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Picard B, Cougoul A, Couvreur S, Bonnet M. Relationships between the abundance of 29 proteins and several meat or carcass quality traits in two bovine muscles revealed by a combination of univariate and multivariate analyses. J Proteomics 2023; 273:104792. [PMID: 36535620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the relationships between meat or carcass properties and the abundance of 29 proteins quantified in two muscles, Longissimus thoracis and Rectus abdominis, of Rouge des Prés cows. The relative abundance of the proteins was evaluated using a high throughput immunological method: the Reverse Phase Protein array. A combination of univariate and multivariate analyses has shown that small HSPs (CRYAB, HSPB6), fast glycolytic metabolic and structural proteins (MYH1, ENO3, ENO1, TPI1) when assayed both in RA and LT, were related to meat tenderness, marbling, ultimate pH, as well as carcass fat-to-lean ratio or conformation score. In addition to some small HSP, ALDH1A1 and TRIM72 contributed to the molecular signature of muscular and carcass adiposity. MYH1 and HSPA1A were among the top proteins related to carcass traits. We thus shortened the list to 10 putative biomarkers to be considered in future tools to manage both meat and carcass properties. SIGNIFICANCE: In three aspects this manuscript is notable. First, this is the first proteomics study that aims to evaluate putative biomarkers of both meat and carcass qualities that are of economic importance for the beef industry. Second, the relationship between the abundance of proteins and the carcass or meat traits were evaluated by a combination of univariate and multivariate analyses on 48 cows that are representative of the biological variability of the traits. Third, we provide a short list of ten proteins to be tested in a larger population to feed the pipeline of biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Picard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Arnaud Cougoul
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Sébastien Couvreur
- École Supérieure d'Agricultures, USC ESA-INRAE 1481 Systèmes d'Elevage, 55 rue Rabelais - BP 30748 - 49007 Angers Cedex 01, France
| | - Muriel Bonnet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
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Jouan J, Carof M, Baccar R, Bareille N, Bastian S, Brogna D, Burgio G, Couvreur S, Cupiał M, Dufrêne M, Dumont B, Gontier P, Jacquot AL, Kański J, Magagnoli S, Makulska J, Pérès G, Ridier A, Salou T, Sgolastra F, Szeląg-Sikora A, Tabor S, Tombarkiewicz B, Węglarz A, Godinot O. A dataset for sustainability assessment of agroecological practices in a crop-livestock farming system. Data Brief 2021; 36:107078. [PMID: 34013009 PMCID: PMC8114105 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.107078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents data designed by European researchers who performed a literature review and interpreted the results to determine impact factors of many agroecological practices on a wide variety of sustainability indicators. The impact factors are represented in a matrix that connects practices to indicators. The indicators are related to environmental, economic and social sustainability of a typical European integrated crop-livestock farm. The data are included in the serious game SEGAE to learn agroecology, as described in "SEGAE: a serious game to learn agroecology" [1]. The data can be modified to adapt the game to other agricultural systems. Finally, the data can be re-used in research projects as a basis to assess impacts of agroecological practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Jouan
- SAS, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35042 Rennes, France
| | | | - Rim Baccar
- USC 1432 LEVA, Ecole Supérieure d'Agricultures, INRAE, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49100 Angers, France
| | | | | | - Delphine Brogna
- ULiège Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA Research and Teaching Center, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Giovanni Burgio
- DISTAL, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sébastien Couvreur
- USC 1481 URSE, Ecole Supérieure d'Agricultures, INRAE, 49007 Angers, France
| | - Michał Cupiał
- University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, 30-149 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marc Dufrêne
- ULiège Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA Research and Teaching Center, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Dumont
- ULiège Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA Research and Teaching Center, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | | | | | - Jarosław Kański
- Faculty of Animal Science, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 30-0599 Kraków, Poland
| | - Serena Magagnoli
- DISTAL, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Joanna Makulska
- Faculty of Animal Science, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 30-0599 Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Aude Ridier
- SMART-LERECO, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Thibault Salou
- SAS, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35042 Rennes, France.,ITAP, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Fabio Sgolastra
- DISTAL, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Szeląg-Sikora
- University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, 30-149 Kraków, Poland
| | - Sylwester Tabor
- University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, 30-149 Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Tombarkiewicz
- Faculty of Animal Science, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 30-0599 Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Węglarz
