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Wraight SP, Howes RL, Castrillo LA, Griggs MH, Galaini-Wraight S, Carruthers RI, Matsumoto TK, Keith LM. Laboratory studies assessing the microbial biocontrol potential of diverse strains of Beauveria bassiana isolated from coffee berry borer, with emphasis on strains from Hawai'i Island and comparisons to commercial strain GHA. J Invertebr Pathol 2022; 194:107819. [PMID: 35987389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2022.107819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of experiments investigated genetically diverse strains of Beauveria bassiana (Bb) isolated from coffee berry borer (CBB). Objectives included assessment of their biocontrol potential, particularly in comparison to Bb commercial strain GHA currently applied for CBB control, and identification of various attributes potentially contributing to their comparatively greater epizootic potential in CBB populations. Bioassays identified one strain from Hawai'i Island and one from Puerto Rico with virulence greater than GHA based on equal weights of unformulated conidial powder (CP); however, the greater potency of the CPs was ultimately explained by their 2.4-fold greater conidial densities (ca. 3.1 vs 1.3 × 1011 viable conidia/g CP). Density was explained, in large part, by conidial size, but not by size alone. Bb-inoculated CBB held on moist filter paper were more susceptible to infection than those held on cooked green coffee bean (CGCB). A Bb strain representative of the most common Hawaiian haplotype produced 2.6x more conidia after death of CGCB-held beetles than GHA (19.1 vs 7.3 x106 conidia/cadaver). Following host death, no difference was observed in time to emergence and initial conidial production by GHA and a selected group of Hawaiian strains; however, mass sporulation was initiated within 2 days by strain GHA compared to 4-5 days by the Hawaiian strains. In a preliminary evaluation of conidial mass-production potential, CP yields of several strains were comparable to GHA on a weight basis and significantly greater than GHA on a conidial basis (1.3-1.6 vs 0.7 × 1013 viable conidia/kg barley substrate).
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Wraight
- USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, 538 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - R L Howes
- USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, 538 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - L A Castrillo
- USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, 538 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - M H Griggs
- USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, 538 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - S Galaini-Wraight
- University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Komohana Research and Extension Center, 875 Komohana St, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - R I Carruthers
- University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Komohana Research and Extension Center, 875 Komohana St, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - T K Matsumoto
- USDA-ARS, Daniel K. Inouye U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - L M Keith
- USDA-ARS, Daniel K. Inouye U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
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Jandricic SE, Mattson NS, Wraight SP, Sanderson JP. Within-plant distribution of Aulacorthum solani (Hemiptera: Aphididae), on various greenhouse plants with implications for control. J Econ Entomol 2014; 107:697-707. [PMID: 24772552 DOI: 10.1603/ec13428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Foxglove aphid, Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), has recently undergone a status change from an occasional pest to a serious pest in greenhouses of North America and the United Kingdom. Little nonanecdotal information exists on the ecology of this insect in greenhouse crops. To help improve integrated pest management decisions for A. solani, the within-plant distribution of this pest was explored on a variety of common greenhouse plants in both the vegetative and flowering stage. This aphid generally was found on lower leaves of vegetative plants, but was found higher in the canopy on reproductive plants (on flowers, flower buds, or upper leaves). Aphid numbers were not consistently positively correlated with total leaf surface areas within plant strata across plant species. Thus, the observed differences in preferred feeding sites on vegetative versus flowering plants are possibly a response to differences in nutritional quality of the various host-plant tissues. Despite being anecdotally described as a "stem-feeding aphid," A. solani was rarely found feeding on stems at the population densities established in our tests, with the exception of racemes of scarlet sage (Salvia splendans). Although some previous reports suggested that A. solani prefers to feed on new growth of plants, our results indicate that mature leaves are preferred over growing tips and young leaves. The implications of the within-plant feeding preferences of A. solani populations with respect to both biological and chemical control are discussed.
