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Jain S, Walsh RD. Co-Occurrence of Two Rare Sleep-Related Neuro-Ophthalmologic Phenomena: Transient Monocular Vision Loss on Awakening and Sleep-Induced Apraxia of Eyelid Opening (Awakening Ptosis). J Neuroophthalmol 2024; 44:e159-e160. [PMID: 36166789 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000001662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sparsh Jain
- Departments of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences (SJ, RDW), and Neurology (RDW), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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2
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Saladi N, Anandarajah H, Walsh RD. Acute Onset of Diplopia and Nystagmus. J Neuroophthalmol 2024; 44:e200. [PMID: 38170591 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000002070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Saladi
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin-Eye Institute, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Bordini BJ, Walsh RD, Basel D, Deshmukh T. Attaining Diagnostic Excellence: How the Structure and Function of a Rare Disease Service Contribute to Ending the Diagnostic Odyssey. Med Clin North Am 2024; 108:1-14. [PMID: 37951644 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2023.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Patients with rare or otherwise undiagnosed disorders frequently find themselves on a diagnostic odyssey, the often-prolonged journey toward diagnosis that can be characterized by significant physical, emotional, and financial hardship, as well as by diagnostic errors and delays. The wider availability of clinical exome sequencing has helped end many diagnostic odysseys, though diagnostic success rates of around 35% for exome sequencing leave many patients undiagnosed. Diagnostic yields can be improved via the implementation of advanced genetic testing modalities, though both these modalities and exome sequencing perform significantly better when paired with high-quality phenotypic data. Diagnostic centers of excellence can improve outcomes for patients on a diagnostic odyssey by providing a process and environment that address shortfalls in diagnostic access while providing high-quality phenotyping. Features of successful undiagnosed and rare disease evaluation teams are discussed and an illustrative case is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett J Bordini
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hospital Medicine, Nelson Service for Undiagnosed and Rare Diseases, Medical College of Wisconsin.
| | - Ryan D Walsh
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin; Eye Institute - Froedtert Hospital, 925 North 87th Street, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Donald Basel
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Chief, Division of Medical Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9000 West Wisconsin Avenue MC716, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Tejaswini Deshmukh
- Department of Radiology, Division of Pediatric Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin; Department of Pediatric Imaging, 9000 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Anandarajah HR, Walsh RD. Unilateral Optic Neuropathy Resulting From Methanol Poisoning. J Neuroophthalmol 2023:00041327-990000000-00441. [PMID: 37581955 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000001986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hari R Anandarajah
- Medical College of Wisconsin (HRA, RDW), Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and Neurology (RDW), Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Sun MM, Seleme N, Chen JJ, Zekeridou A, Sechi E, Walsh RD, Beebe JD, Sabbagh O, Mejico LJ, Gratton S, Skidd PM, Bellows DA, Falardeau J, Fraser CL, Cappelen-Smith C, Haines SR, Hassanzadeh B, Seay MD, Subramanian PS, Williams Z, Gordon LK. Neuro-Ophthalmic Complications in Patients Treated With CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 Checkpoint Blockade. J Neuroophthalmol 2021; 41:519-530. [PMID: 33136674 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000001148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors have proven to be effective and have become increasingly popular treatment options for metastatic melanoma and other cancers. These agents work by enhancing autologous antitumor immune responses. Immune-related ophthalmologic complications have been reported in association with checkpoint inhibitor use but remain incompletely characterized. This study seeks to investigate and further characterize the neuro-ophthalmic and ocular complications of immune checkpoint blockade treatment. METHODS A survey was distributed through the secure electronic data collection tool REDCap to neuro-ophthalmology specialists in the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society listserv. The study received human subjects approval through the University of California at Los Angeles Institutional Review Board. The survey identified patients sent for neuro-ophthalmic consultation while receiving one or more of a PD-1 inhibitor (pembrolizumab, nivolumab, or cemiplimab); PD-L1 inhibitor (atezolizumab, avelumab, or durvalumab); or the CTLA-4 inhibitor ipilimumab. Thirty-one patients from 14 institutions were identified. Patient demographics, neuro-ophthalmic diagnosis, diagnostic testing, severity, treatment, clinical