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Lalbiaktluangi C, Yadav MK, Singh PK, Singh A, Iyer M, Vellingiri B, Zomuansangi R, Zothanpuia, Ram H. A cooperativity between virus and bacteria during respiratory infections. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1279159. [PMID: 38098657 PMCID: PMC10720647 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1279159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The burden is further increased by polymicrobial infection or viral and bacterial co-infection, often exacerbating the existing condition. Way back in 1918, high morbidity due to secondary pneumonia caused by bacterial infection was known, and a similar phenomenon was observed during the recent COVID-19 pandemic in which secondary bacterial infection worsens the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) condition. It has been observed that viruses paved the way for subsequent bacterial infection; similarly, bacteria have also been found to aid in viral infection. Viruses elevate bacterial infection by impairing the host's immune response, disrupting epithelial barrier integrity, expression of surface receptors and adhesion proteins, direct binding of virus to bacteria, altering nutritional immunity, and effecting the bacterial biofilm. Similarly, the bacteria enhance viral infection by altering the host's immune response, up-regulation of adhesion proteins, and activation of viral proteins. During co-infection, respiratory bacterial and viral pathogens were found to adapt and co-exist in the airways of their survival and to benefit from each other, i.e., there is a cooperative existence between the two. This review comprehensively reviews the mechanisms involved in the synergistic/cooperativity relationship between viruses and bacteria and their interaction in clinically relevant respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Lalbiaktluangi
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Prashant Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University (A Central University), Pachhunga University College, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Iyer
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | | | - Ruth Zomuansangi
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Zothanpuia
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University (A Central University), Pachhunga University College, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - Heera Ram
- Department of Zoology, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur, India
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Kar J, Ramrao DP, Zomuansangi R, Lalbiaktluangi C, Singh SM, Joshi NC, Kumar A, Kaushalendra, Mehta S, Yadav MK, Singh PK. Revisiting the role of cyanobacteria-derived metabolites as antimicrobial agent: A 21st century perspective. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1034471. [PMID: 36466636 PMCID: PMC9717611 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1034471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial species are ancient photodiazotrophs prevalent in freshwater bodies and a natural reservoir of many metabolites (low to high molecular weight) such as non-ribosomal peptides, polyketides, ribosomal peptides, alkaloids, cyanotoxins, and isoprenoids with a well-established bioactivity potential. These metabolites enable cyanobacterial survival in extreme environments such as high salinity, heavy metals, cold, UV-B, etc. Recently, these metabolites are gaining the attention of researchers across the globe because of their tremendous applications as antimicrobial agents. Many reports claim the antimicrobial nature of these metabolites; unfortunately, the mode of action of such metabolites is not well understood and/or known limited. Henceforth, this review focuses on the properties and potential application, also critically highlighting the possible mechanism of action of these metabolites to offer further translational research. The review also aims to provide a comprehensive insight into current gaps in research on cyanobacterial biology as antimicrobials and hopes to shed light on the importance of continuing research on cyanobacteria metabolites in the search for novel antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyeeta Kar
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University (A Central University), Pachhunga University College Campus, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - Devde Pandurang Ramrao
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University (A Central University), Pachhunga University College Campus, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - Ruth Zomuansangi
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University (A Central University), Pachhunga University College Campus, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - C. Lalbiaktluangi
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University (A Central University), Pachhunga University College Campus, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - Shiv Mohan Singh
- Centre of Advanced Studies in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Naveen Chandra Joshi
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology (AIMT), Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Agriculture Research Organization (ARO) - The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Kaushalendra
- Department of Zoology, Mizoram University (A Central University), Pachhunga University College Campus, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | | | - Mukesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University (A Central University), Pachhunga University College Campus, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - Prashant Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University (A Central University), Pachhunga University College Campus, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
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