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Bitar R, Kaur M, Crandall I, McNamara R, Revzin MV. Ultrasound evaluation of portal venous gas and its mimics. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2024:10.1007/s00261-024-04328-2. [PMID: 38735019 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-024-04328-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Portal venous gas on abdominal ultrasound classically represents an indirect indicator of bowel ischemia, a critical condition which poses a high patient mortality and therefore warrants emergent corrective action. While the classic appearance of portal venous gas on ultrasound is well-described in the literature, the characteristic descriptors are nonspecific and may actually represent other less emergent mimics. Therefore, while radiologists should remain vigilant for the detection of findings corresponding to portal venous gas, they should also be aware of similar-appearing entities in order to provide the most accurate diagnosis. This pictorial essay will open with imaging examples of true portal venous gas attributable to bowel ischemia and describe the classic features which should alert radiologists to this specific diagnosis. Subsequently, this pictorial essay will provide imaging examples of other various other clinical entities which on ultrasound may share similar imaging characteristics. An important objective of this pictorial essay is to highlight distinguishing imaging features along with specific clinical circumstances for each pathological entity which can direct radiologists into identifying the correct diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Bitar
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Manroop Kaur
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ian Crandall
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Robert McNamara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Margarita V Revzin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Bitar R, Ayoade O, Yekula A, Reddy V, Pantel H, Nassiri N. Direct stick embolization of a rectal venous malformation via transanal minimally invasive surgery. J Vasc Surg Cases Innov Tech 2023; 9:101124. [PMID: 37427040 PMCID: PMC10323409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvscit.2023.101124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Rectal venous malformations (VMs) are rare clinical entities with variable patterns of presentation. Treatment requires unique, targeted strategies based on the symptoms, associated complications, and location, depth, and extent of the lesion. We present a rare case of a large, isolated rectal VM treated by direct stick embolization (DSE) using transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS). A 49-year-old man had presented with a rectal mass incidentally detected on computed tomography urography. Magnetic resonance imaging and endoscopy revealed an isolated rectal VM. Elevated D-dimer levels concerning for localized intravascular coagulopathy warranted the use of prophylactic rivaroxaban. To avoid invasive surgery, DSE using TAMIS was performed successfully without complications. His postoperative recovery was uneventful, aside from a self-limiting and expected course of postembolization syndrome. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of TAMIS-assisted DSE of a colorectal VM. TAMIS shows promise for more widespread use in the minimally invasive, interventional management of colorectal vascular anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Bitar
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Oluwaseun Ayoade
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Anudeep Yekula
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Vikram Reddy
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Haddon Pantel
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Naiem Nassiri
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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Ortiz CB, Dang A, Derrick K, O'Donnell B, Bitar R, Parker M, Veraza R, Bunegin L, Borrego M, Yamaguchi S, Walker JA, Lopera J. Creation of an Ex Vivo Renal Perfusion Model to Investigate Microwave Ablation. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2023; 34:40-45.e2. [PMID: 36244634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2022.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study hypothesized that an ex vivo renal perfusion model can create smaller microwave ablation (MWA) measurements during perfused states compared with nonperfused states across multiple device settings. Nine bovine kidneys, a fluoroscopic compatible perfusion model, and a commercially-available clinical MWA system were used to perform 72 ablations (36 perfused and 36 nonperfused) at 9 different device settings. Comparing perfused and nonperfused ablations at each device setting, significant differences in volume existed for 6 of 9 settings (P < .05). Collapsed across time settings, the ablation volumes by power were the following (perfused and nonperfused, P value): 60 W, 2.3 cm3 ± 1.0 and 7.2 cm3 ± 2.7, P < .001; 100 W, 5.4 cm3 ± 2.1 and 11.5 cm3 ± 5.6, P < .01; and 140 W, 11.2 cm3 ± 3.7 and 18.7 cm3 ± 6.3, P < .01. Applied power correlated with ablation volume: perfused, 0.021 cm3/W and R = 0.462, P = .004, and nonperfused, 0.029 cm3/W and R = 0.565, P < .001. These results support that an ex vivo perfused organ system can evaluate MWA systems and demonstrate heat sink perfusion effects of decreased ablation size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos B Ortiz
- Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.
