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DiGiacomo M, Prichard R, Allida S, Delbaere K, Omari A, Inglis SC. Multifaceted needs of individuals living with peripheral arterial disease: A qualitative study. Chronic Illn 2022; 18:562-573. [PMID: 33673738 DOI: 10.1177/1742395321999450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To ascertain a comprehensive perspective of the impact of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) on people including needs for access to disease specific information, education, services, and support. METHODS Participants were recruited from outpatient clinics at a tertiary hospital in metropolitan Australia. Telephone and face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine individuals living with PAD and analysed using qualitative content thematic analysis. RESULTS The nine participants were on average 74.2 (SD 10.9) years and predominantly women (67%). Lack of understanding of PAD and inconsistent information resulted in confusion regarding self-management strategies. Effects of pain and mobility problems were amplified for participants who lived alone and did not have an informal carer. DISCUSSION Poor quality of life in PAD reflects pain, social isolation and fear of falls. Multidisciplinary teams with case managers should consider older people's living situations and needs for additional support services and education to facilitate integrated care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle DiGiacomo
- University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Health, IMPACCT, Broadway, NSW, Australia
| | - Ros Prichard
- University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Health, IMPACCT, Broadway, NSW, Australia
| | - Sabine Allida
- University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Health, IMPACCT, Broadway, NSW, Australia
| | - Kim Delbaere
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia.,University of New South Wales, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Abdullah Omari
- Department of Vascular Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Sally C Inglis
- University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Health, IMPACCT, Broadway, NSW, Australia
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2
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Kelly O, Balasubramanian I, Cullinane C, Prichard R. 1443 Comparison of Outcomes Between Immediate Direct-to-Implant Breast Reconstruction versus Two-Stage Implant Breast Reconstruction; a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Br J Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znab259.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Direct-to-implant (DTI) breast reconstruction is increasingly performed as the preferred method of immediate breast reconstruction following mastectomy. The proposed advantages of DTI over two-stage tissue expander (TE)/implant reconstruction relate to fewer surgical procedures. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of DTI versus conventional TE/implant breast reconstruction.
Method
A systematic review was performed (PubMed, Embase, Scopus) to identify relevant studies that compared outcomes between DTI and TE/Implant reconstructions. Publications up to October 2020 were included. The primary outcome was overall complication rate. Secondary outcomes included infection rate and implant loss.
Results
Nineteen studies, including 32,971 implant-based breast reconstructions, were analysed. Median age was 48 years. Mean BMI was 25.9. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Duration of follow up ranged from 1-60 months. Overall complications were significantly more likely to occur in the DTI group (OR 1.81 [1.17-2.79]). Overall complications refers to all reported complications including seroma, haematoma, would dehiscence, infection, skin necrosis and capsular contracture. Implant loss was also significantly higher in the DTI cohort (OR 1.31 [1.12-1.78]). There was no significant difference in infection rates between the two groups. Subgroup analyses, focusing on high-powered multicentre studies showed that the risks of overall complications were significantly higher in the DTI group (OR 1.51 [1.06-2.14]).
Conclusions
This meta-analysis demonstrates significantly greater risk of complications and implant loss in the DTI breast reconstruction group. These findings serve to aid both patients and clinicians in the decision-making process regarding implant reconstruction following mastectomy
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Affiliation(s)
- O Kelly
- St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - C Cullinane
- St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R Prichard
- St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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3
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Lai JV, Muthiah K, Robson D, Prichard R, Walker R, Pin Lim C, Wang LW, Macdonald PS, Jansz P, Hayward CS. Impact of Pump Speed on Hemodynamics With Exercise in Continuous Flow Ventricular Assist Device Patients. ASAIO J 2019; 66:132-138. [PMID: 30913099 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000000975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
