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Chen Z, Vorobyeva E, Mitchell S, Fako E, López N, Collins SM, Leary RK, Midgley PA, Hauert R, Pérez-Ramírez J. Single-atom heterogeneous catalysts based on distinct carbon nitride scaffolds. Natl Sci Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwy048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Carbon nitrides integrating macroheterocycles offer unique potential as hosts for stabilizing metal atoms due to their rich electronic structure. To date, only graphitic heptazine-based polymers have been studied. Here, we demonstrate that palladium atoms can be effectively isolated on other carbon nitride scaffolds including linear melem oligomers and poly(triazine/heptazine imides). Increased metal uptake was linked to the larger cavity size and the presence of chloride ions in the polyimide structures. Changing the host structure leads to significant variation in the average oxidation state of the metal, which can be tuned by exchange of the ionic species as evidenced by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and supported by density functional theory. Evaluation in the semi-hydrogenation of 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol reveals an inverse correlation between the activity and the degree of oxidation of palladium, with oligomers exhibiting the highest activity. These findings provide new mechanistic insights into the influence of the carbon nitride structure on metal stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zupeng Chen
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Evgeniya Vorobyeva
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sharon Mitchell
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edvin Fako
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Núria López
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Sean M Collins
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Rowan K Leary
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Paul A Midgley
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Roland Hauert
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Javier Pérez-Ramírez
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Swearer DF, Leary RK, Newell R, Yazdi S, Robatjazi H, Zhang Y, Renard D, Nordlander P, Midgley PA, Halas NJ, Ringe E. Transition-Metal Decorated Aluminum Nanocrystals. ACS Nano 2017; 11:10281-10288. [PMID: 28945360 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recently, aluminum has been established as an earth-abundant alternative to gold and silver for plasmonic applications. Particularly, aluminum nanocrystals have shown to be promising plasmonic photocatalysts, especially when coupled with catalytic metals or oxides into "antenna-reactor" heterostructures. Here, a simple polyol synthesis is presented as a flexible route to produce aluminum nanocrystals decorated with eight varieties of size-tunable transition-metal nanoparticle islands, many of which have precedence as heterogeneous catalysts. High-resolution and three-dimensional structural analysis using scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron tomography shows that abundant nanoparticle island decoration in the catalytically relevant few-nanometer size range can be achieved, with many islands spaced closely to their neighbors. When coupled with the Al nanocrystal plasmonic antenna, these small decorating islands will experience increased light absorption and strong hot-spot generation. This combination makes transition-metal decorated aluminum nanocrystals a promising material platform to develop plasmonic photocatalysis, surface-enhanced spectroscopies, and quantum plasmonics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rowan K Leary
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge , 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul A Midgley
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge , 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | | | - Emilie Ringe
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge , 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
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3
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Collins SM, Leary RK, Midgley PA, Tovey R, Benning M, Schönlieb CB, Rez P, Treacy MMJ. Entropic Comparison of Atomic-Resolution Electron Tomography of Crystals and Amorphous Materials. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 119:166101. [PMID: 29099194 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.166101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Electron tomography bears promise for widespread determination of the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in solids. However, it remains unclear whether methods successful for crystals are optimal for amorphous solids. Here, we explore the relative difficulty encountered in atomic-resolution tomography of crystalline and amorphous nanoparticles. We define an informational entropy to reveal the inherent importance of low-entropy zone-axis projections in the reconstruction of crystals. In turn, we propose considerations for optimal sampling for tomography of ordered and disordered materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Collins
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - R K Leary
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - P A Midgley
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - R Tovey
- DAMTP, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom
| | - M Benning
- DAMTP, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom
| | - C-B Schönlieb
- DAMTP, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom
| | - P Rez
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - M M J Treacy
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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4
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Furnival T, Leary RK, Tyo EC, Vajda S, Ramasse QM, Thomas JM, Bristowe PD, Midgley PA. Anomalous diffusion of single metal atoms on a graphene oxide support. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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5
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Karagiannidis P, Hodge SA, Lombardi L, Tomarchio F, Decorde N, Milana S, Goykhman I, Su Y, Mesite SV, Johnstone DN, Leary RK, Midgley PA, Pugno NM, Torrisi F, Ferrari AC. Microfluidization of Graphite and Formulation of Graphene-Based Conductive Inks. ACS Nano 2017; 11:2742-2755. [PMID: 28102670 PMCID: PMC5371927 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b07735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We report the exfoliation of graphite in aqueous solutions under high shear rate [∼ 108 s-1] turbulent flow conditions, with a 100% exfoliation yield. The material is stabilized without centrifugation at concentrations up to 100 g/L using carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt to formulate conductive printable inks. The sheet resistance of blade coated films is below ∼2Ω/□. This is a simple and scalable production route for conductive inks for large-area printing in flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen A. Hodge
