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Page AE, Ringen EJ, Koster J, Borgerhoff Mulder M, Kramer K, Shenk MK, Stieglitz J, Starkweather K, Ziker JP, Boyette AH, Colleran H, Moya C, Du J, Mattison SM, Greaves R, Sum CY, Liu R, Lew-Levy S, Kiabiya Ntamboudila F, Prall S, Towner MC, Blumenfield T, Migliano AB, Major-Smith D, Dyble M, Salali GD, Chaudhary N, Derkx IE, Ross CT, Scelza BA, Gurven MD, Winterhalder BP, Cortez C, Pacheco-Cobos L, Schacht R, Macfarlan SJ, Leonetti D, French JC, Alam N, Zohora FT, Kaplan HS, Hooper PL, Sear R. Women's subsistence strategies predict fertility across cultures, but context matters. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2318181121. [PMID: 38346210 PMCID: PMC10907265 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318181121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
While it is commonly assumed that farmers have higher, and foragers lower, fertility compared to populations practicing other forms of subsistence, robust supportive evidence is lacking. We tested whether subsistence activities-incorporating market integration-are associated with fertility in 10,250 women from 27 small-scale societies and found considerable variation in fertility. This variation did not align with group-level subsistence typologies. Societies labeled as "farmers" did not have higher fertility than others, while "foragers" did not have lower fertility. However, at the individual level, we found strong evidence that fertility was positively associated with farming and moderate evidence of a negative relationship between foraging and fertility. Markers of market integration were strongly negatively correlated with fertility. Despite strong cross-cultural evidence, these relationships were not consistent in all populations, highlighting the importance of the socioecological context, which likely influences the diverse mechanisms driving the relationship between fertility and subsistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail E. Page
- Division of Psychology, Brunel University of London, LondonUB8 3PN, United Kingdom
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, LondonWC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Erik J. Ringen
- University of Zürich, Zürich8050, Switzerland
- Department of Comparative Language Science, University of Zürich, Zürich8050, Switzerland
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Language Evolution, University of Zürich, Zürich8050, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy Koster
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig04103, Germany
| | - Monique Borgerhoff Mulder
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig04103, Germany
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, CA95616
| | - Karen Kramer
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - Mary K. Shenk
- Department of Anthropology, Penn State College of the Liberal Arts, State College, PA16801
| | - Jonathan Stieglitz
- Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Universite Toulouse 1 Capitole, Toulouse31080, France
| | | | - John P. Ziker
- Department of Anthropology, Boise State University, Boise, ID83725
| | - Adam H. Boyette
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig04103, Germany
| | - Heidi Colleran
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig04103, Germany
| | - Cristina Moya
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, CA95616
| | - Juan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, China
| | - Siobhán M. Mattison
- Department of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM87106
| | - Russell Greaves
- Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM87106
| | - Chun-Yi Sum
- Anthropology Department, Boston University, Boston, MA02215
| | - Ruizhe Liu
- Department of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM87106
| | - Sheina Lew-Levy
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, DurhamDH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Francy Kiabiya Ntamboudila
- Faculté des Lettres, Arts, et Sciences Humaines, Département d’anthropologie, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Sean Prall
- Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65201
| | - Mary C. Towner
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK74078
| | - Tami Blumenfield
- Department of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM87106
| | | | - Daniel Major-Smith
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, BristolBS8 2PS, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Dyble
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 3DZ, United Kingdom
| | - Gul Deniz Salali
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, LondonWC1H 0BW, United Kingdom
| | - Nikhil Chaudhary
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 3DZ, United Kingdom
| | - Inez E. Derkx
- Department of Anthropology, Universität Zürich, Zürich8050, Switzerland
| | - Cody T. Ross
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig04103, Germany
| | - Brooke A. Scelza
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Michael D. Gurven
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA93106
| | | | | | - Luis Pacheco-Cobos
- Facultad de Biología–Xalapa, Universidad Veracruzana, Zalapa-Enriquez91090, México
| | - Ryan Schacht
- Department of Anthropology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC27858
| | | | - Donna Leonetti
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Settle, WA98105
| | - Jennifer C. French
- Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, LiverpoolL69 7WZ, United Kingdom
| | - Nurul Alam
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka1213, Bangladesh
| | - Fatema tuz Zohora
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka1213, Bangladesh
| | - Hillard S. Kaplan
- Department of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM87106
| | - Paul L. Hooper
- Department of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM87106
| | - Rebecca Sear
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, LondonWC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
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2