| | - Annie Dang
- Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Kade Derrick
- Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Barrett O'Donnell
- Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Ryan Bitar
- Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Matthew Parker
- Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - Leonid Bunegin
- Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; Vascular Perfusion Solutions, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Marina Borrego
- Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Seiji Yamaguchi
- Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - John A Walker
- Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Jorge Lopera
- Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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Ortiz C, Bitar R, Garza L, Parker M, Hyman C, Suri R, Song H, Walker J, Lopera J. Abstract No. 171 Validating an ex-vivo bovine kidney pulsatile perfusion model with micro-CT evaluation of distal angioembolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2021.03.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Bitar R, Ortiz C, Garza L, Parker M, Lopera J, Walker J, Phillips W. Abstract No. 36 A novel method for loading Tc-99m and R-186 into alginate microspheres for radioembolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2021.03.452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Bitar R, Garza L, Parker M, Ortiz C, Suri R, Lopera J, Song H, Walker J. Abstract No. 130 Evaluation of an experimental radiopaque microsphere in an ex vivo perfusion model. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2021.03.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Bitar R, Haseman O, Madden R, Seiber J, Czar Taon M, Lopera J. Abstract No. 146 A retrospective study on clinical outcomes of diagnostic angiograms executed via 3Fr inner dilator access. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2021.03.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Garza L, Bitar R, O'Donnell B, Parker M, Ortiz C, Hyman C, Walker J, Song HY, Lopera J. Creation of an ex-vivo bovine kidney flow model for testing embolic agents: work in progress. CVIR Endovasc 2021; 4:20. [PMID: 33534088 PMCID: PMC7859154 DOI: 10.1186/s42155-021-00210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To develop an ex- vivo perfusion flow model using a bovine kidney for future testing of embolic agents in an inexpensive and easy way. Methods Six bovine adult kidneys were used for this study. Kidneys were cannulated and perfused via a roller pump. Three embolic agents, coils, Gelfoam, and a glue mixture of Histoacryl + Lipiodol, were deployed by targeting three secondary segmental arteries per kidney via a 5Fr catheter under fluoroscopic guidance. Cannulation time, success rate of segmental artery selection and embolic agent deployment, total operational time, and fluoroscopy dose were recorded. Results Average kidney weight was 0.752 +/− 0.094 kg. All six bovine kidneys were successfully cannulated in 21.6 min +/− 3.0 min. Deployment of coils and glue was achieved in every case (12/12); however, Gelfoam injection was not successful in one instance (5/6, 83%). Coil deployment demonstrated no embolic effect while Gelfoam and glue injections demonstrated decreased distal contrast filling post-embolization. Mean dose area product was 12.9 ± 1.8 Gy·cm2, fluoroscopy time was 10 ± 4 min and operational time was 27 ± 8 min. Conclusions We describe the creation of an ex vivo bovine kidney flow model for the preclinical evaluation of different embolic materials. The flow model can be modified to provide extensive bench testing and it is a promising tool for hands -on training in basic and advanced embolization techniques .
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Garza
- Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Ryan Bitar
- Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Barrett O'Donnell
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Matthew Parker
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Carlos Ortiz
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Charles Hyman
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - John Walker
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ho-Young Song
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jorge Lopera
- Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA. .,Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Abstract
A 60-year-old man with prostate adenocarcinoma status post radical prostatectomy and bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection referred for restaging F-fluciclovine PET/CT due to rising serum prostate-specific antigen levels (1.1 ng/mL at that time of imaging). PET/CT images were obtained from the proximal thighs to the vertex of the skull approximately 3 to 5 minutes after the IV administration of 347.8 MBq (9.4 mCi) of F-fluciclovine. PET/CT imaging demonstrated a focus of abnormally increased F-fluciclovine uptake at the right ureterovesical junction. Subsequent MRI of the pelvis revealed that this focus corresponded to a benign ureterocele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Bitar
- From the The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio
| | - Janio Szklaruk
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Lucia Martiniova
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Amado J Zurita
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Lisly J Chery
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Gregory Ravizzini
