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Tweed CD, Wills GH, Crook AM, Amukoye E, Balanag V, Ban AYL, Bateson ALC, Betteridge MC, Brumskine W, Caoili J, Chaisson RE, Cevik M, Conradie F, Dawson R, Del Parigi A, Diacon A, Everitt DE, Fabiane SM, Hunt R, Ismail AI, Lalloo U, Lombard L, Louw C, Malahleha M, McHugh TD, Mendel CM, Mhimbira F, Moodliar RN, Nduba V, Nunn AJ, Sabi I, Sebe MA, Selepe RAP, Staples S, Swindells S, van Niekerk CH, Variava E, Spigelman M, Gillespie SH. A partially randomised trial of pretomanid, moxifloxacin and pyrazinamide for pulmonary TB. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2021; 25:305-314. [PMID: 33762075 PMCID: PMC8009598 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.20.0513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Treatment for TB is lengthy and toxic, and new regimens are needed.METHODS: Participants with pulmonary drug-susceptible TB (DS-TB) were randomised to receive: 200 mg pretomanid (Pa, PMD) daily, 400 mg moxifloxacin (M) and 1500 mg pyrazinamide (Z) for 6 months (6Pa200MZ) or 4 months (4Pa200MZ); 100 mg pretomanid daily for 4 months in the same combination (4Pa100MZ); or standard DS-TB treatment for 6 months. The primary outcome was treatment failure or relapse at 12 months post-randomisation. The non-inferiority margin for between-group differences was 12.0%. Recruitment was paused following three deaths and not resumed.RESULTS: Respectively 4/47 (8.5%), 11/57 (19.3%), 14/52 (26.9%) and 1/53 (1.9%) DS-TB outcomes were unfavourable in patients on 6Pa200MZ, 4Pa200MZ, 4Pa100MZ and controls. There was a 6.6% (95% CI -2.2% to 15.4%) difference per protocol and 9.9% (95%CI -4.1% to 23.9%) modified intention-to-treat difference in unfavourable responses between the control and 6Pa200MZ arms. Grade 3+ adverse events affected 68/203 (33.5%) receiving experimental regimens, and 19/68 (27.9%) on control. Ten of 203 (4.9%) participants on experimental arms and 2/68 (2.9%) controls died.CONCLUSION: PaMZ regimens did not achieve non-inferiority in this under-powered trial. An ongoing evaluation of PMD remains a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Tweed
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - G H Wills
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - A M Crook
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - E Amukoye
- Centre for Respiratory Disease Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - V Balanag
- Lung Center of the Philippines, National Centre for Pulmonary Research, Quezon City, The Philippines
| | - A Y L Ban
- Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - M C Betteridge
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - J Caoili
- Tropical Disease Foundation, Makati Medical Centre, Makati City, Phillippines
| | - R E Chaisson
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M Cevik
- Medical School, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - F Conradie
- University of the Witwatersrand, Clinical HIV Research Unit, Johannesburg
| | - R Dawson
- University of Cape Town Lung Institute, Cape Town
| | - A Del Parigi
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Diacon
- TASK Applied Science, Bellville, South Africa & Division of Physiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - D E Everitt
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, New York, NY, USA
| | - S M Fabiane
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - R Hunt
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, UCL, London, UK
| | - A I Ismail
- Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - U Lalloo
- Enhancing Care Foundation, Durban International Clinical Research Site, Wentworth Hospital, Durban
| | - L Lombard
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, New York, NY, USA
| | - C Louw
- Madibeng Centre for Research, Brits, & Department of Family Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria
| | - M Malahleha
- Setshaba Research Centre, Soshanguve, South Africa
| | - T D McHugh
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, UCL, London, UK
| | - C M Mendel
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, New York, NY, USA
| | - F Mhimbira
- Ifakara Health Institute (IHI), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - R N Moodliar
- THINK (Tuberculosis and HIV Investigative Network), Durban, South Africa
| | | | - A J Nunn
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - I Sabi
- Mbeya Medical Research Center, National Institute for Medical Research, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - M A Sebe
- The Aurum Institute, Tembisa Clinical Research Centre, Tembisa
| | | | - S Staples
- THINK (Tuberculosis and HIV Investigative Network), Durban, South Africa
| | - S Swindells
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - E Variava
- Klerksdorp Tshepong Hospital, Klerksdorp, South Africa
| | - M Spigelman
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, New York, NY, USA
| | - S H Gillespie
- Medical School, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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Boffa J, Mayan M, Ndlovu S, Fisher D, Staples S, Sauve R, Williamson T. When prevention is dangerous: perceptions of isoniazid preventive therapy in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Public Health Action 2019; 9:24-31. [PMID: 30963039 DOI: 10.5588/pha.18.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Setting In 2011, the South African government began to offer isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) through the public health system to presumptively treat latent tuberculous infection (LTBI) among people living with human immunodeficiency virus. Objective To describe IPT perceptions and experiences in three Zulu communities in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. Design Using a combination of community-based research and ethnographic methods, we undertook 17 individual and group interviews between October 2014 and May 2015. Interviews transcripts were analysed using qualitative content analysis and validated with grass-roots community advisors. Results Participants reported multiple ways in which IPT was perceived as dangerous: when costs related to pill collection or consumption were unsustainable, or when daily pill consumption resulted in stigma or was seen to introduce excess dirt or toxins, 'ukungcola', in the body. Theories on dirt are evoked to describe how IPT was perceived as 'matter out of place' when given to people who believed themselves to be healthy, suggesting that under the current TB aetiological model in Zulu culture, 'prevention as tablet' may not fit. Conclusion Implementing IPT without understanding the realities of community stakeholders can unintentionally undermine TB control efforts by worsening the situation for people who already encounter numerous daily problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Boffa
- Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - M Mayan
- Community University Partnerships, Faculty of Extension, University of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - S Ndlovu
- Izimbali Zesizwe, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - D Fisher
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cummings School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - S Staples
- Tuberculosis and HIV Investigative Network (THINK), Durban, South Africa
| | - R Sauve
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cummings School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Tuberculosis and HIV Investigative Network (THINK), Durban, South Africa
| | - T Williamson
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cummings School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Hoddinott G, Staples S, Brown R, Simwinga M, Mubekapi-Musadaidzwa C, Hesseling AC, Hendricks G, De Koker P, McKenna L. Community engagement for paediatric MDR-TB clinical trials: principles to support ethical trial implementation. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2018; 22:40-45. [PMID: 29665952 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.17.0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The paediatric tuberculosis (TB) prevention and treatment landscape is moving into a new and exciting era, with knowledge from clinical trials offering real benefit to children. Community engagement is key to optimising the success of these trials. However, the clinical profile, epidemiology and social perceptions for paediatric multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) complicate the operationalisation of this community engagement. We reflect on a diversity of recent experiences attempting to implement this type of research and the community engagement around it. We describe four recommendations and argue that these should guide the implementation of the community engagement agenda in the new landscape of paediatric MDR-TB clinical trials. Specifically, we argue for 1) dynamic, long-term continuity in community engagement platforms; 2) tiers of TB and research literacy; 3) multiple separate and joint platforms for holding 'stakes'; and 4) addressing the social/structural implications of family participation. We conclude that community-level stakeholders, such as health workers, parents and children, are willing to collaborate in paediatric MDR-TB clinical trials. Using these recommendations, there is considerable opportunity for effective community engagement in this new era of paediatric MDR-TB research.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hoddinott
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town
| | - S Staples
- TB and HIV Investigative Network, Durban, South Africa
| | - R Brown
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town
| | - M Simwinga
- Zambia AIDS Related Tuberculosis (ZAMBART) School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - C Mubekapi-Musadaidzwa
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town
| | - A C Hesseling
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town
| | - G Hendricks
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town
| | - P De Koker
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town
| | - L McKenna
- Treatment Action Group, New York, New York, USA
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Krishnakumar P, Tiwari PB, Staples S, Luo T, Darici Y, He J, Lindsay SM. Mass transport through vertically aligned large diameter MWCNTs embedded in parylene. Nanotechnology 2012; 23:455101. [PMID: 23064678 PMCID: PMC3563677 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/45/455101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We have fabricated porous membranes using a parylene encapsulated vertically aligned forest of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs, about 7 nm inner diameter). The transport of charged particles in electrolyte through these membranes was studied by applying electric field and pressure. Under an electric field in the range of 4.4 × 10(4) V m(-1), electrophoresis instead of electroomosis is found to be the main mechanism for ion transport. Small molecules and 5 nm gold nanoparticles can be driven through the membranes by an electric field. However, small biomolecules, like DNA oligomers, cannot. Due to the weak electric driving force, the interactions between charged particles and the hydrophobic CNT inner surface play important roles in the transport, leading to enhanced selectivity for small molecules. Simple chemical modification on the CNT ends also induces an obvious effect on the translocation of single strand DNA oligomers and gold nanoparticles under a modest pressure (<294 Pa).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Krishnakumar
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
| | - P B Tiwari
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199
| | - S Staples
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
| | - T Luo
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
| | - Y Darici
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199
| | - J He
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199
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| | - SM Lindsay
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
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