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Ross CT, Hooper PL, Smith JE, Jaeggi AV, Smith EA, Gavrilets S, Zohora FT, Ziker J, Xygalatas D, Wroblewski EE, Wood B, Winterhalder B, Willführ KP, Willard AK, Walker K, von Rueden C, Voland E, Valeggia C, Vaitla B, Urlacher S, Towner M, Sum CY, Sugiyama LS, Strier KB, Starkweather K, Major-Smith D, Shenk M, Sear R, Seabright E, Schacht R, Scelza B, Scaggs S, Salerno J, Revilla-Minaya C, Redhead D, Pusey A, Purzycki BG, Power EA, Pisor A, Pettay J, Perry S, Page AE, Pacheco-Cobos L, Oths K, Oh SY, Nolin D, Nettle D, Moya C, Migliano AB, Mertens KJ, McNamara RA, McElreath R, Mattison S, Massengill E, Marlowe F, Madimenos F, Macfarlan S, Lummaa V, Lizarralde R, Liu R, Liebert MA, Lew-Levy S, Leslie P, Lanning J, Kramer K, Koster J, Kaplan HS, Jamsranjav B, Hurtado AM, Hill K, Hewlett B, Helle S, Headland T, Headland J, Gurven M, Grimalda G, Greaves R, Golden CD, Godoy I, Gibson M, Mouden CE, Dyble M, Draper P, Downey S, DeMarco AL, Davis HE, Crabtree S, Cortez C, Colleran H, Cohen E, Clark G, Clark J, Caudell MA, Carminito CE, Bunce J, Boyette A, Bowles S, Blumenfield T, Beheim B, Beckerman S, Atkinson Q, Apicella C, Alam N, Mulder MB. Reproductive inequality in humans and other mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220124120. [PMID: 37216525 PMCID: PMC10235947 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220124120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
To address claims of human exceptionalism, we determine where humans fit within the greater mammalian distribution of reproductive inequality. We show that humans exhibit lower reproductive skew (i.e., inequality in the number of surviving offspring) among males and smaller sex differences in reproductive skew than most other mammals, while nevertheless falling within the mammalian range. Additionally, female reproductive skew is higher in polygynous human populations than in polygynous nonhumans mammals on average. This patterning of skew can be attributed in part to the prevalence of monogamy in humans compared to the predominance of polygyny in nonhuman mammals, to the limited degree of polygyny in the human societies that practice it, and to the importance of unequally held rival resources to women's fitness. The muted reproductive inequality observed in humans appears to be linked to several unusual characteristics of our species-including high levels of cooperation among males, high dependence on unequally held rival resources, complementarities between maternal and paternal investment, as well as social and legal institutions that enforce monogamous norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody T. Ross
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM87501
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig04103, Germany
| | - Paul L. Hooper
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM87501
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM87131
| | | | - Adrian V. Jaeggi
- Institut für Anthropologie und Anthropologisches Museum, University of Zürich, Zürich8006, Switzerland
| | - Eric Alden Smith
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Sergey Gavrilets
- Departments of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Mathematics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN37996
| | - Fatema tuz Zohora
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka1000, Bangladesh
| | - John Ziker
- Department of Anthropology, Boise State University, Boise, ID83725
| | | | | | - Brian Wood
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig04103, Germany
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | | | - Kai P. Willführ
- Institute for Social Science, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg26129, Germany
| | - Aiyana K. Willard
- Centre for Culture and Evolution, Brunel University, LondonUB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Kara Walker
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC27695
| | | | - Eckart Voland
- Institute for Philosophy, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen35390, Germany
| | | | - Bapu Vaitla
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA02115
| | - Samuel Urlacher
- Department of Anthropology, Baylor University, Waco, TX76706
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, CAM5G 1M1
| | - Mary Towner
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK74078
| | - Chun-Yi Sum
- College of General Studies, Boston University, Boston, MA02215
| | | | - Karen B. Strier
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI53706
| | | | - Daniel Major-Smith
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Bristol, BristolBS8 1QU, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Shenk
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
| | - Rebecca Sear
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, LondonWC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Edmond Seabright
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM87131
| | - Ryan Schacht
- Department of Anthropology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC27858
| | - Brooke Scelza
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Shane Scaggs
- Department of Anthropology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH43210
| | - Jonathan Salerno
- Department of Human Dimensions of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
| | - Caissa Revilla-Minaya
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig04103, Germany
| | - Daniel Redhead
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig04103, Germany
| | - Anne Pusey
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC27708
| | - Benjamin Grant Purzycki
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig04103, Germany
- Department of the Study of Religion, Aarhus University, Aarhus8000, Denmark
| | - Eleanor A. Power
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM87501
- Department of Methodology, London School of Economics and Political Science, LondonWC2A 2AE, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Pisor
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig04103, Germany
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA99164
| | - Jenni Pettay
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku20014, Finland
| | - Susan Perry
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Abigail E. Page