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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McGarey PO, Bitar R, Hughes CK, Hodson N, Harris EA, Dominguez LM, Dion GR, Simpson CB. Correlation of Glottic Gap and Voice Impairment in Presbyphonia. Laryngoscope 2020; 131:1594-1598. [PMID: 32902880 DOI: 10.1002/lary.29068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS The objective of this study was to investigate the glottic gap area as a significant marker for the severity of presbyphonia as it relates to patient-reported outcome measures (Voice Handicap Index-10 [VHI-10]) and stroboscopic findings. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case-control study conducted in an academic tertiary voice center. METHODS Patients seen at a tertiary voice clinic who were diagnosed with presbyphonia without other organic laryngeal pathology from January 2014 to December 2017 were included. Clinical data and laryngeal videostroboscopy videos were collected. Still images at the point of vocal process approximation during adduction were captured, and the glottic gap area was measured using ImageJ. These were compared to a control cohort. Correlations were made using Wilcoxon rank sum test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Pearson correlation coefficients. RESULTS Thirty-three patients were included. Inter-rater reliability of glottic area measurement was strong (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.73, P < .001). Compared to controls, presbyphonia patients had a larger glottic gap area (P < .001) and greater open-phase quotient on laryngeal videostroboscopy (P < .001). Larger glottic gap area did not correlate with patient-reported vocal function as measured by VHI-10 (P = .79) and did not correlate with presence of secondary muscle tension dysphonia (P = .99). In the presbyphonia cohort, the glottic gap area did not correlate with age (P = .29). CONCLUSIONS Glottic gap area at the point of vocal process approximation during phonation can be reliably measured. Patients with presbyphonia have a larger glottic gap area and greater open-phase quotient on stroboscopy, but these do not correlate with patient-reported voice impairment or the presence of secondary muscle tension dysphonia (MTD). These data suggest that dysphonia severity in presbyphonia is not fully explained by a glottic gap or secondary MTD alone. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 131:1594-1598, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick O McGarey
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, U.S.A
| | - Ryan Bitar
- Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Charlotte K Hughes
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Noah Hodson
- Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Edward A Harris
- Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Laura M Dominguez
- Department of Otolaryngology, UT Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Gregory R Dion
- Dental and Craniofacial Trauma Research Department, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A
| | - C Blake Simpson
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.A
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Sleiman Z, Zreik T, Bitar R, Sheaib R, Al Bederi A, Tanos V. Uncommon presentations of an uncommon entity: OHVIRA syndrome with hematosalpinx and pyocolpos. Facts Views Vis Obgyn 2017; 9:167-170. [PMID: 29479403 PMCID: PMC5819326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Müllerian malformations result from defective fusion of the Müllerian ducts during development of the female reproductive system. The least common form of these malformations is Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome characterized by obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal anomaly (OHVIRA). The most common presentation of this syndrome is a mass secondary to hematocolpos, pain, and dysmenorrhea. Clinical diagnosis is very challenging and requires imaging studies in which ultrasound and MRI play an essential role in the diagnosis, classification and treatment plan. We report two cases of this syndrome, featuring two very rare clinical presentations: hematosalpinx and pyocolpos. The clinical course of the pathology is not standard and each patient is treated accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Sleiman
- Lebanese American University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - T Zreik
- Lebanese American University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - R Bitar
- Lebanese American University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - R Sheaib
- Lebanese American University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - V Tanos
- St. George’s Medical School, Nicosia University, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Salem Wehbe G, Bitar R, Zreik T, Samaha M, Walter C, Sleiman Z. Intra-peritoneal leiomyoma of the round ligament in a patient with Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome. Facts Views Vis Obgyn 2016; 8:233-235. [PMID: 28210483 PMCID: PMC5303701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The occurrence of an extra-uterine leiomyoma, arising from the intra-peritoneal portion of the round ligament in a lady with Müllerian agenesis diagnosed at the age of forty is extremely rare. We report a case of this rare combination in a Middle Eastern woman. CASE A 40 years old lady, primarily amenorrheic, presented to our clinic for an infertility consultation. The work- up showed features suggestive of Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome with a leiomyoma arising from the intra-peritoneal part of the round ligament.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R Bitar
- Lebanese American university school of medicine
| | - T Zreik
- Lebanese American university school of medicine
| | - M Samaha
- Lebanese American university school of medicine
| | | | - Z Sleiman
- Lebanese American university school of medicine, the European Academy for Gynecological Surgery