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia Lombardi
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Flavia Tomarchio
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Decorde
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Milana
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Ilya Goykhman
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Yang Su
- Microfluidics
International Corporation, Westwood, Massachusetts 02090, United States
| | - Steven V. Mesite
- Microfluidics
International Corporation, Westwood, Massachusetts 02090, United States
| | - Duncan N. Johnstone
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Rowan K. Leary
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A. Midgley
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola M. Pugno
- Department
of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Trento 38123, Italy
- Fondazione
Bruno Kessler, Center for Materials and
Microsystems, Povo, Trento 38123, Italy
- School
of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen
Mary University, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Felice Torrisi
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea C. Ferrari
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
- E-mail:
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6
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Leary RK, Kumar A, Straney P, Collins SM, Yazdi S, Dunin-Borkowski RE, Midgley PA, Millstone JE, Ringe E. Structural and Optical Properties of Discrete Dendritic Pt Nanoparticles on Colloidal Au Nanoprisms. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2016; 120:20843-20851. [PMID: 27688821 PMCID: PMC5036133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b02103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic and optical properties can be coupled by combining different metals into nanoscale architectures in which both the shape and the composition provide fine-tuning of functionality. Here, discrete, small Pt nanoparticles (diameter = 3-6 nm) were grown in linear arrays on Au nanoprisms, and the resulting structures are shown to retain strong localized surface plasmon resonances. Multidimensional electron microscopy and spectroscopy techniques (energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, electron tomography, and electron energy-loss spectroscopy) were used to unravel their local composition, three-dimensional morphology, growth patterns, and optical properties. The composition and tomographic analyses disclose otherwise ambiguous details of the Pt-decorated Au nanoprisms, revealing that both pseudospherical protrusions and dendritic Pt nanoparticles grow on all faces of the nanoprisms (the faceted or occasionally twisted morphologies of which are also revealed), and shed light on the alignment of the Pt nanoparticles. The electron energy-loss spectroscopy investigations show that the Au nanoprisms support multiple localized surface plasmon resonances despite the presence of pendant Pt nanoparticles. The plasmonic fields at the surface of the nanoprisms indeed extend into the Pt nanoparticles, opening possibilities for combined optical and catalytic applications. These insights pave the way toward comprehensive nanoengineering of multifunctional bimetallic nanostructures, with potential applications in plasmon-enhanced catalysis and in situ monitoring of chemical processes via surface-enhanced spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan K. Leary
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, 27 Charles
Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K.
- R.K.L.: e-mail, ; phone, +44-1223-34597
| | - Anjli Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Patrick
J. Straney
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Sean M. Collins
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, 27 Charles
Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K.
| | - Sadegh Yazdi
- Department
of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, 6100
Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski
- Ernst Ruska-Centre
for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons (ER-C) and Peter Grünberg
Institute (PGI-5), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Paul A. Midgley
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, 27 Charles
Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K.
| | - Jill E. Millstone
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
- J.E.M.: e-mail, ; phone, +1-412-648-4153
| | - Emilie Ringe
- Department
of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, 6100
Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- E.R.: e-mail, ; phone, +1-713-348-2582
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7
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Thomas SJM, Leary RK. On choosing the most appropriate catalysts for the conversion of carbon dioxide to fuels and other commodities, and on the environmentally benign processing of renewable and nonrenewable feedstocks. Appl Petrochem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13203-016-0167-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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8
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Furnival T, Leary RK, Midgley PA. Denoising time-resolved microscopy image sequences with singular value thresholding. Ultramicroscopy 2016; 178:112-124. [PMID: 27262768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Time-resolved imaging in microscopy is important for the direct observation of a range of dynamic processes in both the physical and life sciences. However, the image sequences are often corrupted by noise, either as a result of high frame rates or a need to limit the radiation dose received by the sample. Here we exploit both spatial and temporal correlations using low-rank matrix recovery methods to denoise microscopy image sequences. We also make use of an unbiased risk estimator to address the issue of how much thresholding to apply in a robust and automated manner. The performance of the technique is demonstrated using simulated image sequences, as well as experimental scanning transmission electron microscopy data, where surface adatom motion and nanoparticle structural dynamics are recovered at rates of up to 32 frames per second.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Furnival
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom.
| | - Rowan K Leary
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom.
| | - Paul A Midgley
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom.