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, LondonWC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Luis Pacheco-Cobos
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz94294, Mexico
| | - Kathryn Oths
- Department of Anthropology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL35487
| | - Seung-Yun Oh
- Korea Insurance Research Institute, Seoul150-606, Korea
| | - David Nolin
- Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA01003
| | - Daniel Nettle
- Département d’Etudes Cognitives, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, Paris75230, France
| | - Cristina Moya
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, CA95616
| | - Andrea Bamberg Migliano
- Institut für Anthropologie und Anthropologisches Museum, University of Zürich, Zürich8006, Switzerland
| | - Karl J. Mertens
- Department of Anthropology, Boise State University, Boise, ID83725
| | - Rita A. McNamara
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington6012, New Zealand
| | - Richard McElreath
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig04103, Germany
| | - Siobhan Mattison
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM87131
| | - Eric Massengill
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM87131
| | - Frank Marlowe
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 1TN, United Kingdom
| | - Felicia Madimenos
- Department of Anthropology, Queens College (CUNY), New York, NY11367
| | - Shane Macfarlan
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - Virpi Lummaa
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku20014, Finland
| | - Roberto Lizarralde
- Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas1010A, Venezuela
| | - Ruizhe Liu
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM87131
| | - Melissa A. Liebert
- Department of Anthropology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ86011
| | - Sheina Lew-Levy
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig04103, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, DurhamDH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Leslie
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC27599
| | | | - Karen Kramer
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - Jeremy Koster
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig04103, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH45221
| | | | | | - A. Magdalena Hurtado
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ85287
| | - Kim Hill
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ85287
| | - Barry Hewlett
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA99164
| | - Samuli Helle
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku20014, Finland
| | | | | | - Michael Gurven
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA93106
| | | | - Russell Greaves
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - Christopher D. Golden
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA02115
| | - Irene Godoy
- Department of Animal Behaviour, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld33615, Germany
| | - Mhairi Gibson
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Bristol, BristolBS8 1QU, United Kingdom
| | - Claire El Mouden
- School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 2JD, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Dyble
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, LondonWC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Draper
- School of Global Integrative Studies, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE68588
| | - Sean Downey
- Department of Anthropology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH43210
| | | | | | - Stefani Crabtree
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM87501
- Department of Environment and Society, Utah State University, Logan, UT84322
| | - Carmen Cortez
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, CA95616
| | - Heidi Colleran
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig04103, Germany
| | - Emma Cohen
- School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 2JD, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory Clark
- Department of Economics, University of California, Davis, CA95616
| | | | - Mark A. Caudell
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA99164
| | - Chelsea E. Carminito
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH45221
| | - John Bunce
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig04103, Germany
| | - Adam Boyette
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig04103, Germany
| | | | - Tami Blumenfield
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM87131
- School of Ethnology and Sociology, Yunnan University, Yunnan650106, China
| | - Bret Beheim
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig04103, Germany
| | - Stephen Beckerman
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
| | - Quentin Atkinson
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland1010, New Zealand
| | - Coren Apicella
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Nurul Alam
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka1000, Bangladesh
| | - Monique Borgerhoff Mulder
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM87501
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig04103, Germany
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, CA95616
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Koster J, McElreath R, Hill K, Yu D, Shepard G, van Vliet N, Gurven M, Trumble B, Bird RB, Bird D, Codding B, Coad L, Pacheco-Cobos L, Winterhalder B, Lupo K, Schmitt D, Sillitoe P, Franzen M, Alvard M, Venkataraman V, Kraft T, Endicott K, Beckerman S, Marks SA, Headland T, Pangau-Adam M, Siren A, Kramer K, Greaves R, Reyes-García V, Guèze M, Duda R, Fernández-Llamazares Á, Gallois S, Napitupulu L, Ellen R, Ziker J, Nielsen MR, Ready E, Healey C, Ross C. The life history of human foraging: Cross-cultural and individual variation. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaax9070. [PMID: 32637588 PMCID: PMC7314517 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax9070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Human adaptation depends on the integration of slow life history, complex production skills, and extensive sociality. Refining and testing models of the evolution of human life history and cultural learning benefit from increasingly accurate measurement of knowledge, skills, and rates of production with age. We pursue this goal by inferring hunters' increases and declines of skill from approximately 23,000 hunting records generated by more than 1800 individuals at 40 locations. The data reveal an average age of peak productivity between 30 and 35 years of age, although high skill is maintained throughout much of adulthood. In addition, there is substantial variation both among individuals and sites. Within study sites, variation among individuals depends more on heterogeneity in rates of decline than in rates of increase. This analysis sharpens questions about the coevolution of human life history and cultural adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Koster