response, checkpoint inhibitor drug used, and cancer diagnosis was obtained. RESULTS The checkpoint inhibitors used in these patients included pembrolizumab (12/31), nivolumab (6/31), combined ipilimumab with nivolumab (7/31, one of whom also received pembrolizumab during their course of treatment), durvalumab (3/31), ipilimumab (2/31), and cemiplimab (1/31). Malignant melanoma (16/31) or nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (6/31) were the most common malignancies. The median time between first drug administration and the time of ophthalmological symptom onset was 14.5 weeks. Eleven patients had involvement of the optic nerve, 7 patients had inflammatory orbital or extraocular muscle involvement, 6 patients had ocular involvement from neuromuscular junction dysfunction, 4 patients had cranial nerve palsy, and 4 patients had non neuro-ophthalmic complications. Use of systemic corticosteroids with or without stopping the checkpoint inhibitor resulted in improvement of most patients with optic neuropathy, and variable improvement for the other ophthalmic conditions. CONCLUSION This study describes the variable neuro-ophthalmic adverse events associated with use of immune checkpoint inhibitors and contributes a more thorough understanding of their clinical presentations and treatment outcomes. We expect this will increase awareness of these drug complications and guide specialists in the care of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel M Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology (MMS, NS, LKG), Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Ophthalmology (JJC), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Neurology (JJC, AZ, ES), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences (RDW), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Department of Ophthalmology (JDB), Park Nicollet Health Services, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Ophthalmology (OS), University of Kentucky/Retina Associates of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Neurology (LJM), SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; Department of Ophthalmology (LJM), SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; Department of Neurology (SG), University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri; Department of Ophthalmology (PMS), University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, Vermont; The Medical Eye Center (DAB), Manchester, New Hampshire; Department of Ophthalmology (JF), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon; Department of Ophthalmology (CLF), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia ; Department of Neurology & Neurophysiology (CC-S), Liverpool Hospital, NSW, Australia ; Department of Neurology (SRH), Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Neurology (BH), INI Eye Center, OSF Healthcare, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, Illinois; Department of Ophthalmology (MDS), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Ophthalmology (PSS), University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; and Department of Ophthalmology (ZW), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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Gummi R, Walsh RD, Ahmad B. Retinal cotton wool spot associated with cladribine therapy for multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 48:102661. [PMID: 33321344 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cladribine has been shown to lower relapse rates and decrease disease progression in patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). Reported adverse effects with use of cladribine include lymphopenia, neutropenia, and infections. Ocular complications have not previously been described with cladribine. We report the case of a patient developing visual symptoms and a large retinal cotton wool spot in association with initiation of cladribine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravali Gummi
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
| | - Ryan D Walsh
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Baseer Ahmad
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Vuppala AAD, Griepentrog GJ, Walsh RD. Swallow-Induced Eyelid Myokymia: A Novel Synkinesis Syndrome. Neuroophthalmology 2020; 44:108-110. [DOI: 10.1080/01658107.2019.1587637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amrita-Amanda D. Vuppala
- Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Gregory J. Griepentrog
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ryan D. Walsh
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Niaz MJ, Batra JS, Walsh RD, Ramirez-Fort MK, Vallabhajosula S, Jhanwar YS, Molina AM, Nanus DM, Osborne JR, Bander NH, Tagawa ST. Pilot Study of Hyperfractionated Dosing of Lutetium-177-Labeled Antiprostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Monoclonal Antibody J591 ( 177 Lu-J591) for Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Oncologist 2020; 25:477-e895. [PMID: 31999003 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2020-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