- Faculty of Animal Science, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 30-0599 Kraków, Poland
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Gagaoua M, Monteils V, Couvreur S, Picard B. Identification of Biomarkers Associated with the Rearing Practices, Carcass Characteristics, and Beef Quality: An Integrative Approach. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:8264-8278. [PMID: 28844145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Data from birth to slaughter of cull cows allowed using a PCA-based approach coupled with the iterative K-means algorithm the identification of three rearing practices classes. The classes were different in their carcass characteristics. Old cows raised mainly on pasture have better carcass characteristics, while having an equivalent tenderness, juiciness, flavor, intramuscular fat content, and pHu to those fattened with hay or haylage. The Longissimus thoracis muscle of the cows raised on pasture (with high physical activity) showed greater proportions of IIA fibers at the expense of the fast IIX ones. Accordingly, the meat of these animals have better color characteristics. Superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and αB-crystallin quantified by Dot-Blot were the only other biomarkers to be more abundant in "Grass" class compared to "Hay" and "Haylage" classes. The relationships between the biomarkers and the 6 carcass and 11 meat quality traits were investigated using multiple regression analyses per rearing practices. The associations were rearing practice class and phenotype trait-dependent. ICDH and TP53 were common for the three classes, but the direction of their entrance was different. In addition, rearing practices and carcass traits were not related with Hsp70-Grp75 and μ-calpain abundances. The other relationships were specific for two or one rearing practices class. The rearing practices dependency of the relationships was also found with meat quality traits. Certain proteins were for the first time related with some beef quality traits. MyHC-IIx, PGM1, Hsp40, ICDH, and Hsp70-Grp75 were common for the three rearing practices classes and retained to explain at list one beef quality trait. A positive relationship was found between PGM1 and hue angle irrespective of rearing practices class. This study confirms once again that production-related traits in livestock are the result of sophisticated biological processes finely orchestrated during the life of the animal and soon after slaughter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Gagaoua
- UMR1213 Herbivores, INRA, VetAgro Sup, Clermont Université, Université de Lyon , 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Valérie Monteils
- UMR1213 Herbivores, INRA, VetAgro Sup, Clermont Université, Université de Lyon , 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Sébastien Couvreur
- URSE, Université Bretagne Loire, Ecole Supérieure d'Agriculture (ESA) , 55 Rue Rabelais, BP 30748, 49007 Angers Cedex, France
| | - Brigitte Picard
- UMR1213 Herbivores, INRA, VetAgro Sup, Clermont Université, Université de Lyon , 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
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Eveillard M, Pouliquen H, Ruvoen N, Couvreur S, Krempf M, Magras C, Lepelletier D. Antibiotic exposure and bacterial resistance in human and veterinary medicine: a problem-based learning topic for Master's students. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2017; 364:fnx015. [PMID: 28119372 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes a problem-based learning activity concerning antibiotic exposure and bacterial resistance in human and veterinary medicine. In addition, learning outcomes and satisfaction of students were recorded by the supervisors of the activity. The students all participated actively in the group work and considered that the small size of the group facilitated interpersonal communication. They believed that working in an interdisciplinary group helped them learn better than if they were following specific courses. They also reported that their mid-term meeting with one of the supervisors was a catalyst for the initiation of a real work group. Concerning the evaluation of the activity itself, the supervisors considered that the group provided a relevant analysis of the issue. These characteristics should encourage teachers to test this method of learning certain aspects of microbiology and infectious diseases with their students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Eveillard
- L'UBL, MAN-IMAL IDEFI ANR 11-0003, 44307 Nantes, France.,L'UBL, UFR Santé, Université d'Angers, 40 Rue de Rennes, F-49035 Angers, France
| | - Hervé Pouliquen
- L'UBL, MAN-IMAL IDEFI ANR 11-0003, 44307 Nantes, France.,ONIRIS, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Route de Gachet, BP 40706, F-44307 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Nathalie Ruvoen
- L'UBL, MAN-IMAL IDEFI ANR 11-0003, 44307 Nantes, France.,ONIRIS, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Route de Gachet, BP 40706, F-44307 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Sébastien Couvreur
- L'UBL, MAN-IMAL IDEFI ANR 11-0003, 44307 Nantes, France.,ESA Group, 55 Rue Rabelais, BP 30748, F-49007 Angers Cedex 01, France
| | - Michel Krempf
- L'UBL, MAN-IMAL IDEFI ANR 11-0003, 44307 Nantes, France.,L'UBL, UFR Santé, Université de Nantes, 1 Quai de Tourville, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Catherine Magras
- L'UBL, MAN-IMAL IDEFI ANR 11-0003, 44307 Nantes, France.,ONIRIS, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Route de Gachet, BP 40706, F-44307 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Didier Lepelletier
- L'UBL, MAN-IMAL IDEFI ANR 11-0003, 44307 Nantes, France.,L'UBL, UFR Santé, Université de Nantes, 1 Quai de Tourville, 44000 Nantes, France
