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Refaeli R, Kreisel T, Yaish TR, Groysman M, Goshen I. Astrocytes control recent and remote memory strength by affecting the recruitment of the CA1→ACC projection to engrams. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113943. [PMID: 38483907 PMCID: PMC10995765 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The maturation of engrams from recent to remote time points involves the recruitment of CA1 neurons projecting to the anterior cingulate cortex (CA1→ACC). Modifications of G-protein-coupled receptor pathways in CA1 astrocytes affect recent and remote recall in seemingly contradictory ways. To address this inconsistency, we manipulated these pathways in astrocytes during memory acquisition and tagged c-Fos-positive engram cells and CA1→ACC cells during recent and remote recall. The behavioral results were coupled with changes in the recruitment of CA1→ACC projection cells to the engram: Gq pathway activation in astrocytes caused enhancement of recent recall alone and was accompanied by earlier recruitment of CA1→ACC projecting cells to the engram. In contrast, Gi pathway activation in astrocytes resulted in the impairment of only remote recall, and CA1→ACC projecting cells were not recruited during remote memory. Finally, we provide a simple working model, hypothesizing that Gq and Gi pathway activation affect memory differently, by modulating the same mechanism: CA1→ACC projection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Refaeli
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Tirzah Kreisel
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | | | - Maya Groysman
- ELSC Vector Core Facility, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Inbal Goshen
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
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Refaeli R, Kreisel T, Goshen I. Analyzing engram reactivation and long-range connectivity. STAR Protoc 2024; 5:102840. [PMID: 38280198 PMCID: PMC10840331 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2024.102840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Here, we present a protocol for marking engram cells to efficiently measure reactivation levels and their projection pathways. We describe steps for genetic manipulation utilizing transgenic mice and viral infections, labeling engram cells, and a modified version of CLARITY, a tissue-clearing technique. This protocol can be adapted to various research inquiries that involve assessing the overlap of cell populations and uncovering novel long-range connectivity pathways. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Refaeli et al. (2023).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Refaeli
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
| | - Tirzah Kreisel
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
| | - Inbal Goshen
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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Refaeli R, Kreisel T, Groysman M, Adamsky A, Goshen I. Engram stability and maturation during systems consolidation. Curr Biol 2023; 33:3942-3950.e3. [PMID: 37586373 PMCID: PMC10524918 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Remote memories play an important role in how we perceive the world, and they are rooted throughout the brain in "engrams": ensembles of cells that are formed during acquisition. Upon their reactivation, a specific memory can be recalled.1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12 Many studies have focused on the ensembles in CA1 of the hippocampus and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). However, the evolution of these components during systems' consolidation has not yet been comprehensively addressed.13,14,15,16 By applying transgenic approaches for ensemble identification, CLARITY, retro-AAV, and pseudo-rabies virus for circuit mapping, and chemogenetics for functional interrogation, we addressed the dynamics of recent and remote CA1 ensembles. We expected both stability (as they represent the same memory) and maturation (over time). Indeed, we found that CA1 engrams remain stable between recent and remote recalls, and the inhibition of engrams for recent recall during remote recall functionally impairs memory. We also found that new cells in the remote recall engram in the CA1 are not added randomly during maturation but differ according to their connections. First, we show in two ways that the anterograde CA1 → ACC engram cell projection grows larger. Finally, in the retrograde projections, the ACC reduces input to CA1 engram cells, whereas input from the entorhinal cortex and paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus increases. Our results shine fresh light on systems' consolidation by providing a deeper understanding of engram stability and maturation in the transition from recent to remote memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Refaeli
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Tirzah Kreisel
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Maya Groysman
- ELSC Vector Core Facility, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Adar Adamsky
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Inbal Goshen
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
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Rimmerman N, Verdiger H, Goldenberg H, Naggan L, Robinson E, Kozela E, Gelb S, Reshef R, Ryan KM, Ayoun L, Refaeli R, Ashkenazi E, Schottlender N, Ben Hemo-Cohen L, Pienica C, Aharonian M, Dinur E, Lazar K, McLoughlin DM, Zvi AB, Yirmiya R. Microglia and their LAG3 checkpoint underlie the antidepressant and neurogenesis-enhancing effects of electroconvulsive stimulation. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:1120-1135. [PMID: 34650207 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01338-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite evidence implicating microglia in the etiology and pathophysiology of major depression, there is paucity of information regarding the contribution of microglia-dependent molecular pathways to antidepressant procedures. In this study, we investigated the role of microglia in a mouse model of depression (chronic unpredictable stress-CUS) and its reversal by electroconvulsive stimulation (ECS), by examining the effects of microglia depletion with the colony stimulating factor-1 antagonist PLX5622. Microglia depletion did not change basal behavioral measures or the responsiveness to CUS, but it completely abrogated the therapeutic effects of ECS on depressive-like behavior and neurogenesis impairment. Treatment with the microglia inhibitor minocycline concurrently with ECS also diminished the antidepressant and pro-neurogenesis effects of ECS. Hippocampal RNA-Seq analysis revealed that ECS significantly increased the expression of genes related to neurogenesis and dopamine signaling, while reducing the expression of several immune checkpoint genes, particularly lymphocyte-activating gene-3 (Lag3), which was the only microglial transcript significantly altered by ECS. None of these molecular changes occurred in microglia-depleted mice. Immunohistochemical analyses showed that ECS reversed the CUS-induced changes in microglial morphology and elevation in microglial LAG3 receptor expression. Consistently, either acute or chronic systemic administration of a LAG3 monoclonal antibody, which readily penetrated into the brain parenchyma and was found to serve as a direct checkpoint blocker in BV2 microglia cultures, rapidly rescued the CUS-induced microglial alterations, depressive-like symptoms, and neurogenesis impairment. These findings suggest that brain microglial LAG3 represents a promising target for novel antidepressant therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neta Rimmerman