LESSONS LEARNED Hyperfractionation of lutetium-177 (177 Lu)-J591 for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer did not appear to have any additional advantage over the single dose 177 Lu-J591 or fractionated two-dose 177 Lu-J591 therapy. Definite conclusions were challenging because of the small sample size of this study, and so further studies are needed to evaluate the viability of the hypothesis. On the basis of available data, a registration study of 177 Lu-J591 (also known as TLX591) is planned and will use the two-dose fractionation schedule (Telix Pharma Q3 2019 update https://telixpharma.com/news-media/). BACKGROUND Phase I and II single-dose studies of lutetium-177 (177 Lu)-J591, a radio-labeled antibody binding prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), demonstrated safety and efficacy with dose response. Modest dose fractionation of 177 Lu-J591 (2 doses) has less myelosuppression per similar cumulative dose, allowing higher doses to be administered safely. We hypothesized that additional dose fractionation would allow a higher cumulative dose, potentially with less toxicity and more efficacy. METHODS Men with progressive metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and adequate organ function were enrolled. 177 Lu-J591 was administered at 25 mCi/m2 every 2 weeks until the emergence of related grade 2 toxicity. 177 Lu-J591 imaging was performed and circulating tumor cell (CTC) counts were measured before and after treatment along with standard monitoring. RESULTS Six subjects in a single cohort, with a median age of 68.6 years, were enrolled. Patients received three to six doses (cumulative 75-150 mCi/m2 ). Two (33%) patients had >30% prostate-specific antigen (PSA) decline and three (50%) had CTC count decline. Two (33%) experienced grade (Gr) 4 neutropenia (without fever), three (50%) had Gr 4 thrombocytopenia (without hemorrhage), and two (33%) required platelet transfusions. Following hematological improvement, two patients developed worsening cytopenia during prostate cancer progression; bone marrow biopsies revealed infiltrative tumor replacing normal marrow elements without myelodysplasia. Targeting of known disease sites was seen on planar imaging in all. CONCLUSION Hyperfractionation of 177 Lu-J591 is feasible but does not seem to have significant advantages over the two-dose fractionation regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaspreet S Batra
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Ryan D Walsh
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Marigdalia K Ramirez-Fort
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
- Department of Physiology/Pathology, San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Caguas, Puerto Rico
| | - Shankar Vallabhajosula
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Yuliya S Jhanwar
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Ana M Molina
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - David M Nanus
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Joseph R Osborne
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Neil H Bander
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Scott T Tagawa
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, New York, USA
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Seto S, Teo AA, Walsh RD. Pharmacologic mydriasis in an infant following parental use of topical glycopyrronium tosylate. J AAPOS 2019; 23:359-361. [PMID: 31683011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2019.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of a 2-month-old boy with unilateral pharmacologic mydriasis from inadvertent exposure to glycopyrronium after parental use of glycopyrronium wipes. Clinician familiarity with the potential effects of glycopyrronium exposure may aid in the recognition, diagnosis, and prevention of pharmacologic mydriasis as well as the reduction of costly and unnecessary evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Seto
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Alison A Teo
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ryan D Walsh
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
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Wilson MA, Guld K, Galetta S, Walsh RD, Kharlip J, Tamhankar M, McGettigan S, Schuchter LM, Fecher LA. Acute visual loss after ipilimumab treatment for metastatic melanoma. J Immunother Cancer 2016; 4:66. [PMID: 27777775 PMCID: PMC5067900 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-016-0170-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ipilimumab, a humanized CLTA-4 antibody is a standard therapy in the treatment of advanced melanoma. While ipilimumab provides an overall survival benefit to patients, it can be associated with immune related adverse events (IrAEs). CASE PRESENTATION Here we describe a patient treated with ipilimumab who experienced known IrAEs, including hypophysitis, as well as a profound vision loss due to optic neuritis. There are rare reports of optic neuritis occurring as an adverse event associated with ipilimumab treatment. Furthermore, the patient experienced multiple complications from high dose steroids used to manage his IrAEs. CONCLUSIONS This case highlights the need for recognition of atypical immune mediated processes associated with newer checkpoint inhibitor therapies including ipilimumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Wilson
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA ; Present address: Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Kelly Guld
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA ; Present address: Department of Cardiology, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Steven Galetta
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Ryan D Walsh