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Gagaoua M, Couvreur S, Le Bec G, Aminot G, Picard B. Associations among Protein Biomarkers and pH and Color Traits in Longissimus thoracis and Rectus abdominis Muscles in Protected Designation of Origin Maine-Anjou Cull Cows. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:3569-3580. [PMID: 28343382 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the relationships among a list of 23 protein biomarkers with CIE-L*a*b* meat color traits and ultimate pH on Longissimus thoracis (LT) and Rectus abdominis (RA) muscles of 48 protected designation of origin Maine-Anjou cows. The technological parameters were correlated with several biomarkers and were in some cases muscle-dependent. More biomarkers were related to pHu in LT than in RA muscle. Some consistencies were found, by the common correlation of pHu with MyHC-IIa and MyHC-IIx. The pHu of the LT muscle was also correlated with other cytoskeletal entities and proteins belonging to metabolism and cellular stress. In contrast to the relationships found between biomarkers and LT pHu, more proteins were related to the instrumental color coordinates in RA than in LT muscle. The regression equations were parameter- and muscle-dependent. Certain of the retained proteins explained more than one color coordinate. Hsp70-Grp75 was positive in the models of L*, a*, b*, and C* of LT and of b* in the RA muscle. Further heat shock proteins were strongly related with the meat color coordinates in both muscles. The involvement of metabolic enzymes and myofibrillar proteins in the meat color development was also verified in this experiment. This study confirmed once again the importance of numerous biological pathways in beef color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Gagaoua
- UMR1213 Herbivores, INRA, VetAgro Sup, Clermont Université, Université de Lyon , 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
- INATAA, Université Frères Mentouri Constantine , Route de Ain El-Bey, 25000, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Sébastien Couvreur
- Unité de Recherche sur les Systèmes d'Elevage (URSE), Université Bretagne Loire, Ecole Supérieure d'Agriculture (ESA) , 55 rue Rabelais, BP 30748, 49007 Angers Cedex, France
| | - Guillain Le Bec
- Unité de Recherche sur les Systèmes d'Elevage (URSE), Université Bretagne Loire, Ecole Supérieure d'Agriculture (ESA) , 55 rue Rabelais, BP 30748, 49007 Angers Cedex, France
| | - Ghislain Aminot
- S.I.C.A. Rouge des Prés , Domaines des rues, 49220 Chenillé-Champteussé, France
| | - Brigitte Picard
- UMR1213 Herbivores, INRA, VetAgro Sup, Clermont Université, Université de Lyon , 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
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6
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Eveillard M, Ruvoen N, Lepelletier D, Fradet S, Couvreur S, Krempf M, Magras C. Integration of microbiology and infectious disease teaching courses in an interdisciplinary training programme (Master level) centred on the 'One world, one health' WHO concept. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 363:fnw068. [PMID: 27010013 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes the integration of the microbiology and infectious diseases teaching courses in an international Master's level interdisciplinary programme based on the 'One world, one health' WHO concept, and reports the students and teachers' evaluation related to their feelings of about this innovative programme. The integration was evaluated by recording the positioning of these two topics in the five teaching units constituting the programme, and by identifying their contribution in the interactions between the different teaching units. The satisfaction of students was assessed by a quantitative survey, whereas the feelings of students and teachers were assessed by interviews. The study demonstrated that microbiology and infectious diseases were widely involved in interactions between the teaching units, constituting a kind of cement for the programme. The students assigned a mean score of 3.7 to the topics dealing with microbiology and infectious diseases. According to the qualitative data, students and teachers considered that the interdisciplinary approach provided new insights but reported problems of communication, probably inherent to the multiculturalism of the class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Eveillard
- L'UNAM, MAN-IMAL IDEFI ANR 11-0003, F-44307 Nantes, France UFR Santé, Angers University, 40 Rue de Rennes, F-49035 Angers, France
| | - Nathalie Ruvoen
- L'UNAM, MAN-IMAL IDEFI ANR 11-0003, F-44307 Nantes, France Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Route de Gachet, BP 40 706, F-44307 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Didier Lepelletier
- L'UNAM, MAN-IMAL IDEFI ANR 11-0003, F-44307 Nantes, France UBL, UFR Médecine, Nantes University, 1 Quai de Tourville, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | | | - Sébastien Couvreur
- L'UNAM, MAN-IMAL IDEFI ANR 11-0003, F-44307 Nantes, France ESA Group, 55 Rue Rabelais, BP 30748, F-49007 Angers Cedex 01, France
| | - Michel Krempf
- L'UNAM, MAN-IMAL IDEFI ANR 11-0003, F-44307 Nantes, France Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Route de Gachet, BP 40 706, F-44307 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Catherine Magras
- L'UNAM, MAN-IMAL IDEFI ANR 11-0003, F-44307 Nantes, France UBL, UFR Médecine, Nantes University, 1 Quai de Tourville, F-44000 Nantes, France
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Mosca AL, Callier P, Faivre L, Laurent N, Rousseau T, Marle N, Payet M, Guy H, Couvreur S, Masurel-Paulet A, Sagot P, Thauvin-Robinet C, Mugneret F. A prenatal case of inverted duplication with terminal deletion of 5p not including the cat-like cry critical region. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 155A:2031-4. [PMID: 21739595 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A L Mosca