At fixed speed, the spontaneous increase in pump flow accompanying exercise in patients with continuous flow left ventricular assist devices (cfLVADs) is slight in comparison to normal physiologic response, limiting exercise capacity. We systematically exercised 14 patients implanted with an isolated HeartWare HVAD undergoing routine right heart catheterization at baseline and at maximal safe pump speed. In addition to hemodynamics, mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2), echocardiography and noninvasive mean arterial pressure, and heart rate were measured. Significantly greater pump flows were achieved with maximum pump speed compared with baseline speed at rest (mean ± standard deviation [SD]: 5.0 ± 0.7 vs. 4.6 ± 0.8 L/min) and peak exercise (6.7 ± 1.0 vs. 5.9 ± 0.9 L/min, p = 0.001). Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was significantly reduced with maximum pump speed compared to baseline pump speed at rest (10 ± 4 vs. 15 ± 5 mmHg, p < 0.001) and peak exercise (27 ± 8 vs. 30 ± 8 mmHg, p = 0.002). Mixed venous oxygen saturation decreased with exercise (p < 0.001) but was unaffected by changes in pump speed. In summary, although higher pump speeds synergistically augment the increase in pump flow associated with exercise and blunt the exercise-induced rise in left heart filling pressures, elevated filling pressures and markedly diminished SvO2 persist at maximal safe pump speed, suggesting that physiologic flow increases are not met by isolated cfLVADs in the supported failing heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline V Lai
- From the Heart Failure and Transplant Unit, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kavitha Muthiah
- From the Heart Failure and Transplant Unit, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Desiree Robson
- From the Heart Failure and Transplant Unit, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ros Prichard
- From the Heart Failure and Transplant Unit, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robyn Walker
- From the Heart Failure and Transplant Unit, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Choon Pin Lim
- From the Heart Failure and Transplant Unit, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Louis W Wang
- From the Heart Failure and Transplant Unit, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter S Macdonald
- From the Heart Failure and Transplant Unit, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul Jansz
- From the Heart Failure and Transplant Unit, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher S Hayward
- From the Heart Failure and Transplant Unit, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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4
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O'Connell L, Walsh S, Evoy D, O'Doherty A, Quinn C, Rothwell J, Geraghty J, McDermott EW, Prichard R. The approach to an isolated close anterior margin in breast conserving surgery. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2019; 101:268-272. [PMID: 30855173 DOI: 10.1308/rcsann.2019.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although close radial margins after breast-conserving surgery routinely undergo re-excision, appropriate management of patients with close anterior margins remains a topic of controversy. An increasing body of literature suggests that re-excision of close anterior margins yields low rates of residual malignancy and may only be necessary in selected patients. The aim of this study was to examine the management of close anterior margins after breast conserving surgery in a single institution and to analyse the rate of residual disease in re-excised anterior margins. METHODS All patients having breast conserving surgery at St Vincent's University Hospital from January 2008 to December 2012 were reviewed retrospectively. Data collected included patient demographics, tumour characteristics, margin positivity, re-excision rates and definitive histology of the re-excision specimens. A close margin was defined as les than 2 mm. RESULTS A total of 930 patients were included with an average age of 65 years (range 29-94 years). Of these, 121 (13%) had a close anterior margin. Further re-excison of the anterior margin was carried out in 37 patients (30.6%) and a further 16 (13.2%) proceeded to mastectomy. Residual disease was found in 18.5% (7/36) of those who underwent re-excision and 7/16 (43.75%) of those who underwent mastectomy. Overall, 11.57% (14/121) of patients with close anterior margins were subsequently found to have residual disease. CONCLUSION The low yield of residual disease in re-excised anterior margins specimens supports the concept that routine re-excision of close anterior margins is not necessary. Further research is required to definitively assess its influence on the risk of local recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- L O'Connell
- Department of Breast, Endocrine and General Surgery, St Vincent's University Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - S Walsh
- Department of Breast, Endocrine and General Surgery, St Vincent's University Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - D Evoy
- Department of Breast, Endocrine and General Surgery, St Vincent's University Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - A O'Doherty
- Department of Radiology, St Vincent's University Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - C Quinn
- Department of Pathology, St Vincent's University Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - J Rothwell
- Department of Breast, Endocrine and General Surgery, St Vincent's University Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - J Geraghty
- Department of Breast, Endocrine and General Surgery, St Vincent's University Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - E W McDermott
- Department of Breast, Endocrine and General Surgery, St Vincent's University Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - R Prichard
- Department of Breast, Endocrine and General Surgery, St Vincent's University Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
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Jha SR, McDonagh J, Prichard R, Newton PJ, Hickman LD, Fung E, Macdonald PS, Ferguson C. #Frailty: A snapshot Twitter report on frailty knowledge translation. Australas J Ageing 2018; 37:309-312. [DOI: 10.1111/ajag.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunita R Jha
- Faculty of Medicine; Chinese University of Hong Kong; Sha Tin Hong Kong
- Faculty of Health; University of Technology Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Julee McDonagh
- Faculty of Health; University of Technology Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Ros Prichard