- Department of Anthropology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Human Behavior, Evolution, and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Richard McElreath
- Department of Human Behavior, Evolution, and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Anthropology and Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kim Hill
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Douglas Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Glenn Shepard
- Division of Human Sciences, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Michael Gurven
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Trumble
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Rebecca Bliege Bird
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Douglas Bird
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Brian Codding
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lauren Coad
- Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Bruce Winterhalder
- Department of Anthropology and Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Karen Lupo
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Dave Schmitt
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Paul Sillitoe
- Anthropology Department, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | | | - Michael Alvard
- Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Thomas Kraft
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Kirk Endicott
- Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Stephen Beckerman
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Stuart A. Marks
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of the Free State, 205 Nelson Mandela Drive, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Thomas Headland
- Department of Anthropology, SIL International, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Margaretha Pangau-Adam
- Department of Conservation Biology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Biology Department–FMIPA, Cenderawasih University, Papua, Indonesia
| | - Anders Siren
- Department of Geography and Geology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Karen Kramer
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Russell Greaves
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Victoria Reyes-García
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maximilien Guèze
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Romain Duda
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Unit Medical Anthropology and Ecology of Disease Emergence, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Álvaro Fernández-Llamazares
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Lucentezza Napitupulu
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roy Ellen
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - John Ziker
- Department of Anthropology, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Martin R. Nielsen
- Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Elspeth Ready
- Department of Human Behavior, Evolution, and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christopher Healey
- School of Culture, History and Language, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Cody Ross
- Department of Human Behavior, Evolution, and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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4
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Koster J, Lukas D, Nolin D, Power E, Alvergne A, Mace R, Ross CT, Kramer K, Greaves R, Caudell M, MacFarlan S, Schniter E, Quinlan R, Mattison S, Reynolds A, Yi-Sum C, Massengill E. Kinship ties across the lifespan in human communities. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180069. [PMID: 31303163 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A hypothesis for the evolution of long post-reproductive lifespans in the human lineage involves asymmetries in relatedness between young immigrant females and the older females in their new groups. In these circumstances, inter-generational reproductive conflicts between younger and older females are predicted to resolve in favour of the younger females, who realize fewer inclusive fitness benefits from ceding reproduction to others. This conceptual model anticipates that immigrants to a community initially have few kin ties to others in the group, gradually showing greater relatedness to group members as they have descendants who remain with them in the group. We examine this prediction in a cross-cultural sample of communities, which vary in their sex-biased dispersal patterns and other aspects of social organization. Drawing on genealogical and demographic data, the analysis provides general but not comprehensive support for the prediction that average relatedness of immigrants to other group members increases as they age. In rare cases, natal members of the community also exhibit age-related increases in relatedness. We also find large variation in the proportion of female group members who are immigrants, beyond simple traditional considerations of patrilocality or matrilocality, which raises questions about the circumstances under which this hypothesis of female competition are met. We consider possible explanations for these heterogenous results, and we address methodological considerations that merit increased attention for research on kinship and reproductive conflict in human societies. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolution of female-biased kinship in humans and other mammals'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Koster