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique, CHU le Bocage, Dijon, France
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Hurtaud C, Faucon F, Couvreur S, Peyraud JL. Linear relationship between increasing amounts of extruded linseed in dairy cow diet and milk fatty acid composition and butter properties. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:1429-43. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Couvreur S, Hurtaud C, Marnet PG, Faverdin P, Peyraud JL. Composition of milk fat from cows selected for milk fat globule size and offered either fresh pasture or a corn silage-based diet. J Dairy Sci 2008; 90:392-403. [PMID: 17183107 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(07)72640-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the synthesis and composition of milk produced by dairy cows that secrete either small milk fat globules (SMFG) or large milk fat globules (LMFG), and to study their response to diets known to alter milk composition. Four groups of 3 multiparous dairy cows were assigned to 2 isoenergetic feeding treatments: a corn silage treatment supplemented with soybean meal, and fresh pasture supplemented with cereal concentrate. The 4 groups comprised 2 groups of 3 dairy cows that produced SMFG (3.44 microm) and 2 groups of 3 dairy cows that produced LMFG (4.53 microm). The SMFG dairy cows produced higher yields of milk, protein, and calcium. Nevertheless, their milk had lower fat and protein contents. Both SMFG and LMFG cows secreted similar amounts of milk fat; therefore, higher globule membrane contents in milk fat were observed in SMFG cows. Higher calcium mineralization of the casein micelles in SMFG cows suggests that it may be possible to improve cheese-making properties even if the lower protein content may lead to lower cheese yields. The SMFG cows secrete milk fat with a higher concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids and a lower concentration of short-chain fatty acids. They also have a higher C18:1/C18:0 ratio than LMFG cows. This suggests that SMFG cows have more significant fatty acid elongation and desaturation. The pasture treatment led to an increase in milk and protein yields because of increased energy intake. It also resulted in lower milk fat yield and fat and protein contents. The pasture treatment led to a decrease in milk fat globule size and, as expected, an increase in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid contents. However, it induced a decrease in the protein content, and in calcium mineralization of casein micelles, which suggests that this type of milk would be less suitable for making cheese. This study also shows that there is no correlation between the cows, based on milk fat globule size and diet. These results open up possibilities for improving milk fat quality based on milk fat globule size, and composition. The mechanisms involved in milk fat globule secretion are still to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Couvreur
- Unité Mixte de Recherches INRA-Agrocampus Rennes Production du Lait, Domaine de la Prise, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France
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Couvreur S, Hurtaud C, Lopez C, Delaby L, Peyraud JL. The Linear Relationship Between the Proportion of Fresh Grass in the Cow Diet, Milk Fatty Acid Composition, and Butter Properties. J Dairy Sci 2006; 89:1956-69. [PMID: 16702259 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72263-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fresh grass in the cow diet improves the rheological and nutritional properties of butter. However, the relationship between the proportion of fresh grass in the diet and these properties is still unknown. The objective of the study was to determine the relationship between the proportion of fresh grass in the diet and the properties of milk and butter. Four groups of 2 cows were fed 4 isoenergetic diets characterized by increasing amounts of fresh grass (0, 30, 60, and 100% dry matter of forage) according to a Youden square design. Energy levels were similar among all diets. Thus, no effect of mobilization was observed and the results were only due to the proportion of fresh grass in the diet. Milk yield linearly increased with the proportion of fresh grass in the diet (+0.21 kg/d per 10% of grass). Fat yield remained unchanged. Thus, by effect of dilution, increasing the proportion of fresh grass in the diet induced a linear decrease in fat content. Milk fat globule size decreased by 0.29 mum when the proportion of grass reached 30% in the diet. Increasing the proportion of fresh grass in the diet induced a linear increase in unsaturated fatty acids percentages at the expense of saturated fatty acids. Relationships were +0.38, +0.12, +0.05 and -0.69 points/10% of fresh grass in the diet for C18:1 trans-11, C18:2 cis-9,trans-11, C18:3n-3, and C16:0, respectively. These modifications in fatty acid composition, and in particular in the spreadability index, C16:0/C18:1, were responsible for linear decreases in final melting temperature and solid fat content in butter fat, perceived in sensory analysis by a linear decrease in firmness in mouth. The nutritional value of butter was also linearly improved by the proportion of fresh grass in the diet by halving the atherogenicity index.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Couvreur
- Unité Mixte de Recherches I.N.R.A.-Agrocampus Production du Lait, Domaine de la Prise, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France
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