- Heart Transplant Program; St Vincent's Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Faculty of Health; University of Technology Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Phillip J Newton
- Western Sydney Nursing and Midwifery Research Centre; Western Sydney University; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Western Sydney Local Health District; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Louise D Hickman
- Faculty of Health; University of Technology Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Erik Fung
- Faculty of Medicine; Chinese University of Hong Kong; Sha Tin Hong Kong
| | - Peter S Macdonald
- Heart Transplant Program and Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute; St Vincent's Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Caleb Ferguson
- Western Sydney Nursing and Midwifery Research Centre; Western Sydney University; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Western Sydney Local Health District; Sydney New South Wales Australia
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Okuagu A, Athey A, Prichard R, Williams N, Jean-Louis G, Killgore W, Gehrels J, Alfonso-Miller P, Grandner M. 1058 Racial/Ethnic Sleep Disparities Among College Students Are Different in Majority-White vs Majority-Minority Institutions. Sleep 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy061.1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Okuagu
- University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - A Athey
- University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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7
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McDonagh J, Prichard R, Jha S, Ferguson C, MacDonald P, Newton P. Frailty Prevalence in Heart Failure According to Three Frailty Assessment Instruments. Heart Lung Circ 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2018.06.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Prichard R, Goodall S, Davidson P, Macdonald P, Mcdonagh J, Newton P, Hayward C. Estimating Quality of Life Among Advanced Heart Failure Patients: What Could Formal Screening Add to Clinical Assessments. Heart Lung Circ 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2018.06.766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Prichard R, Goodall S, Davidson P, MacDonald P, McDonagh J, Hayward C. Frailty and Quality of Life in Advanced Heart Failure and Transplant Medicine: Do We Need to Screen? Heart Lung Circ 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2018.06.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Prichard R, Hayward C, Davidson P, Goodall S, Newton P. Impact of Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation on Hospitalisation, and Readmissions Using a Linked Administrative Dataset. Heart Lung Circ 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2016.06.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Greally M, Kielty J, Das G, Malouf C, O'Riordan L, Coleman N, Quinn C, McDermott E, Gullo G, Kelly C, Crown J, Prichard R, Walshe J. Abstract P1-07-09: Retrospective cohort study of patients (pts) diagnosed with breast cancer (BC) <40 yrs: 2000 to 2015⟨. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs15-p1-07-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Young women (<40 yrs) with breast cancer (YWBC) account for 7-12% of BC diagnoses. BC is the leading cause of cancer death in this group (G). Age-specific data on outcome and appropriate treatment (Rx) are lacking. YWBC appear to have more biologically aggressive subtypes and a higher risk of relapse and death. We studied the clinico-pathological (ClinPath) characteristics in YWBC, examining how outcomes/Rx have evolved.
Methods
YWBC were identified from pathology databases at 2 tertiary centers. Pts were divided into 2 cohorts: BC diagnoses from 2000-2007 (G1) and 2008-2015 (G2). ClinPath and Rx data were retrieved from clinical, radiology and histology databases. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS.
Results
We identified 347 pts. Tumor features are shown in Table I. Median age is 36 (23-39). By histology, 90.8% (n=315) had invasive ductal carcinoma, 53.1% (n=181) had Grade III BC and 56.3% (n=171) had lymphovascular invasion. Pregnancy-associated BC occurred in 10.7% (n=34). Mastectomy (MX) was performed in 53% (n=176) and axillary lymph node clearance (ALNC) in 63.8% (n=192 [G1: 84.3% vs. G2: 48.6%, p<0.001]).
Table 1Tumor features Group 1 (n=149)Group 2 (n=198)Total (n=347)p-valueMedian tumor size (mm) 252222.5p=0.115Node positivity 88 (60.3%)100(51.5%)188 (55.3%)p=0.109Median node count 4 (1-44)1 (1-30)2 (1-44)p<0.001StageI 99(29%) II 148 (43.3%) III 70 (20.5%) IV 23(7.3%) Biomarker status*ER+/HER2-76 (53.1%)120 (60.6%)196 (56%)p=0.086 HER2+41 (28.7%)45 (22.8%)86 (27%)p=0.031 Triple negative (TN)26 (18.2%)33 (16.8%)59 (17%)p=0.291* Missing data n=6
Rx characteristics are shown in Table 2. 85 pts received neo-adjuvant therapy (NAT); 48.3% (n=41) ER+/HER2-, 27% (n=23) HER2+ and 24.7% (n=21) TNBC. Pts receiving NAT in G2 trended towards improved pCR rate (G2: 24.6% vs G1: 8.3%, p=0.057). Endocrine Rx alone was received by 9.8% (n=22); 13.6% (n=18) in G2 vs 4.3% (n=4) in G1. OncotypeDx(ODx) was used in 23 pts (14.9%) (median score 17), 1 had a DR (ODx Score = 18).
Table 2Tx characteristics n=347 Chemotherapy Total300(86.4%) NAT85 (28.3%)Pathological Complete Response (pCR)* pCR (n=16, 19.8%)No pCR (n=65, 80.2%) ER+/HER2-18.8%(n=3)53.9% (n=35) HER2+/ER+18.8%(n=3)13.8% (n=9) HER2+/ER-31.2% (n=5)9.2% (n=6) TNBC31.2%(n=5)23.1%(n=15)Local relapse 1 (6.2%)1(1.5%)Distant relapse (DR) 022(33.8%)*Data incomplete n=4
DR occurred in 50 pts (16%), including 13 (20.3%) HER2+ pts. Of note, 92.3% (n=12) of these were in G1. Relapse rates (RR) in TN and ER+/HER- pts were 19.6% (n=11) and 13.7% (n=26) respectively. There was a higher RR in G1 (34.8% vs 11.4%, p<0.001). Overall survival in pts with stage IV dx was 32 mos in G1 and 48 mos in G2.