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Gill AM, Hinde CS, Leary RK, Potter ME, Jouve A, Wells PP, Midgley PA, Thomas JM, Raja R. Design of Highly Selective Platinum Nanoparticle Catalysts for the Aerobic Oxidation of KA-Oil using Continuous-Flow Chemistry. ChemSusChem 2016; 9:423-427. [PMID: 26833972 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201501264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Highly active and selective aerobic oxidation of KA-oil to cyclohexanone (precursor for adipic acid and ɛ-caprolactam) has been achieved in high yields using continuous-flow chemistry by utilizing uncapped noble-metal (Au, Pt & Pd) nanoparticle catalysts. These are prepared using a one-step in situ methodology, within three-dimensional porous molecular architectures, to afford robust heterogeneous catalysts. Detailed spectroscopic characterization of the nature of the active sites at the molecular level, coupled with aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, reveals that the synthetic methodology and associated activation procedures play a vital role in regulating the morphology, shape and size of the metal nanoparticles. These active centers have a profound influence on the activation of molecular oxygen for selective catalytic oxidations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arran M Gill
- University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | | | | | - Matthew E Potter
- University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332-0100, USA
| | - Andrea Jouve
- University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Peter P Wells
- UK Catalysis Hub, Oxford, OX11 0FA, UK
- University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | | | | | - Robert Raja
- University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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11
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Yeoh CSM, Rossouw D, Saghi Z, Burdet P, Leary RK, Midgley PA. The Dark Side of EDX Tomography: Modeling Detector Shadowing to Aid 3D Elemental Signal Analysis. Microsc Microanal 2015; 21:759-764. [PMID: 25790959 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927615000227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A simple model is proposed to account for the loss of collected X-ray signal by the shadowing of X-ray detectors in the scanning transmission electron microscope. The model is intended to aid the analysis of three-dimensional elemental data sets acquired using energy-dispersive X-ray tomography methods where shadow-free specimen holders are unsuitable or unavailable. The model also provides a useful measure of the detection system geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona S M Yeoh
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy,University of Cambridge,27 Charles Babbage Road,Cambridge,CB3 0FS,UK
| | - David Rossouw
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy,University of Cambridge,27 Charles Babbage Road,Cambridge,CB3 0FS,UK
| | - Zineb Saghi
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy,University of Cambridge,27 Charles Babbage Road,Cambridge,CB3 0FS,UK
| | - Pierre Burdet
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy,University of Cambridge,27 Charles Babbage Road,Cambridge,CB3 0FS,UK
| | - Rowan K Leary
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy,University of Cambridge,27 Charles Babbage Road,Cambridge,CB3 0FS,UK
| | - Paul A Midgley
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy,University of Cambridge,27 Charles Babbage Road,Cambridge,CB3 0FS,UK
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Thomas JM, Leary RK. A Major Advance in Characterizing Nanoporous Solids Using a Complementary Triad of Existing Techniques. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:12020-1. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201407857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Earl JS, Leary RK, Muller KH, Langford RM, Greenspan DC. Physical and chemical characterization of dentin surface following treatment with NovaMin technology. J Clin Dent 2011; 22:62-67. [PMID: 21905399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to characterize, in vitro, the mode of action of calcium sodium phosphosilicate (NovaMin) in occluding dentin tubules for the purpose of treating dentin hypersensitivity. METHODS Calcium sodium phosphosilicate (CSPS) was combined with artificial saliva on surfaces of prepared dentin discs. The layer formed was initially examined by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Focused ion beam (FIB) milling was used to make bulk cross-sections and thin film lamellae. Low kV scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and selected area electron diffraction were then used to characterize, chemically and structurally, the layer formed and the material occluding the tubules. Experiments were also performed to assess the suitability of using an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) in wet mode to follow the transition from CSPS to hydroxyapatite. RESULTS SEM imaging showed that a layer was formed on the treated dentin samples, and that this layer occluded tubules. Chemical and structural analysis of this material showed that it was hydroxyapatite-like. The wet mode ESEM experiments demonstrated that this technique has the potential to follow the transition from CSPS to the crystalline hydroxyapatite material. CONCLUSION The use of modern imaging and analysis techniques has demonstrated, in vitro, the reaction of CSPS from an amorphous material to a crystalline hydroxyapatite-like material. These experiments confirmed an occlusion mode of action for CSPS for the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Earl
- GlaxoSmithKline, Consumer Healthcare Weybridge, Surrey, UK.
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