- 1 Department of Anthropology, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, OH 45221-0380 , USA.,2 Department of Human Behavior, Ecology, and Culture, Max Planck Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology , Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Dieter Lukas
- 2 Department of Human Behavior, Ecology, and Culture, Max Planck Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology , Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig , Germany
| | - David Nolin
- 3 Department of Anthropology and Population Research Institute, Penn State University , University Park, PA 16802 , USA
| | - Eleanor Power
- 4 Department of Methodology, The London School of Economics and Political Science , Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE , UK
| | - Alexandra Alvergne
- 5 School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford , 51 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 6PE , UK
| | - Ruth Mace
- 6 Department of Anthropology, University College London , 14 Taviton St, London WC1H 0BW , UK.,7 School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University , 222 Tianshui NanLu, Lanzhou, Gansu 73000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Cody T Ross
- 2 Department of Human Behavior, Ecology, and Culture, Max Planck Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology , Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Karen Kramer
- 8 Department of Anthropology, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT 84112 , USA
| | - Russell Greaves
- 8 Department of Anthropology, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT 84112 , USA
| | - Mark Caudell
- 9 Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University , Pullman, WA 99164 , USA
| | - Shane MacFarlan
- 8 Department of Anthropology, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT 84112 , USA
| | - Eric Schniter
- 10 Economic Sciences Institute, Chapman University , Orange, CA 92866 , USA
| | - Robert Quinlan
- 11 Department of Anthropology, Washington State University , Pullman, WA 99164 , USA
| | - Siobhan Mattison
- 12 Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, NM 87131 , USA
| | - Adam Reynolds
- 12 Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, NM 87131 , USA
| | - Chun Yi-Sum
- 12 Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, NM 87131 , USA.,13 Harvard-Yenching Institute , Vanserg Hall, Suite 20, 25 Francis Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138 , USA
| | - Eric Massengill
- 12 Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, NM 87131 , USA
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5
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Collie J, Greaves R, Zakaria R, Deane A, Bellomo R. Do we need to stabilise plasma vitamin C samples? Clin Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.03.1332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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6
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Collie J, Jones O, Massie J, Greaves R. A candidate reference method for sweat chloride measurement by ICP-MS to aid in the investigation of cystic fibrosis. Clin Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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7
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Kanumakala S, Greaves R, Pedreira CC, Donath S, Warne GL, Zacharin MR, Harris M. Fasting ghrelin levels are not elevated in children with hypothalamic obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:2691-5. [PMID: 15769982 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2004-2175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Morbid obesity is a common problem after damage to the hypothalamus. Hypothalamic dysfunction is also thought to underlie the obesity that is typical of Prader-Willi syndrome. Elevated fasting levels of the appetite-stimulating hormone ghrelin have been reported in Prader-Willi syndrome. The aim of this study was to determine whether fasting ghrelin levels are increased in children with hypothalamic obesity. Fasting total ghrelin levels were compared in three groups: normal-weight controls (n = 16), obese controls (n = 16), and patients with hypothalamic obesity (n = 16). Obese children had lower fasting total ghrelin levels than normal controls, but there was no difference between the fasting total ghrelin level in obese controls and children with hypothalamic obesity (P = 0.88). These data suggest that it is unlikely that an elevation in fasting total ghrelin is responsible for the obesity that occurs after hypothalamic damage. Therapeutic interventions aimed at reducing fasting total ghrelin may prove ineffective in controlling weight gain in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kanumakala
- Department of Paediatrics, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Brighton, United Kingdom
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8
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Abstract
Unusual genital appearances in premature infants can be easily mistaken for true ambiguous genitalia, with alarming consequences. The results of blood and urine tests carried out for premature infants can be misleading due to persistence of the foetal zone of the adrenal cortex. More importantly, misdiagnosis is devastating for the parents and adds significantly to their distress. Here, we describe two patients with transient genital abnormalities and abnormal biochemical tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Greaves
- Division of Laboratory Services (Complex Biochemistry), Women's and Children's Health, Melbourne, Australia
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9
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10