Conclusion
In line with existing data, locally advanced dx is more prevalent in YWBC. MX and ALNC rates were high and most received multimodal Rx. The extent of axillary surgery declined. Pts in G2 had lower volume BC at diagnosis suggesting increasing awareness. TN and HER2+ subtypes accounted for a slightly higher proportion of BC cases. Pts with PCR had better outcomes. Only 16% relapsed with metastatic dx. The impact of HER2 Rx is highlighted by reduced RR in HER2+ G2 pts. Outcomes were unchanged in pts with ER+/HER2- and TNBC. These remain a priority for future research.
Citation Format: Greally M, Kielty J, Das G, Malouf C, O'Riordan L, Coleman N, Quinn C, McDermott E, Gullo G, Kelly C, Crown J, Prichard R, Walshe J. Retrospective cohort study of patients (pts) diagnosed with breast cancer (BC) <40 yrs: 2000 to 2015⟨. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-07-09.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Greally
- St. Vincent's University & Private Hospitals, Dublin, Ireland; Mater Misercordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J Kielty
- St. Vincent's University & Private Hospitals, Dublin, Ireland; Mater Misercordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - G Das
- St. Vincent's University & Private Hospitals, Dublin, Ireland; Mater Misercordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C Malouf
- St. Vincent's University & Private Hospitals, Dublin, Ireland; Mater Misercordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - L O'Riordan
- St. Vincent's University & Private Hospitals, Dublin, Ireland; Mater Misercordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - N Coleman
- St. Vincent's University & Private Hospitals, Dublin, Ireland; Mater Misercordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C Quinn
- St. Vincent's University & Private Hospitals, Dublin, Ireland; Mater Misercordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - E McDermott
- St. Vincent's University & Private Hospitals, Dublin, Ireland; Mater Misercordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - G Gullo
- St. Vincent's University & Private Hospitals, Dublin, Ireland; Mater Misercordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C Kelly
- St. Vincent's University & Private Hospitals, Dublin, Ireland; Mater Misercordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J Crown
- St. Vincent's University & Private Hospitals, Dublin, Ireland; Mater Misercordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R Prichard
- St. Vincent's University & Private Hospitals, Dublin, Ireland; Mater Misercordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J Walshe
- St. Vincent's University & Private Hospitals, Dublin, Ireland; Mater Misercordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Albonico M, Levecke B, LoVerde PT, Montresor A, Prichard R, Vercruysse J, Webster JP. Monitoring the efficacy of drugs for neglected tropical diseases controlled by preventive chemotherapy. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2015; 3:229-236. [PMID: 27842865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, pharmaceutical companies, governments and global health organisations under the leadership of the World Health Organization (WHO) have pledged large-scale donations of anthelmintic drugs, including ivermectin (IVM), praziquantel (PZQ), albendazole (ALB) and mebendazole (MEB). This worldwide scale-up in drug donations calls for strong monitoring systems to detect any changes in anthelmintic drug efficacy. This review reports on the outcome of the WHO Global Working Group on Monitoring of Neglected Tropical Diseases Drug Efficacy, which consists of three subgroups: (i) soil-transmitted helminthiases (ALB and MEB); (ii) onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis (IVM); and (iii) schistosomiasis (PZQ). Progress of ongoing work, challenges and research needs for each of the four main drugs used in helminthic preventive chemotherapy (PC) are reported, laying the ground for appropriate implementation of drug efficacy monitoring programmes under the co-ordination and guidelines of the WHO. Best practices for monitoring drug efficacy should be made available and capacity built as an integral part of neglected tropical disease (NTD) programme monitoring. Development of a disease-specific model to predict the impact of PC programmes, to detect outliers and to solicit responses is essential. Research studies on genetic polymorphisms in relation to low-efficacy phenotypes should be carried out to identify markers of putative resistance against all NTD drugs and ultimately to develop diagnostic assays. Development of combination and co-administration of NTD drugs as well as of new drug entities to boost the armamentarium of the few drugs available for NTD control and elimination should be pursued in parallel.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Albonico
- Fondazione Ivo de Carneri, via IV Marzo 14, 10122 Torino, Italy.