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Bitar R, Moody AR, Symons S, Leung G, Crisp S, Kiss A, Nelson A, Maggisano R. Carotid atherosclerotic calcification does not result in high signal intensity in MR imaging of intraplaque hemorrhage. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2010; 31:1403-7. [PMID: 20466799 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a2126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Calcium can potentially shorten T1, generating high signal intensity in GREs. Because IPH appears as high signal intensity in MRIPH and the surface effects of calcium can potentially shorten T1 of surrounding water protons, the purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the high signal intensity seen on MRIPH could be attributed solely to IPH and not calcification. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eleven patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy were imaged by using MRIPH. Calcification was assessed by scanning respective endarterectomy specimens with a tabletop MicroCT. MRIPH/MicroCT correlation used an 8-segment template. Two readers evaluated images from both modalities. Agreement between MRIPH/MicroCT was measured by calculating Cohen κ. RESULTS High signal intensity was seen in 58.8% and 68.9% (readers 1 and 2, respectively) of MRIPH segments, whereas calcification was seen in 44.7% and 32.1% (readers 1 and 2, respectively) of MicroCT segments. High signal intensity seen by MRIPH showed very good but inverse agreement to calcification (κ = -0.90; P < .0001, 95% CI, -0.93 to -0.86, reader 1; and κ = -0.74; P < .0001; 95% CI, -0.81 to -0.69, reader 2). Most interesting, high signal intensity demonstrated excellent agreement with lack of calcification on MicroCT (κ = 0.92; P < .0001; 95% CI, 0.89-0.94, reader 1; and κ = 0.97; P < .0001; 95% CI, 0.96-0.99, reader 2). In a very small number of segments, high signal intensity was seen in MRIPH, and calcification was seen on MicroCT; however, these represented a very small proportion of segments with high signal intensity (5.9% and 1.6%, readers 1 and 2, respectively). CONCLUSIONS High signal intensity, therefore, reliably identified IPH, known to describe complicated plaque, rather than calcification, which is increasingly recognized as identifying more stable vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bitar
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Nathens AB, Bitar R, Marshall JC, Watson RW, Dackiw AP, Fan J, Hiscott J, Rotstein OD. Antioxidants increase lipopolysaccharide-stimulated TNF alpha release in murine macrophages: role for altered TNF alpha mRNA stability. Shock 2001; 16:361-7. [PMID: 11699074 DOI: 10.1097/00024382-200116050-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Through their effects on gene activation, antioxidants have been reported to modulate cellular expression of several proinflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules, an effect mediated by preventing translocation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) into the nucleus. In addition, modulation of the intracellular redox state may have profound effects on cell activation and subsequent gene expression distinct from effects on NF-kappa B; these effects may account for the divergent effects of antioxidants on cytokine gene expression in various reports. In the present studies, we evaluated the effect of the antioxidant, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), on murine and human myeloid cell tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) gene and protein expression. PDTC-enhanced LPS-induced TNF alpha secretion in cells derived from a murine macrophage cell line (J774.1), as well as in primary murine peritoneal macrophages by 4-fold. The effect was both stimulus and species dependent, as TNF alpha secretion was attenuated by PDTC in human THP-1 cells and in murine cells stimulated with zymosan. Northern analysis demonstrated that these effects were evident at the level of mRNA expression. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays confirmed the down-regulatory effect of PDTC on human myeloid NF-kappa B activation, whereas in murine cells no such inhibitory effect was evident. Evaluation of TNF alpha mRNA stability in murine cells demonstrated that the potentiating effect of PDTC on TNF alpha mRNA expression was due to an increase in mRNA half-life from 37 to 93 min. Together, these data suggest that the effect of antioxidants on gene expression are both stimulus and species dependent and illustrate a novel mechanism whereby redox manipulation might modulate TNF alpha expression in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Nathens
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Bitar R, Flores O, Reverte M, López-Novoa JM, Macías JF. Beneficial effect of verapamil added to chronic ACE inhibitor treatment on renal function in hypertensive elderly patients. Int Urol Nephrol 2001; 32:165-9. [PMID: 11229627 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007123725297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This study analysed the effect of low doses of verapamil added to chronic treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors on blood pressure and serum creatinine levels in eight elderly hypertensive patients who had a steady increase of serum creatinine while on ACE inhibitors. The study was performed in eight elderly hypertensive subjects, five men and three women (mean age 70+/-2 years; systolic blood pressure 173+/-4 mm Hg; diastolic blood pressure 99+/-1 mm Hg) and serum creatinine of 1.60+/-0.27 mg/dl before treatment. During an average of 25 weeks, ACE inhibitors significantly reduced both systolic and diastolic blood pressures, but serum creatinine levels were increased over basal levels (0,68+/-0,20 mg/dl, p < 0.05). During an average of 10 weeks, the addition of verapamil did not decrease blood pressure further, but serum creatinine levels were reduced to baseline. Our study suggests that the addition of verapamil to ACE inhibitors can reverse ACE-induced increase in creatinine levels in elderly hypertensive patients in whom this side effect is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bitar
- Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica and Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain
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Watson RW, Rotstein OD, Parodo J, Bitar R, Marshall JC, William R, Watson G. The IL-1 beta-converting enzyme (caspase-1) inhibits apoptosis of inflammatory neutrophils through activation of IL-1 beta. J Immunol 1998; 161:957-62. [PMID: 9670975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
IL-1 beta-converting enzyme (ICE), also known as caspase-1, subserves two dichotomous biologic roles. It processes newly synthesized pro-IL-1 beta to yield the active cytokine and, as the human homologue of the Caenorhabditis elegans gene product, ced-3, it also induces cellular apoptosis through the cleavage of key intracellular structural and regulatory proteins and through the catalytic activation of other caspase family members. We show here that two different proinflammatory stimuli, LPS and granulocyte-macrophage-CSF, up-regulate the expression of both ICE and IL-1 beta in human polymorphonuclear neutrophils, and that the ICE-dependent cleavage of pro-IL-1 beta results in delayed expression of the constitutive cell death program. The apoptotic delay can be blocked by inhibiting tyrosine kinases or NF-kappa B activation and by inhibiting protein synthesis. Since an antisense oligonucleotide for IL-1 beta, a blocking Ab to IL-1 beta, and preincubation with the IL-1R antagonist all prevent the delay in apoptosis, we conclude that IL-1 beta acts in an autocrine manner to inhibit granulocyte programmed cell death. We conclude that caspase-1 (ICE) subserves both pro- and antiapoptotic roles; the latter role is evident during inflammation as an inhibition of spontaneous neutrophil apoptosis through the processing of IL-1 beta. The ICE-dependent activation of IL-1 beta may represent a common autocrine pathway for the divergent stimuli that inhibit the constitutive expression of neutrophil programmed cell death during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Watson
- Department of Surgery, Toronto Hospital, Ontario, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bitar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, San Diego, California
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Nathens AB, Bitar R, Watson RW, Issekutz TB, Marshall JC, Dackiw AP, Rotstein OD. Thiol-mediated regulation of ICAM-1 expression in endotoxin-induced acute lung injury. J Immunol 1998; 160:2959-66. [PMID: 9510200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular redox state regulates several aspects of cell function, suggesting that strategies directed toward altering the cellular redox state may modulate cell activation in inflammatory states. As the most abundant intracellular thiol, glutathione plays a critical role as an intracellular redox buffer. Using diethylmaleate (DEM) as a glutathione-depleting agent, we evaluated the effects of GSH depletion in a rodent model of polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN)-dependent acute lung injury. Rats received 500 microg of LPS by intratracheal challenge, inducing a 5.5-fold increase in lung permeability and sixfold increase in lung PMN content. Pretreatment with DEM prevented the LPS-induced increase in lung PMN influx and lung permeability. Northern analysis and immunohistochemical studies suggest that this effect may be mediated by preventing up-regulation of lung ICAM-1 mRNA and protein expression. This effect is specific to ICAM-1, because lung cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant and TNF-alpha mRNA levels are unaffected. This finding is not unique to the lung, because a similar effect on PMN influx was recapitulated in a rodent model of chemical peritonitis. Further, in vitro studies demonstrated that pretreatment of HUVEC monolayers with DEM prevented both ICAM-1 up-regulation and PMN transendothelial migration. These data indicate the presence of a thiol-sensitive mechanism for modulating ICAM-1 gene expression and suggest a potential novel therapeutic strategy for diseases characterized by PMN-mediated tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Nathens
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, and the Toronto Hospital, Canada
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Nathens AB, Bitar R, Davreux C, Bujard M, Marshall JC, Dackiw AP, Watson RW, Rotstein OD. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate attenuates endotoxin-induced acute lung injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1997; 17:608-16. [PMID: 9374112 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.17.5.2661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung injury in the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is in part due to polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)-mediated oxidative tissue damage. By means of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation, oxidants may also induce several genes implicated in the inflammatory response. The dithiocarbamates are antioxidants with potent inhibitory effects on NF-kappaB. We postulated that the pyrrolidine derivative pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) would attenuate lung injury following intratracheal challenge with endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide; LPS) through its effect as an antioxidant and inhibitor of gene activation. Rats were given PDTC (1 mmole/kg) by intraperitoneal injection, followed by intratracheal administration of LPS. The transpulmonary flux of [125I] albumin (permeability index; PI) was used as a measure of lung injury. Northern blot analysis of total lung RNA was performed to assess induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) messenger RNA (mRNA) as markers of NF-kappaB activation. The effect of in vivo treatment with PDTC on LPS-induced NF-kappaB DNA binding activity in macrophage nuclear extracts was evaluated with the electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). PDTC administration attenuated LPS-induced increases in lung permeability (PI = 0.16 +/- 0.02 for LPS versus 0.06 +/- 0.01 for LPS + PDTC; P < 0.05). TNF-alpha levels and PMN counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were unaffected, as were whole-lung TNF-alpha and ICAM-1 mRNA expression. PDTC had no effect on NF-kappaB activation as evaluated with EMSA. PDTC reduced lung lipid peroxidation as assessed by levels of malondialdehyde, without reducing neutrophil oxidant production. We conclude that PDTC attenuates LPS-induced acute lung injury. This effect occurs independently of any effect on NF-kappaB. PDTC reduces oxidant-mediated cellular injury, as demonstrated by a reduction in the accumulation of malondialdehyde. Administration of PDTC may represent a novel approach to limiting neutrophil-mediated oxidant injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Nathens