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Horne RSC, Ferens D, Watts AM, Vitkovic J, Lacey B, Andrew S, Cranage SM, Chau B, Greaves R, Adamson TM. Effects of maternal tobacco smoking, sleeping position, and sleep state on arousal in healthy term infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2002; 87:F100-5. [PMID: 12193515 PMCID: PMC1721454 DOI: 10.1136/fn.87.2.f100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether a history of maternal tobacco smoking affected the maturation of arousal responses and whether sleeping position and infant age alters these relations. DESIGN Healthy term infants (13 born to mothers who did not smoke and 11 to mothers who smoked during pregnancy) were studied using daytime polysomnography on three occasions: (a) two to three weeks after birth, (b) two to three months after birth, and (c) five to six months after birth. Multiple measurements of arousal threshold in response to air jet stimulation were made in both active sleep (AS) and quiet sleep (QS) when infants slept both prone and supine. RESULTS Maternal smoking significantly elevated arousal threshold in QS when infants slept supine at 2-3 months of age (p<0.05). Infants of smoking mothers also had fewer spontaneous arousals from QS at 2-3 months in both prone (p<0.05) and supine (p<0.001) sleeping positions. In infants of non-smoking mothers, arousal thresholds were elevated in the prone position in AS at 2-3 months (p<0.01) and QS at 2-3 weeks (p<0.05) and 2-3 months (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Maternal tobacco smoking significantly impairs both stimulus induced and spontaneous arousal from QS when infants sleep in the supine position, at the age when the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome is highest.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S C Horne
- Department of Paediatrics, Ritchie Centre for Baby Health Research, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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11
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Greaves R, Trotter L, Brennecke S, Janus E. A simple high-pressure liquid chromatography cotinine assay: validation of smoking status in pregnant women. Ann Clin Biochem 2001; 38:333-8. [PMID: 11471874 DOI: 10.1258/0004563011900849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Smoking during pregnancy is a significant public health issue, and studies of the effectiveness of interventions to reduce maternal smoking require accurate measurement of smoking status. This study addresses some key issues in improvement of the effectiveness and efficiency of chemical validation of smoking status using a simplified high-pressure liquid chromatography urine cotinine method. Urine samples were collected from pregnant women enrolled in a smoking cessation trial and from non-pregnant volunteers exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Analysis of ETS samples produced a maximum cotinine of 28 microg/mmol creatinine, which was established as the cut-off point for this method. This method is a relatively fast and inexpensive technique with which to analyse large batches of cotinine samples and can reliably measure smoking status.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Greaves
- Department of Complex Biochemistry, Women's and Children's Health, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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12
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Quaglia AF, Del Vecchio Blanco G, Greaves R, Burroughs AK, Dhillon AP. Development of ductopaenic liver allograft rejection includes a "hepatitic" phase prior to duct loss. J Hepatol 2000; 33:773-80. [PMID: 11097486 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(00)80309-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Recent reports suggest the possible role of a parenchymal inflammatory reaction in the developing phase of chronic rejection. The aim of this study was to identify both clinical and histological abnormalities related to the development of chronic rejection, especially the topography of the inflammatory reaction occurring in the post-transplant period. METHODS We studied retrospectively, 103 liver allograft biopsies from 10 patients. These 10 patients represented all the patients who developed chronic rejection (confirmed by duct loss and foamy arteriopathy in these grafts removed at retransplantation) and who had non-viral-related disease originally; in the study period 1990-1998 at the Royal Free Hospital (during which 451 liver transplants were performed). As a control population, we reviewed 28 patients who had been transplanted for non-viral end-stage liver disease at our institution in the same study period and who were retransplanted for complications other than chronic rejection. RESULTS In nine patients documented histologically lobular hepatitis preceded chronic rejection. In one patient, although non-specific lobular changes were present in the early post-transplant period, lobular hepatitis was identified repeatedly after chronic rejection had been diagnosed. Cytomegalovirus was identified immunohistochemically in one patient. In the remaining nine patients extensive clinical and histological investigations failed to demonstrate the presence of any known viral agent. Features of hepatitis were found in only 3 of the 28 patients of the control group. CONCLUSIONS A "hepatitic" phase anticipates chronic ductopaenic rejection. Further studies are necessary in order to clarify the pathogenesis of this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Quaglia
- University Department of Histopathology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK
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13
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide is a major neurotransmitter in non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) pathways. NANC inhibitory innervation has been shown in human gall bladder muscle in vitro; the role of nitric oxide in human gall bladder emptying however is undefined. AIMS To study the effect of glyceryl trinitrate, a nitric oxide donor, on gall bladder emptying in healthy subjects using a randomised, double blind, cross-over, placebo controlled design. METHODS Ultrasonographic gall bladder volume was measured in the fasting state in eight healthy volunteers after randomised administration of either glyceryl trinitrate 1200 micrograms buccal spray or placebo spray. On two further occasions, after randomised administration of either glyceryl trinitrate 1200 micrograms buccal spray or placebo spray, gall bladder volumes were also measured after a liquid test meal. RESULTS Glyceryl trinitrate significantly increased fasting gall bladder volume to a mean of 114% (SEM 5%) of pretreatment volume (p = 0.039). Glyceryl trinitrate also significantly impaired gall bladder emptying between five and 40 minutes postprandially. Gall bladder ejection fraction was also reduced after glyceryl trinitrate compared with placebo (43 (6.9)% versus 68.4 (6.5)%, p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that glyceryl trinitrate produces gall bladder dilatation in the fasting state and reduces postprandial gall bladder emptying, suggesting that nitric oxide mechanisms may be operative in the human gall bladder in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Greaves