| | - B Levecke
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - P T LoVerde
- Departments of Biochemistry and Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., MS7760, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - A Montresor
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - R Prichard
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21 111 Lakeshore Road, St Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - J Vercruysse
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - J P Webster
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases (CEEED), Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Campus, North Mymms AL9 7TA, UK; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, London W2 1PG, UK
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13
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Lai J, Muthiah K, Prichard R, Walker R, Robson D, Lim C, Wang L, Macdonald P, Jansz P, Hayward C. Evaluation of Pump Speed Changes with Exercise in Patients with Continuous Flow Ventricular Assist Devices. J Heart Lung Transplant 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2014.01.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Abstract
Thyroid carcinoma is the most commonly diagnosed endocrine malignancy. Its incidence is currently rising worldwide. The discovery of genetic mutations associated with the development of thyroid cancer, such as BRAF and RET, has lead to the development of new drugs which target the pathways which they influence. Despite recent advances, the prognosis of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is still unfavourable. In this review we look at emerging novel therapies for the treatment of well-differentiated and medullary thyroid carcinoma, and advances and future directions in the management of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Walsh
- Department of Surgery, RCSI Smurfitt Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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Krecek RC, Penzhorn BL, de Waal DT, Peter RJ, Prichard R, Sumption D. Origin and history to date of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) African Foundation. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2011; 82:6-7. [PMID: 21826831 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v82i1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) African Foundation is described. The 16th WAAVP Conference held in South Africa in 1997 generated a surplus of ZAR 430 460 (US$ 70 116). This was invested and a foundation established to manage the fund with the intention of using it to the mutual advantage of the WAAVP and African veterinary parasitologists. To date, more than 110 scholarship applications have been screened, and 51 full and partial scholarships awarded to young African veterinary parasitologists to attend subsequent biennial WAAVP Conferences. This investment has grown into a very successful endowment currently valued at US$ 206 553. This article is written in response to many queries across the globe about the origin of this fund and how it has been invested, managed, sustained and utilised.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Krecek
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 334, Basseterre, St Kitts, West Indies.
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Harris J, Keogh A, Hayward C, Prichard R, Phan J. Safety of Right Heart Catheterisation in a Non-fasting, Anticoagulated Population. Heart Lung Circ 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2010.06.549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Hayward C, Salamonsen R, Keogh A, Macdonald P, Kotlyar E, Prichard R, Walker R, Woodard J, Jansz P, Spratt P. Invasive Assessment of Changes in Continuous Flow Left Ventricular Assist Device Function Due to Exercise and Increased Pump Speed. Heart Lung Circ 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2010.06.841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Hayward C, Salamonsen R, Prichard R, Walker R, Keogh A, Macdonald P, Woodard J, Kotlyar E, Jansz P, Spratt P. Impact of Left Ventricular Assist Device Pump Speed on Exercise Capacity and Cardiopulmonary Function—A Randomised Crossover Trial. Heart Lung Circ 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2010.06.836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Prichard R, Juul M, Gazibarich G, Walker R, Salamonsen R, Kotlyar E, Keogh A, Macdonald P, Hayward C, Woodard J, Ayre P. Six-Minute Walk Distance Predicts VO2max in Patients Supported with Continuous Flow Left Ventricular Assist Devices. Heart Lung Circ 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2009.05.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Hayward C, Salamonsen R, Keogh A, Woodard J, Ayre P, Prichard R, Walker R, Kotlyar E, Macdonald P, Jansz P, Spratt P. Effect of Alteration in Pump Speed on Pump Output and Left Ventricular Filling with Continuous Flow Left Ventricular Assist Device. Heart Lung Circ 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2009.05.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Ekpete O, Prichard R, Wilson I, Hurley M. The seat belt sign: a word of caution regarding seat belt usage. Ir Med J 2008; 101:85-87. [PMID: 18540548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- O Ekpete
- Department of Surgery, St. Luke's Hospital, Freshford Road, Kilkenny.