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Jandricic SE, Filotas M, Sanderson JP, Wraight SP. Pathogenicity of conidia-based preparations of entomopathogenic fungi against the greenhouse pest aphids Myzus persicae, Aphis gossypii, and Aulacorthum solani (Hemiptera: Aphididae). J Invertebr Pathol 2014; 118:34-46. [PMID: 24583227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Seeking new isolates of entomopathogenic fungi with greater virulence against greenhouse aphid pests than those currently registered in North America for control of these insects, single-dose screening assays of 44 selected fungal isolates and 4 commercially available strains were conducted against first-instar nymphs of Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii. The assays identified a number of Beauveria and Metarhizium isolates with virulence equal to or greater than that of the commercial strains against the nymphal aphids, but none exhibited exceptionally high virulence. Virulence of Isaria isolates was unexpectedly low (<31% mortality at doses>1000conidia/mm(2)). In dose-response assays, Beauveria ARSEF 5493 proved most virulent against M. persicae and A. gossypii; however, LC50s of this isolate did not differ significantly from those of B. bassiana commercial strain JW-1. Dose-response assays were also conducted with Aulacorthum solani, the first reported evaluations of Beauveria and Metarhizium against this pest. The novel isolate Metarhizium 5471 showed virulence⩾that of Beauveria 5493 in terms of LC25 and LC50, but 5493 produced a steeper dose response (slope). Additional tests showed that adult aphids are more susceptible than nymphs to fungal infection but confirmed that infection has a limited pre-mortem effect on aphid reproduction. Effects of assay techniques and the potential of fungal pathogens as aphid-control agents are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Jandricic
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Department of Entomology, Gardner Hall, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - M Filotas
- OMAFRA, Simcoe Office, Box 587, Blueline Road & Highway # 3 Simcoe, ON N3Y 4N5, Canada
| | - J P Sanderson
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - S P Wraight
- USDA-ARS Robert W. Holly Center for Agriculture and Health, Tower Road, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Braun SE, Sanderson JP, Wraight SP. Larval Bradysia impatiens (Diptera: Sciaridae) potential for vectoring Pythium root rot pathogens. Phytopathology 2012; 102:283-289. [PMID: 22085299 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-11-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A series of laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the capacity of Bradysia impatiens (Johannsen) larvae to ingest propagules from two strains each of Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp. and P. ultimum Trow and transmit the pathogens to healthy geranium seedlings on a filter-paper substrate in petri dishes. The capacity of fungus gnat larvae to transmit P. aphanidermatum to seedlings rooted in a commercial peat-based potting mix and germination of Pythium oospores and hyphal swellings before and after passage through the guts of larval fungus gnats were also examined. Assays revealed that Pythium spp. transmission by larval fungus gnats varied greatly with the assay substrate and also with the number and nature of ingested propagules. Transmission was highest (65%) in the petri dish assays testing larvae fed P. aphanidermatum K-13, a strain that produced abundant oospores. Transmission of strain K-13 was much lower (<6%) in plug cells with potting mix. Larvae were less efficient at vectoring P. ultimum strain PSN-1, which produced few oospores, and no transmission was observed with two non-oospore-producing strains: P. aphanidermatum Pa58 and P. ultimum P4. Passage of P. aphanidermatum K-13 through larval guts significantly increased oospore germination. However, decreased germination of hyphal swellings was observed following larval gut passage for strains of P. ultimum. These results expand previous studies suggesting that larval fungus gnats may vector Pythium spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Braun
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-0901, USA.