- Digestive Diseases Research Centre, St Bartholomew's, London, UK
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Lane DP, Stephen CW, Midgley CA, Sparks A, Hupp TR, Daniels DA, Greaves R, Reid A, Vojtesek B, Picksley SM. Epitope analysis of the murine p53 tumour suppressor protein. Oncogene 1996; 12:2461-6. [PMID: 8649788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The identification and characterisation of the p53 tumour suppressor has relied extensively on the use of immunological reagents. To facilitate further characterisation of the murine p53 protein (Mp53), and its interaction with other proteins, we have characterised the antigenic sites of Mp53 in fine detail. Using an overlapping Mp53 peptide library we report the identification by Pepscan ELISA of the epitopes of nine antibodies. We have also used this technique to determine whether corresponding epitopes were present in a human p53 (Hp53) peptide library. This comparison was extended to include polyclonal sera of mice immunized with either Mp53 or Hp53, to compare the overall range of antigenic sites. The range of antigenic sites identified by polyclonal sera is very similar, although the N-terminus of Mp53 is clearly not an immunodominant region, in contrast to the N-terminus of Hp53. However, the N-terminus of Mp53 is immunogenic in rabbits as demonstrated by the Pepscan ELISA of CM5 serum (a rabbit anti-Mp53 serum used in analysing p53 expression in mice). Since, very few new antigenic sites were identified in either Mp53 or Hp53, new approaches will have to be employed to identify novel immunological reagents against human and murine p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Lane
- CRC Cell Transformation Research Group, Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Dundee, UK
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15
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Greaves R. A conversation with Roger Greaves. Med Interface 1994; 7:71. [PMID: 10135322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Walker S, Greaves R, O'Hare P. Transcriptional activation by the acidic domain of Vmw65 requires the integrity of the domain and involves additional determinants distinct from those necessary for TFIIB binding. Mol Cell Biol 1993; 13:5233-44. [PMID: 8395001 PMCID: PMC360212 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.13.9.5233-5244.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work we have examined the requirements for activity of the acidic domain of Vmw65 (VP16) by deletion and site-directed mutagenesis of the region in the context of GAL4 fusion proteins. The results indicate that the present interpretation of what actually constitutes the activation domain is not correct. We demonstrate, using a promoter with one target site which is efficiently activated by the wild-type (wt) fusion protein, that amino acids distal to residue 453 are critical for activity. Truncation of the domain or substitution of residues in the distal region almost completely abrogate activity. However, inactivating mutations within the distal region are complemented by using a promoter containing multiple target sites. Moreover, duplication of the proximal region, but not the distal region, restores the ability to activate a promoter with a single target site. These results indicate some distinct qualitative difference between the proximal and distal regions. We have also examined the binding of nuclear proteins to the wt domain and to a variant with the distal region inactivated by mutation. The lack of activity of this variant is not explained by a lack of binding of TFIIB, a protein previously reported to be the likely target of the acidic domain. Therefore some additional function is involved in transcriptional activation by the acid domain, and determinants distinct from those involved in TFIIB binding are required for this function. Analysis of the total protein profiles binding to the wt and mutant domains has demonstrated the selective binding to the wt domain of a 135-kDa polypeptide, which is therefore a candidate component involved in this additional function. This is the first report to provide evidence for the proposal of a multiplicity of interactions within the acidic domain, by uncoupling requirements for one function from those for another.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Walker
- Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, Surrey, United Kingdom
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17
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Abstract
Point mutations in the p53 gene are the most frequently identified genetic change in human cancer. They convert murine p53 from a tumour suppressor gene into a dominant transforming oncogene able to immortalize primary cells and bring about full transformation in combination with an activated ras gene. In both the human and murine systems the mutations lie in regions of p53 conserved from man to Xenopus. We have developed a monoclonal antibody to p53 designated PAb240 which does not immunoprecipitate wild type p53. A series of different p53 mutants all react more strongly with PAb240 than with PAb246. The PAb240 reactive form of p53 cannot bind to SV40 large T antigen but does bind to HSP70. In contrast, the PAb246 form binds to T antigen but not to HSP70. PAb240 recognizes all forms of p53 when they are denatured. It reacts with all mammalian p53 and chicken p53 in immunoblots. We propose that immunoprecipitation of p53 by PAb240 is diagnostic of mutation in both murine and human systems and suggest that the different point mutations which convert p53 from a recessive to a dominant oncogene exert a common conformational effect on the protein. This conformational change abolishes T antigen binding and promotes self-oligomerization. These results are consistent with a dominant negative model where mutant p53 protein binds to and neutralizes the activity of p53 in the wild type conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Gannon