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22
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Prichard R, Butt J, Al-Sariff N, Frohlich S, Murphy S, Manning B, Ravi N, Reynolds JV. Management of spontaneous rupture of the oesophagus (Boerhaave’s syndrome): Single centre experience of 18 cases. Ir J Med Sci 2006; 175:66-70. [PMID: 17312833 DOI: 10.1007/bf03167971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spontaneous oesophageal rupture (Boerhaave's syndrome) is rare, and carries a high attendant risk of mortality. METHODS A retrospective eight-year review from a tertiary unit. RESULTS Eighteen patients were managed, with a mean age of 57 (39 - 88 years). Eight patients presented early and underwent surgery, seven with primary closure and one with exclusion and diversion. There was one death in this group. Ten patients were managed conservatively. In this group, two underwent an oesophagectomy because of failed conservative measures, and four had an endoprosthesis inserted. One patient died in this group on the first admission, but two patients with stents in situ died from massive bleeding relating to an aorto-oesophageal fistula at 39 days and 189 days respectively following presentation. CONCLUSIONS Surgical intervention remains the gold standard when the diagnosis is made early. For late diagnoses, this series suggests caution in the use of endoprostheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Prichard
- Dept of Clinical Surgery, St James's Hospital and Trinity College Dublin
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23
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Molento MB, Lifschitz A, Sallovitz J, Lanusse C, Prichard R. Influence of verapamil on the pharmacokinetics of the antiparasitic drugs ivermectin and moxidectin in sheep. Parasitol Res 2004; 92:121-7. [PMID: 14634800 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-003-1022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2003] [Accepted: 08/11/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
P-Glycoprotein (P-GP) is a transport protein that participates in the mechanism of active secretion of different molecules from the bloodstream to the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of the current work was to evaluate the effect of verapamil, a P-GP substrate, on the pharmacokinetic behaviour of the anthelmintics ivermectin and moxidectin in sheep. Thirty-two sheep were divided into four groups and treated orally with either ivermectin or moxidectin alone (200 micro g/kg) or co-administered with verapamil at 3 mg/kg (three times at 12 h intervals). Blood samples were collected over 30 days post-treatment and plasma was analysed to determine ivermectin and moxidectin concentrations by HPLC. The ivermectin peak concentration was significantly higher ( P=0.048) after ivermectin plus verapamil, compared with the ivermectin alone treatment. Ivermectin plasma availability was significantly higher following co-administration ( P=0.022). Verapamil had no effect on the kinetics of moxidectin. The significant alteration in the plasma disposition of ivermectin in sheep induced by verapamil, possibly due to interference with a P-GP-mediated elimination mechanism, may have an important impact on efficacy against resistant- or rate-limiting-parasites and on the persistency of its antiparasitic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Molento
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, 21, 111 Lakeshore Rd., H9X 3V9, Ste. Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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24
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Abstract
Genetic diversity in nematodes leads to variation in response to anthelmintics. Haemonchus contortus shows enormous genetic diversity, allowing anthelmintic resistance alleles to be rapidly selected. Anthelmintic resistance is now a widespread problem, especially in H. contortus. Here, I compare the genes involved in anthelmintic resistance in H. contortus with those that confer susceptibility or resistance on the free living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. I also discuss the latest knowledge of genes associated with resistance to benzimidazoles, levamisole and the macrocyclic lactones and the need for DNA markers for anthelmintic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Prichard
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, H9X 3V9, Montreal, Canada.
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25
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Abstract
The tools of molecular biology are increasingly relevant to veterinary parasitology. The sequencing of the complete genomes of Caenorhabditis elegans and other helminths and protozoa is allowing great advances in studying the biology, and improving diagnosis and control of parasites. Unique DNA sequences provide very high levels of specificity for the diagnosis and identification of parasite species and strains, and PCR allows extremely high levels of sensitivity. New techniques, such as the use of uniquely designed molecular beacons and DNA microarrays will eventually allow rapid screening for specific parasite genotypes and assist in diagnostic and epidemiological studies of veterinary parasites. The ability to use genome data to clone and sequence genes which when expressed will provide antigens for vaccine screening and receptors and enzymes for mechanism-based chemotherapy screening will increase our options for parasite control. In addition, DNA vaccines can have desirable characteristics, such as sustained stimulation of the host immune system compared with protein based vaccines. One of the greatest threats to parasite control has been the development of drug resistance in parasites. Our knowledge of the basis of drug resistance and our ability to monitor its development with highly sensitive and specific DNA-based assays for 'resistance'-alleles will help maintain the effectiveness of existing antiparasitic drugs and provide hope that we can maintain control of parasitic disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Prichard
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, 21, 111 Lakeshore Road, Ste Anne-de-Bellevue, Pointe-Claire, Que., H9S 5G5, Canada.