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Jandricic SE, Wraight SP, Bennett KC, Sanderson JP. Developmental times and life table statistics of Aulacorthum solani (Hemiptera: Aphididae) at six constant temperatures, with recommendations on the application of temperature-dependent development models. Environ Entomol 2010; 39:1631-1642. [PMID: 22546462 DOI: 10.1603/en09351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach) (known as foxglove aphid or glasshouse potato aphid) is a pest of increasing economic importance in several agricultural crops worldwide, including greenhouse vegetables and ornamentals. Developmental rates and age-specific life tables for a North American population of A. solani on pansy (Viola × wittrockiana) (Gams.) were determined at six constant temperatures, and comparisons were made to previous studies of A. solani from differing geographic regions and host crops. On pansy, A. solani developed fastest at 25°C, passing through the four nymphal instars in an average of 6.9 d. The highest intrinsic rates of population increase (0.410 and 0.445) and shortest population doubling times (1.69 and 1.56 d) were recorded at 20 and 25°C, respectively. Average total fecundity remained high from 10 to 20°C (74-68 nymphs/adult); a significant decrease to 39 nymphs/adult occurred at 25°C. For calculating developmental thresholds, we present here a method of adjusting the lower developmental threshold (t(min)) using estimates from nonlinear models to provide an improved estimate of the thermal constant (K, in degree-days). We also call attention to the necessity of using a simulation method to estimate the true upper developmental threshold (t(max)) and optimum developmental temperature (t(opt)) from the Lactin-2 model of temperature-dependent development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Jandricic
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
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Braun SE, Sanderson JP, Nelson EB, Daughtrey ML, Wraight SP. Fungus gnat feeding and mechanical wounding inhibit Pythium aphanidermatum infection of geranium seedlings. Phytopathology 2009; 99:1421-1428. [PMID: 19900009 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-99-12-1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT A series of laboratory tests were conducted to investigate potential effects of fungus gnat (Bradysia impatiens) feeding damage on susceptibility of geranium seedlings (Pelargonium x hortorum) to infection by the root rot pathogen Pythium aphanidermatum. Effects were compared with those from similar tests in which the seedlings were mechanically wounded by severing the root tip with a scalpel. Assays of geranium seedlings in petri dishes revealed a pronounced negative fungus gnat-Pythium interaction, with exposure to fungus gnat larvae 24 h prior to inoculation with P. aphanidermatum zoospores resulting in up to 47% fewer seedling deaths than would have been expected if the two agents had acted independently. Similar results were observed when seedlings were subjected to mechanical wounding 24 h prior to zoospore inoculation. In contrast, no interaction occurred when seedlings were mechanically wounded immediately prior to inoculation. The degree of plant damage inflicted by the feeding activities of the larval fungus gnats had no significant effect on the combined damage from fungus gnats and Pythium in petri dishes. Ancillary studies showed that Pythium development on V8 agar was not inhibited by the presence of fungus gnat-associated microorganisms, nor were seedlings inoculated with these microbes less susceptible to Pythium infection. The precise mechaism or mechanisms underlying the observed interactions were not elucidated; however, the results strongly suggest that both fungus gnat feeding and mechanical wounding activated systemic defenses that made the seedlings more resistant to Pythium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Braun
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-0901, USA
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Wraight SP, Ramos ME. Synergistic interaction between Beauveria bassiana- and Bacillus thuringiensis tenebrionis-based biopesticides applied against field populations of Colorado potato beetle larvae. J Invertebr Pathol 2005; 90:139-50. [PMID: 16307755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2005.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2004] [Revised: 05/06/2005] [Accepted: 09/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Commercial biopesticides based on the fungal pathogen Beauveria bassiana strain GHA and the bacterial pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis tenebrionis were applied alone and in combination (tank mixed) against larval populations of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, in small plots of potatoes over three field seasons. Interactions between the two products were evaluated in terms of pest-control efficacy. B. bassiana (formulated as Mycotrol) was applied at low and medium label rates of 1.25 and 2.5 x 10(13) conidia/ha, and B. thuringienis (formulated as Novodor) was applied at low and high label rates of 40.3 and 120.8 x 10(6) Leptinotarsa units/ha. Two weekly applications of the bacterial pesticide alone provided 50-85% control of beetle larvae within 14 days after the initial application, while applications of the mycopesticide alone produced no greater than 25% control. Maximum control, in nearly all tests, was produced by the combination of the two products. The combined treatments produced a statistically significant 6-35% greater reduction in larval populations than would have been predicted had the two biopesticides acted independently. This low-level synergistic interaction was observed during all field seasons and resulted from combinations at all rates, including, in one of two tests, the low rates of each product. These results indicate that B. thuringiensis and B. bassiana have strong potential for integrated biologically based management of Colorado potato beetle.