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, and the Toronto Hospital Research Institute, Ontario, Canada
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Jones JJ, McGilvray ID, Nathens AB, Bitar R, Rotstein OD. Glutathione depletion prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced local skin inflammation. Arch Surg 1997; 132:1165-9; discussion 1170. [PMID: 9366707 DOI: 10.1001/archsurg.1997.01430350015002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown that the thiol-oxidizing agent diethyl maleate prevents lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced up-regulation of endothelial cell intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in vitro. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of glutathione depletion on the development of local skin inflammation in vivo, a model known to be dependent on ICAM-1. DESIGN Swiss Webster mice were injected with intradermal LPS (30 micrograms) or isotonic saline solution. INTERVENTION Mice were pretreated for 1 hour with intraperitoneal diethyl maleate (6 mmol/kg) or corn oil vehicle. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Injection sites were harvested after 12 and 24 hours and evaluated for changes in vascular permeability and histological characteristics. To determine the mechanism underlying our findings, we evaluated skin ICAM-1 immunohistochemistry, levels of ICAM-1 protein and messenger RNA (mRNA), and neutrophil CD11b expression at the 24-hour point. RESULTS Diethyl maleate significantly decreased the skin permeability index in a dose-dependent fashion at 24 hours but not at 12 hours. Skin histological examination under light microscopy showed a marked LPS-induced neutrophil infiltration at 24 hours, which was inhibited with diethyl maleate pretreatment. Immunohistochemical examination showed that diethyl maleate reduced ICAM-1 expression. In keeping with the hypothesized mechanism, diethyl maleate attenuated the LPS-induced up-regulation of ICAM-1 mRNA by 44%. Diethyl maleate also slightly but insignificantly reduced CD11b expression in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Diethyl maleate markedly attenuates LPS-induced dermal inflammation, primarily through a reduction in ICAM-1 protein and mRNA expression. These data suggest that manipulation of the intracellular redox state may have a beneficial role in neutrophil-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Jones
- Department of Surgery, Toronto Hospital, Ontario
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Watson RW, Rotstein OD, Parodo J, Bitar R, Hackam D, Marshall JC. Granulocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells results in spontaneous apoptosis mediated by increased caspase expression. FEBS Lett 1997; 412:603-9. [PMID: 9276475 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00779-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
HL-60 cells differentiating into neutrophil-like cells die an apoptotic death in vitro. Susceptibility to apoptosis is associated with decreased Bcl-2 protein and mRNA expression; however, the effect of differentiation on the expression of pro-apoptotic caspases is unknown. Spontaneous apoptosis occurred 6 days after retinoic acid treatment. Western blotting showed loss of Bcl-2 by day 7, and new expression of ICE (caspase 1) and CPP32 (caspase 3) protein by day 2. Northern analysis demonstrated loss of Bcl-2 mRNA and increases in ICE mRNA by day 2; CPP32 mRNA was unchanged. Differential Bcl-2 and ICE mRNA expression was also found when granulocytic differentiation was stimulated by DMSO. Differentiated HL-60 cell lysates exhibited functional ICE proteolytic activity. De novo caspase expression was responsible for the development of spontaneous apoptosis, since specific inhibitors of ICE (YVAD-CMK) and CPP32 (DEVD-CHO), inhibited retinoic acid induced spontaneous apoptosis. Functional maturation and susceptibility to apoptosis are both inducible and linked in this granulocyte precursor cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Watson
- Department of Surgery, Toronto Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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Watson RW, Rotstein OD, Parodo J, Jimenez M, Soric I, Bitar R, Marshall JC. Impaired apoptotic death signaling in inflammatory lung neutrophils is associated with decreased expression of interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme family proteases (caspases). Surgery 1997; 122:163-71; discussion 171-2. [PMID: 9288119 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-6060(97)90005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fas and tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) are membrane proteins that signal for apoptotic cell death by downstream activation of proteins of the interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme (ICE) family. Spontaneous apoptosis is delayed in neutrophils activated by transmigration into an inflammatory focus. In this study we evaluated the effects of transmigration on Fas and TNFR1-induced apoptosis and apoptotic gene expression. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were killed 4 hours after intratracheal challenge with 500 micrograms lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Neutrophils isolated from the systemic circulation (circulation) or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (lung) were incubated with or without an agonistic antibody to Fas (clone CH-11, 100 ng/ml) or TNF (10 ng/ml) for 24 hours. Apoptosis and Fas expression were assessed by flow cytometry. Expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and proapoptotic proteins ICE and CPP32 were measured by Western blots. RESULTS Neutrophils transmigrating into the lung in response to LPS showed delayed apoptosis compared with circulating neutrophils and failed to undergo apoptosis in response to anti-Fas antibody or TNF-alpha. Fas expression was unaltered; however, TNFR1 expression was reduced. Bcl-2 was not detected in either group; both the pro- and active forms of ICE and active CPP32 were significantly decreased in lung neutrophils. The specific ICE inhibitor, YVAD-CMK, partially blocked the increased rates of apoptosis resulting from engagement of Fas or TNFR1. CONCLUSIONS Neutrophil transmigration retards apoptosis through engagement of the death receptors Fas and TNFR1. This refractory state is associated with reduced levels of proapoptotic proteins. Blunted responsiveness to physiologic apoptotic stimuli prolongs neutrophil functional survival during acute inflammation and may contribute to the tissue injury associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Watson
- Department of Surgery, Toronto Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada
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McGilvray ID, Lu Z, Bitar R, Dackiw AP, Davreux CJ, Rotstein OD. VLA-4 integrin cross-linking on human monocytic THP-1 cells induces tissue factor expression by a mechanism involving mitogen-activated protein kinase. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:10287-94. [PMID: 9092580 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.15.10287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion molecules such as VLA-4 are important not only for monocyte adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins, but also for subsequent cell activation. Monocyte adherence to fibronectin or engagement of VLA-4 has been demonstrated to stimulate production of potent inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1, and the procoagulant tissue factor protein. However, the intracellular signaling cascades leading to gene expression have not been elucidated. Using the human monocytic THP-1 cell line, VLA-4 cross-linking by monoclonal antibodies directed against its alpha4 and beta1 subunits produced a time-dependent increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of a broad range of cellular proteins. Using Western blot analysis directed against the phosphorylated form of the extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase proteins, as well as immunoprecipitation and in vitro kinase assays, we found that VLA-4 cross-linking increased ERK1/ERK2 tyrosine phosphorylation and activity. In conjunction, integrin cross-linking also increased NF-kappaB nuclear translocation and 4-h expression of tissue factor. Inhibition of tyrosine kinase activity with genistein (10 microg/ml) as well as selective MAP kinase inhibition with the MEK-1 inhibitor PD98059 abolished the VLA-4-dependent ERK tyrosine phosphorylation, inhibited NF kappaB nuclear binding, and abrogated tissue factor expression induced by both VLA-4 cross-linking and adhesion to fibronectin in THP-1 cells and human peripheral blood monocytes. These studies point to the involvement of the MAP kinase pathway in the activation of monocytic cells during transmigration to inflammatory sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- I D McGilvray
- Departments of Surgery, Toronto Hospital-General Division and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
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Freedman MS, Bitar R, Antel JP. gamma delta T-cell-human glial cell interactions. II. Relationship between heat shock protein expression and susceptibility to cytolysis. J Neuroimmunol 1997; 74:143-8. [PMID: 9119967 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(96)00218-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
gamma delta T-cells have been implicated in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), possibly through interaction with heat shock proteins (hsp). We have previously demonstrated that human oligodendrocytes (OGC) express hsp on their surface and induce the proliferation and expansion of gamma delta T-cells. We also showed that gamma delta T-cells are highly cytolytic to OGC in vitro. The current study addresses whether gamma delta T-cell-induced cytotoxicity to OGC involves the recognition of hsp on OGC or some other ligand. We first compared the lytic potential for different human glial cells and found that gamma delta T-cells lysed OGC, microglia and human fetal astrocytes to the same extent, despite the preferential expression of hsp only on OGC. This suggested that either hsp was not involved in cytolytic recognition or that more than one ligand exists. To address this we used cell lines that either shared OGC properties of hsp expression and the ability to stimulate gamma delta T-cells (RPMI 8226, Daudi) or did not (U937) in cold target competition assays with OGC. Results demonstrated that although all the cell lines were effectively killed by gamma delta T-cells, only the RPMI 8226 and Daudi cells were able to effectively compete for lysis with the OGC. These results support the notion that probably more than one ligand for gamma delta T-cell cytotoxic recognition exists but hsp could still be involved in gamma delta T-cell-induced lysis of OGC. Regulating the expression of hsp on OGC might therefore be a way of interfering with potential gamma delta T-cell-induced damage in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Freedman
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ont., Canada.