- Molecular Immunochemistry Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Potters Bar, Herts, UK
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18
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Abstract
Induction of transcription of the immediate-early (IE) genes of herpes simplex virus (HSV) involves the assembly of a DNA-binding complex containing the cellular transcription factor Oct-1 and the virus regulatory protein Vmw65 (VP16). Complex assembly can be observed using deletion variants of Vmw65 which lack the acidic C-terminal activation domain and are therefore defective for IE transactivation. Similar variants of Vmw65 interfere with IE activation by the normal protein, and with HSV replication. It has therefore been suggested that dominant interfering products of viruses such as HSV and HIV could be used in a form of intracellular immunization against virus infection. Here we report that a small peptide overlapping a region of Vmw65 which is critical for complex assembly specifically inhibits assembly of the complex but has no observed effect on the DNA-binding activity of the cellular factor alone. Selective interference with the assembly of transcription complexes by short peptides corresponding to functionally critical regions of virus regulatory proteins may be more feasible than the use of defective polypeptides as an antiviral strategy based on competitive interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Haigh
- Marie Curie Research Institute, Oxted, Surrey, UK
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19
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Cousens DJ, Greaves R, Goding CR, O'Hare P. The C-terminal 79 amino acids of the herpes simplex virus regulatory protein, Vmw65, efficiently activate transcription in yeast and mammalian cells in chimeric DNA-binding proteins. EMBO J 1989; 8:2337-42. [PMID: 2676518 PMCID: PMC401167 DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb08361.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of herpes simplex virus immediate early gene expression normally requires the formation of a ternary complex between a virus trans-activator, Vmw65, a cellular octamer-binding protein, TRF and the cis-acting target sequence, the TAATGARAT motif. We report that the C-terminal 79 amino acids of Vmw65, which contain a potential acidic amphipathic helix, can activate transcription in both yeast and mammalian cells in the absence of TRF interaction when fused to the DNA-binding domain of the yeast transcription factor, GAL4. Together with our previous report which showed that the recruitment of TRF to the DNA by Vmw65 is insufficient for transcription activation, these results indicate that the octamer binding protein may not be directly involved in transcriptional induction mediated by Vmw65. The TRF-Vmw65 complex may therefore represent a novel class of transcription activator in which the protein domain responsible for sequence-specific DNA binding, present in TRF, and that necessary for induction of transcription, within Vmw65, are located on separate proteins. These results are discussed with reference to combinatorial transcriptional control and the role of octamer-binding proteins in other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Cousens
- Marie Curie Research Institute, Oxted, Surrey, UK
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Greaves R, O'Hare P. Separation of requirements for protein-DNA complex assembly from those for functional activity in the herpes simplex virus regulatory protein Vmw65. J Virol 1989; 63:1641-50. [PMID: 2538647 PMCID: PMC248411 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.63.4.1641-1650.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A transient expression system was developed which results in efficient synthesis of the regulatory protein Vmw65 of herpes simplex virus type 1 in eucaryotic cells. The gene for Vmw65 was linked to the cytomegalovirus immediate-early (IE) promoter-enhancer region in a plasmid containing the simian virus 40 origin of replication. When transfected into COS cells, Vmw65 was expressed from this vector in 25 to 50% of the cells, with total levels of the protein approaching 20% of those observed in infected cells. Vmw65 expressed in this system is functional for specific DNA-binding complex formation with the host cell octamer-binding protein TRF and for transactivation of IE gene expression. We therefore produced a series of carboxy-terminal truncated forms of Vmw65 to examine the structural requirements of the protein for these activities. Deletion of the acidic carboxy-terminal 56 amino acids had no effect on DNA-binding complex formation but completely abolished the ability to transactivate. Amino acids between residues 434 and 453, a region which exhibits a high negative charge, were critical for IE transactivation. In contrast, the requirements for complex formation are located entirely within the N-terminal 403 amino acids, and our results indicate a requirement for this activity for residues between 316 and 403. Together with our previous work, the results presented here indicate that recruitment of TRF into a specific DNA-binding complex on IE consensus signals is required but not sufficient for functional IE transactivation by Vmw65.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Greaves
- Marie Curie Research Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
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21
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Greaves R. Must improve conditions of service for practical work teachers. Something has to be done. Nurs Stand (1984) 1984:3. [PMID: 6563423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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