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- R Prichard
- Department of Surgery, University College Dublin, St Vincent's University Hospital, Ireland
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27
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Xu M, Molento M, Blackhall W, Ribeiro P, Beech R, Prichard R. Ivermectin resistance in nematodes may be caused by alteration of P-glycoprotein homolog. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1998; 91:327-35. [PMID: 9566525 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(97)00215-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to ivermectin and related drugs is an increasing problem for parasite control. The mechanism of ivermectin resistance in nematode parasites is currently unknown. Some P-glycoproteins and multidrug resistance proteins have been found to act as membrane transporters which pump drugs from the cell. A disruption of the mdrla gene, which encodes a P-glycoprotein in mice, results in hypersensitivity to ivermectin. Genes encoding members of the P-glycoprotein family are known to exist in nematodes but the involvement of P-glycoprotein in nematode ivermectin-resistance has not been described. Our data suggest that a P-glycoprotein may play a role in ivermectin resistance in the sheep nematode parasite Haemonchus contortus. A full length P-glycoprotein cDNA from H. contortus has been cloned and sequenced. Analysis of the sequence showed 61-65% homology to other P-glycoprotein/multidrug resistant protein sequences, such as mice, human and Caenorhabditis elegans. Expression of P-glycoprotein mRNA was higher in ivermectin-selected than unselected strains of H. contortus. An alteration in the restriction pattern was also found for the genomic locus of P-glycoprotein derived from ivermectin-selected strains of H. contortus compared with unselected strains. P-glycoprotein gene structure and/or its transcription are altered in ivermectin-selected H. contortus. The multidrug resistance reversing agent, verapamil, increased the efficacy of ivermectin and moxidectin against a moxidectin-selected strain of this nematode in jirds (Meriones unguiculatus). These data indicate that a P-glycoprotein may be involved in resistance to ivermectin and other macrocyclic lactones in H. contortus.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/chemistry
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/physiology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
- Antinematodal Agents/pharmacology
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary
- Drug Resistance, Multiple/genetics
- Female
- Genes, Helminth
- Gerbillinae
- Haemonchiasis/drug therapy
- Haemonchus/drug effects
- Haemonchus/genetics
- Haemonchus/growth & development
- Humans
- Ivermectin/pharmacology
- Macrolides
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Sequence Alignment
- Verapamil/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Xu
- Institute of Parasitology, Macdonald Campus of McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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28
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Abstract
The number of applications of molecular biology in veterinary parasitology is increasing rapidly. The techniques used with eukaryotic cells are generally applicable to the study of parasites and their hosts. The polymerase chain reaction is particularly important for identification and diagnosis of parasites, as well as for many other applications. With species and type specific probes or primers, sensitivities and specificities unheard of with conventional techniques can be achieved. The accumulation of more information on the DNA sequences of parasites will reveal many more unique sequences which can be used for identification, diagnosis, molecular epidemiology, vaccine development and for studying the evolutionary biology and the physiology of parasites and the host-parasite relationship. Similarly, the completion of genome projects on host organisms will greatly assist efforts to select for hosts that are genetically resistant to parasite infection. The study of the molecular biology of antiparasitic drug receptors, potential targets for chemotherapy, and the molecular genetics of drug resistance will allow molecular screens to be used with combinatorial chemistry in the search for new antiparasitic drugs, improvements to existing chemotherapeutic families and better diagnosis and monitoring of drug resistance. While there is a proliferation of molecular biology techniques, the availability of simple kits and of automated techniques and services for sequencing, library construction and oligonucleotide synthesis and other procedures is making it easier for non-specialists to apply many of the common techniques of molecular biology. Molecular biology and the benefits from its application are relevant for veterinary parasitologists in developing countries as well as developed countries and we should introduce aspects of molecular biology to the teaching and training of veterinary parasitologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Prichard
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Que., Canada
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29
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- R Prichard
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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31
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Prichard R. Baltimore hospital cashes in its 'Chip' for big savings. Health Facil Manage 1996; 9:21. [PMID: 10156093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Prichard
- Franklin Square Hospital Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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32
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Abstract
Anthelmintic resistance is widespread in nematode parasites of sheep, goats and horses. Resistance is also developing in nematode parasites of cattle and has been detected in pig parasites. Benzimidazole, levamisole/morantel and ivermectin resistances occur in nematodes of sheep and goats and closantel resistance has been found in Haemonchus contortus. Anthelmintic resistance is likely to develop wherever anthelmintics are frequently used and be detected if it is investigated. Worm count or egg count reduction after treatment are useful for the detection of all types of anthelmintic resistances. More economical, faster and more sensitive in vitro assays for the detection of anthelmintic resistance have been developed. Some, such as the egg hatch assay are specific for a particular class of anthelmintic, whilst others such as larval development assays can be used with most anthelmintics. Improvements in our understanding of the biochemistry and molecular genetics of anthelmintic actions should lead to the development of more sensitive assays for the detection of anthelmintic resistance in individual nematodes. Levamisole/morantel resistance appears to be associated with alterations in cholinergic receptors in resistant nematodes. Ivermectin appears to act by binding to a glutamate receptor of a membrane chloride channel. This receptor has been expressed in vitro so that further studies of the interaction of ivermectin with this receptor and its possible alteration in ivermectin resistance will be feasible. Benzimidazole resistance in nematodes and fungi appears to be associated with an alteration in beta-tubulin genes which reduces or abolishes the high affinity binding of benzimidazoles for tubulin in these organisms. This knowledge can be exploited for DNA probes for benzimidazole resistance/susceptibility in individual organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Prichard
