentinean sample. In D. koepferae, nucleotide variation in alphaE5 does not depart from neutral expectations, although tests of population structure were significant for silent variation. In contrast, D. buzzatii has probably undergone a recent population expansion in its South American range. In addition, the McDonald and Kreitman test revealed an excess of nonsynonymous polymorphism in both original and colonized populations of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Piccinali
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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