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Julia Kharlip
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Madhura Tamhankar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Suzanne McGettigan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Lynn M Schuchter
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Leslie A Fecher
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA ; Present address: Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, C366 MIB 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, SPC5848, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease marked by focal demyelinating inflammatory plaques throughout the CNS. Neuro-ophthalmologic sequelae are common in MS and may arise from the disease itself or from treatment of the disease. Both afferent and efferent functions may be affected. Despite much progress, our understanding of the pathophysiology of MS, and the efficacy of our available treatments, remain inadequate. Here, we review the chief neuro-ophthalmologic abnormalities associated with MS and discuss the emerging diagnostic and therapeutic advances that are likely to further our understanding of MS and its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Walsh
- Departments of Neurology & Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 3 W Gates Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Collin M McClelland
- Departments of Neurology & Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 3 W Gates Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Steven L Galetta
- Departments of Neurology & Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 3 W Gates Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Walsh RD, Barrett KM, Aguilar MI, Lanzino G, Hanel RA, Miller DA, Chong BW, Freeman WD. Intracranial Hemorrhage Following Neuroendovascular Procedures with Abciximab is Associated with High Mortality: A Multicenter Series. Neurocrit Care 2010; 15:85-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s12028-010-9338-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Walsh RD, Cunha BA. Rhodococcus equi: fatal pneumonia in a patient without AIDS. Heart Lung 1994; 23:519-20. [PMID: 7852068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Rhodococcus equi infections are being recognized with greater frequency in immunocompromised patients and the population infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). R. equi usually causes a progressive pneumonia that may or may not cavitate and is relatively refractory to antibiotic therapy. We report a case of fatal R. equi pneumonia in a normal host.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Walsh
- Infectious Disease Division, Winthrop-University Hospital, Mineola, NY 11530
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Walsh
- Infectious Disease Division, Winthrop-University Hospital, Mineola, NY 11501
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Gad SC, Dunn BJ, Dobbs DW, Reilly C, Walsh RD. Development and validation of an alternative dermal sensitization test: the mouse ear swelling test (MEST). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1986; 84:93-114. [PMID: 3715870 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(86)90419-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Traditional predictive tests for dermal sensitization in humans use the albino guinea pig as a model. A number of factors make the prospect of an alternative attractive. Guinea pig designs are labor intensive, require significant animal, caging, and husbandry resources, and are expensive. Extensive development and validation was conducted of an alternative using swelling of mouse ears as a quantitative end point. Ten strains of mice, ten age groups, both sexes, induction forms (number, route, timing), the use of an adjuvant, different vehicles and intervals to challenge, two induction sites, and three measurement intervals were evaluated. A methodology was developed for preparing induction sites to increase test sensitivity. A small battery of standard compounds was used to evaluate these design variables and a final test design was developed. The basic process was also demonstrated to occur in rats and guinea pigs and to be dose responsive. The final mouse ear swelling test (MEST) design was used to evaluate 72 materials representing a broad spectrum of chemicals and testing problems. These included 49 known positives and 23 known negatives. Guinea pig maximization test data on 37 of these resulting by studies conducted in our laboratories, along with closed patch guinea pig and human test data on many of these compounds, are also reported here for the first time. The MEST correctly identified 71 of 72 materials as potential human sensitizers or nonsensitizers. Additionally, both the efficacy of an occluded patch induction method and the duration of responsiveness of mice were evaluated. In the studies, the MEST was found to be an accurate, sensitive, and efficient alternative test design for evaluating delayed-contact sensitization.
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Walsh RD, Callaway CS. The fine structure of the gregarine Lankesteria culicis parasitic in the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti. J Protozool 1969; 16:536-45. [PMID: 4981008 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1969.tb02313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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