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Que., Canada
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Abstract
Three monoclonal antibodies (mAb) specific to beta-tubulin were used to investigate the heterogeneity of tubulins from nematodes and mammals. Western blot analysis of one-dimensional SDS-PAGE showed that anti-Brugia pahangi tubulin mAb 1B6 and P3D react with epitope(s) specific to nematode beta-tubulin and recognize tubulin from adults and microfilariae of B. pahangi, adult B. malayi and Dirofilaria immitis, eggs of Haemonchus contortus and adult Ascaris suum. However, the same mAb did not recognize tubulin from trophozoites of Giardia lamblia, pig brain or 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells. In two-dimensional SDS-PAGE, mAb 1B6 recognized one isoform of beta-tubulin and mAb P3D recognized two beta-tubulin isoforms. Limited proteolysis showed that mAb 1B6 reacted with the amino-terminal fragments of beta-tubulin. In contrast, mAb P3D recognized the carboxy-terminal fragments of beta-tubulin. In ELISA, mAb P3D reacted with an 18 amino acid peptide corresponding to residues 430-448 of B. pahangi beta-tubulin. These observations confirm that the epitope of mAb P3D is located on the extreme carboxy-terminal region. Immunogold labelling of adult B. pahangi sections with mAb P3D revealed the presence of beta-tubulin isoforms in the cuticle, hypodermal layer and somatic muscle blocks of B. pahangi. Under in vitro conditions, mAb P3D caused 80% reduction in worm viability, during exposure over 48 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- N I Bughio
- Institute of Parasitology of McGill University, Ste-Anne de Bellevue, Québec, Canada
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Gyorkos T, Meerovitch E, Prichard R. Estimates of intestinal parasite prevalence in 1984: report of a 5-year follow-up survey of provincial laboratories. Can J Public Health 1987; 78:185-7. [PMID: 3607697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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35
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Prichard R. Selected items from the history of pathology. Intestinal cancer. Am J Pathol 1979; 97:548. [PMID: 228558 PMCID: PMC2042413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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36
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Prichard R. Selected items from the history of pathology. Gastric leiomyoma. Am J Pathol 1979; 97:504. [PMID: 389064 PMCID: PMC2042425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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37
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Prichard R. Selected items from the history of pathology. Angina pectoris. Am J Pathol 1979; 97:530. [PMID: 389065 PMCID: PMC2042409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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38
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Prichard R. Selected items from the history of pathology. Transposition of the great vessels. Am J Pathol 1979; 97:562. [PMID: 389066 PMCID: PMC2042426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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39
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Prichard R. Selected items from the history of pathology: julius cohnheim (1839-1884). Am J Pathol 1979; 97:314. [PMID: 19971088 PMCID: PMC2042458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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40
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Prichard R. Selected items from the history of pathology: Rudolf L. K. Virchow (1821-1902). Am J Pathol 1979; 97:234. [PMID: 19971085 PMCID: PMC2042460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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41
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Prichard R. Selected items from the history of pathology: richard bright (1789-1858). Am J Pathol 1979; 97:222. [PMID: 19971084 PMCID: PMC2042462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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42
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Prichard R. Selected items from the history of pathology: Rudolf virchow (1821-1902). Am J Pathol 1979; 97:260. [PMID: 19971086 PMCID: PMC2042461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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43
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Prichard R. Selected items from the history of pathology: karl von rokitansky (1804-1878). Am J Pathol 1979; 97:276. [PMID: 19971087 PMCID: PMC2042475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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44
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Prichard R. Selected items from the history of pathology: giovanni battista morgagni (1682-1771). Am J Pathol 1979; 97:358. [PMID: 19971089 PMCID: PMC2042463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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45
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Prichard R. Selected items from the history of pathology: george h. Whipple (1878-1976). Am J Pathol 1979; 96:120. [PMID: 19971080 PMCID: PMC2042370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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46
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Prichard R. Selected items from the history of pathology: frederik rusysch (1638-1731). Am J Pathol 1979; 96:184. [PMID: 19971081 PMCID: PMC2042362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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47
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Prichard R. Selected items from the history of pathology: ludwig aschoff (1866-1942). Am J Pathol 1979; 96:84. [PMID: 19971083 PMCID: PMC2042359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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48
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Prichard R. Selected items from the history of pathology: Matthew Baillie (1761-1823). Am J Pathol 1979; 96:278. [PMID: 380356 PMCID: PMC2042357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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49
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Prichard R. Selected items from the history of pathology: marie-françois-xavier bichat (1771-1802). Am J Pathol 1979; 96:256. [PMID: 19971082 PMCID: PMC2042346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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50
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Prichard R. Selected items from the history of pathology: etienne-louis arthur fallot (1850-1911). Am J Pathol 1979; 95:596. [PMID: 19971077 PMCID: PMC2042319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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