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Bitar R, Martín B, López-Novoa JM, Macías-Nuñez JF. Reduction of renal function by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: effect of verapamil. Nephron Clin Pract 1997; 75:486-7. [PMID: 9127339 DOI: 10.1159/000189646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Bitar R, Beauparlant P, Lin R, Pitha P, Hiscott J. Retrovirus-mediated transfer of nuclear factor-kappa B subunit genes modulates I kappa B alpha and interferon beta expression. Cell Growth Differ 1995; 6:965-76. [PMID: 8547225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B proteins regulate the transcription of numerous genes involved in the immune response, transcription control, and viral pathogenesis. To examine the effect of ectopic expression of NF-kappa B proteins on DNA-binding activity and gene expression, individual NF-kappa B subunit genes were introduced into NIH 3T3 cells via retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. Expression of NF-kappa B subunits RelA (p65), NF-kappa B1 (p105), NF-kappa B2 (p100), and c-Rel increased the basal level of nuclear NF-kappa B DNA binding in NIH 3T3 cells, whereas expression of delta RelA (p65 delta) and NF-kappa B2 (p52) subunits did not affect basal level activity. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha treatment of the NF-kappa B-expressing cells stimulated the induced level of DNA-binding activity, reflecting interaction between endogenous murine and transfected human NF-kappa B proteins. Interestingly, expression of RelA (p65), c-Rel, NF-kappa B1 (p105), NF-kappa B2 (p100), and NF-kappa B2 (p52) subunits increased I kappa B alpha protein levels from 3- to 30-fold, indicating that one mechanism to compensate for the increased expression of NF-kappa B proto-oncogenes was to increase the synthesis and/or stability of the regulatory I kappa B alpha protein. In addition, overexpression of RelA (p65), c-Rel, NF-kappa B2 (p100), and NF-kappa B2 (p52) altered the induction kinetics of IFN-beta mRNA after Sendai virus infection, whereas overexpression of NF-kappa B1 (p105) dramatically decreased IFN-beta mRNA induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bitar
- Terry Fox Molecular Oncology Group, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Beauparlant P, Kwan I, Bitar R, Chou P, Koromilas AE, Sonenberg N, Hiscott J. Disruption of I kappa B alpha regulation by antisense RNA expression leads to malignant transformation. Oncogene 1994; 9:3189-97. [PMID: 7936641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
NF-kappa B transcription factors regulate the expression of a variety of genes involved in immune regulation and cell growth. In most cell types NF-kappa B proteins are localized in an inactive form in the cytoplasm coupled to the inhibitory I kappa B proteins. Viruses, cytokines, lipopolysaccharides and other stimulating agents promote the dissociation of the cytosolic NF-kappa B/I kappa B complexes, via phosphorylation and degradation of I kappa B, resulting in the translocation of DNA binding, NF-kappa B complexes to the nucleus. To further understand the association of I kappa B with cell growth regulation, the effect of ectopic expression of sense and antisense I kappa B genes was examined in NIH3T3 cells. Overexpression of I kappa B alpha antisense RNA but not I kappa B gamma antisense RNA decreased the steady state levels of I kappa B alpha protein, altered NF-kappa B DNA binding and gene activity and, most importantly, induced malignant transformation as measured by saturation density, growth in soft agar and tumorigenicity in nude mice. In contrast, overexpression of I kappa B alpha resulted in decreased saturation density, a flattened cellular morphology and decreased NF-kappa B dependent reporter gene activity. These results indicate that overexpression of an I kappa B alpha antisense RNA may disrupt the NF-kappa B/I kappa B autoregulatory loop, leading to cellular transformation. Our results raise the interesting possibility that I kappa B alpha represents a potential tumor suppressor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Beauparlant
- Terry Fox Molecular Oncology Group, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
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Freedman M, Bitar R. γδ T cell-induced lysis of human oligodendrocytes: A heat shock protein mediated mechanism? J Neuroimmunol 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(94)90307-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
The appropriate therapy for intestinal perforation in typhoid fever has been controversial since the late 1880s. Around the turn of the century, surgery became the established mode of therapy, with a mortality of 69% based on 166 patients in the English-language medical literature, and continued to be the preferred treatment until the advent of chloramphenicol in 1948. At this time the surgical mortality was approximately 50%. Following the recovery of a few patients with perforation treated only with antimicrobial agents (six initially, then eventually 22), nonsurgical therapy became the accepted mode of treatment. This change was never justified and this review demonstrates this. Appropriate therapy is virtually always surgical, usually consisting of simple closure and irrigation. Chloramphenicol alone is inadequate antimicrobial therapy in a patient with perforation and must be supplemented by other antimicrobials directed against enteric aerobic gram-negative bacilli and enteric anaerobes.
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