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Wraight
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Plant, Soil and Nutrition Laboratory, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Castrillo LA, Vandenberg JD, Wraight SP. Strain-specific detection of introduced Beauveria bassiana in agricultural fields by use of sequence-characterized amplified region markers. J Invertebr Pathol 2003; 82:75-83. [PMID: 12623307 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2011(02)00190-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Field studies on the efficacy and persistence of an introduced strain of Beauveria bassiana for insect control require detection assays to differentiate the non-native strain from indigenous populations. In this study we developed strain-specific molecular markers based on polymerase chain reaction amplification of sequence-characterized amplified regions (SCAR) in combination with dilution plating on semi-selective medium to detect and estimate density of propagules of a commercial strain of B. bassiana (strain GHA) in field samples. Using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, unique fragments that distinguished GHA from other strains of B. bassiana were obtained. Three amplicons, OPA-14(0.44), OPA-15(0.44), and OPB-9(0.67), generated with RAPD primers were cloned and sequenced and used as bases for designing SCAR primers OPA14 F/R(445), OPA15 F/R(441), and OPB9 F/R(677), respectively. All three SCAR primers were highly sensitive, capable of detecting 100pg B. bassiana GHA genomic DNA, and thus could be used to detect varying levels of the fungus in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Castrillo
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, US Plant, Soil and Nutrition Laboratory, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Wraight SP, Carruthers RI, Bradley CA, Jaronski ST, Lacey LA, Wood P, Galaini-Wraight S. Pathogenicity of the entomopathogenic fungi paecilomyces spp. and Beauveria bassiana against the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii. J Invertebr Pathol 1998; 71:217-26. [PMID: 9538026 DOI: 10.1006/jipa.1997.4734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenicities of three species of entomopathogenic fungi against preimaginal Bemisia argentifolii were measured and compared. Third-instar nymphs on excised leaves of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis were exposed to spray applications of 14 isolates of Beauveria bassiana, 22 isolates of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, and five isolates of Paecilomyces farinosus. B. bassiana and P. fumosoroseus isolates of diverse origins were highly pathogenic to the whitefly nymphs; median lethal doses of 14 of the 22 P. fumosoroseus and four of the 13 B. bassiana isolates ranged between 50 and 150 conidia/mm2. Five isolates of P. farinosus were also pathogenic; however, LC50s were relatively high, ranging between 350 and 4000 conidia/mm2. Nymphs infected with all but one isolate of B. bassiana displayed a pronounced red pigmentation. Postmortem hyphal growth and sporulation of B. bassiana was relatively slow and usually confined to the region immediately surrounding the dead host. Whitefly nymphs patently infected with P. fumosoroseus and P. farinosus were lightly pigmented yellow or orange. Postmortem hyphal growth and sporulation of P. fumosoroseus rapidly covered the dead host and extended several millimeters onto the surrounding leaf surface. The results indicate that highly virulent strains of P. fumosoroseus and B. bassiana with considerable whitefly control potential are widespread and numerous.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Wraight
- USDA-ARS-Subtropical Agricultural Research Laboratory, Weslaco, Texas, 78596, USA
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Wraight SP, Molloy DP, Singer S. Studies on the culicine mosquito host range of Bacillus sphaericus and Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis with notes on the effects of temperature and instar on bacterial efficacy. J Invertebr Pathol 1987; 49:291-302. [PMID: 3585050 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(87)90061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Molloy D, Wraight SP. Isolation of Strelkovimermis peterseni, a Mermithid Parasite of Anopheline Mosquitoes in Northeastern New York. J Nematol 1980; 12:330-332. [PMID: 19300711 PMCID: PMC2618027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
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