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hodaya Verdiger
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hagar Goldenberg
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lior Naggan
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Elad Robinson
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ewa Kozela
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sivan Gelb
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ronen Reshef
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Karen M Ryan
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, St. Patrick's University Hospital, James Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lily Ayoun
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ron Refaeli
- Edmond & Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Einat Ashkenazi
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nofar Schottlender
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Claudia Pienica
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Maayan Aharonian
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eyal Dinur
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Koby Lazar
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Declan M McLoughlin
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, St. Patrick's University Hospital, James Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ayal Ben Zvi
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Raz Yirmiya
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Refaeli R, Doron A, Benmelech‐Chovav A, Groysman M, Kreisel T, Loewenstein Y, Goshen I. Cover Image, Volume 69, Issue 10. Glia 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.24079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Refaeli R, Doron A, Benmelech-Chovav A, Groysman M, Kreisel T, Loewenstein Y, Goshen I. Features of hippocampal astrocytic domains and their spatial relation to excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Glia 2021; 69:2378-2390. [PMID: 34117643 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The mounting evidence for the involvement of astrocytes in neuronal circuits function and behavior stands in stark contrast to the lack of detailed anatomical description of these cells and the neurons in their domains. To fill this void, we imaged >30,000 astrocytes in hippocampi made transparent by CLARITY, and determined the elaborate structure, distribution, and neuronal content of astrocytic domains. First, we characterized the spatial distribution of >19,000 astrocytes across CA1 lamina, and analyzed the morphology of thousands of reconstructed domains. We then determined the excitatory somatic content of CA1 astrocytes, and measured the distance between inhibitory neuronal somata to the nearest astrocyte soma. We find that on average, there are almost 14 pyramidal neurons per domain in the CA1, increasing toward the pyramidal layer midline, compared to only five excitatory neurons per domain in the amygdala. Finally, we discovered that somatostatin neurons are found in close proximity to astrocytes, compared to parvalbumin and VIP inhibitory neurons. This work provides a comprehensive large-scale quantitative foundation for studying neuron-astrocyte interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Refaeli
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adi Doron
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Aviya Benmelech-Chovav
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Maya Groysman
- ELSC Vector Core Facility, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tirzah Kreisel
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yonatan Loewenstein
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Federmann Center for the Study of Rationality, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Inbal Goshen
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Refaeli R, Cooper L, Mendel S, Slonim-Drech S, Frishman S, Kashtan H. MON-LB701: Nutritional and Functional Characteristics of Elderly Oncology Patients Undergoing Major Abdominal Surgery. Clin Nutr 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s0261-5614(19)32156-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Atlan G, Terem A, Peretz-Rivlin N, Sehrawat K, Gonzales BJ, Pozner G, Tasaka GI, Goll Y, Refaeli R, Zviran O, Lim BK, Groysman M, Goshen I, Mizrahi A, Nelken I, Citri A. The Claustrum Supports Resilience to Distraction. Curr Biol 2018; 28:2752-2762.e7. [PMID: 30122531 PMCID: PMC6485402 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A barrage of information constantly assaults our senses, of which only a fraction is relevant at any given point in time. However, the neural circuitry supporting the suppression of irrelevant sensory distractors is not completely understood. The claustrum, a circuit hub with vast cortical connectivity, is an intriguing brain structure, whose restrictive anatomy, thin and elongated, has precluded functional investigation. Here, we describe the use of Egr2-CRE mice to access genetically defined claustral neurons. Utilizing conditional viruses for anterograde axonal labeling and retrograde trans-synaptic tracing, we validated this transgenic model for accessing the claustrum and extended the known repertoire of claustral input/output connectivity. Addressing the function of the claustrum, we inactivated CLEgr2+ neurons, chronically as well as acutely, in mice performing an automated two-alternative forced-choice behavioral task. Strikingly, inhibition of CLEgr2+ neurons did not significantly impact task performance under varying delay times and cue durations, but revealed a selective role for the claustrum in supporting performance in the presence of an irrelevant auditory distractor. Further investigation of behavior, in the naturalistic maternal pup-retrieval task, replicated the result of sensitization to an auditory distractor following inhibition of CLEgr2+ neurons. Initiating investigation into the underlying mechanism, we found that activation of CLEgr2+ neurons modulated cortical sensory processing, suppressing tone representation in the auditory cortex. This functional study, utilizing selective genetic access, implicates the claustrum in supporting resilience to distraction, a fundamental aspect of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Atlan
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Anna Terem
- Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | | | - Kamini Sehrawat
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ben Jerry Gonzales
- Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Guy Pozner
- Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Gen-Ichi Tasaka
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yael Goll
- Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Ron Refaeli
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ori Zviran
- Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Byung Kook Lim
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Maya Groysman
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Inbal Goshen
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adi Mizrahi
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel; Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Israel Nelken
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel; Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Ami Citri
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel; Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; Program in Child and Brain Development, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, MaRS Centre, West Tower, 661 University Avenue, Suite 505, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada.
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