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Genade LP, Kahamba T, Scott L, Tempia S, Walaza S, David A, Stevens W, Hlongwane K, von Gottberg A, Du Plessis M, Kleynhans J, Cohen C, Martinson NA. Co-testing a single sputum specimen for TB and SARS-CoV-2. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2023; 27:146-147. [PMID: 36853101 PMCID: PMC9904403 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.22.0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L P Genade
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), South Africa
| | - T Kahamba
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - L Scott
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - S Tempia
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, South Africa
| | - S Walaza
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, South Africa, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - A David
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - W Stevens
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, National Priority Programme, National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - K Hlongwane
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), South Africa
| | - A von Gottberg
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, South Africa, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - M Du Plessis
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, South Africa, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - J Kleynhans
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, South Africa, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - C Cohen
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, South Africa, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - N A Martinson
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), South Africa, Johns Hopkins University Center for TB Research, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Meiring S, Tempia S, Bhiman J, Kleynhans J, Buys A, Makhasi M, Mcmorrow M, Moyes J, Quan V, Walaza S, Plessis MD, Wolter N, Von Gottberg A, Cohen C. Prolonged shedding of SARS-CoV-2 at high viral load amongst hospitalised immunocompromised persons living with HIV in South Africa. Int J Infect Dis 2022. [PMCID: PMC8884730 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Methods & Materials Results Conclusion
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Mthiyane TN, Cohen C, Norris SA, Walaza S, Tempia S, Cohen AL, Von Gottberg A, Von Mollendorf C. Factors associated with missed and delayed DTP3 vaccination in children aged 12 - 59 months in two communities in South Africa, 2012 - 2013. S Afr Med J 2019; 109:562-569. [PMID: 31456549 PMCID: PMC7804387 DOI: 10.7196/samj.2019.v109i8.13244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although immunisation services are available to all children in South Africa (SA), many children miss or have delays in receiving vaccines. There are limited data on factors associated with missed or delayed vaccination in children in this setting. OBJECTIVES To assess vaccination coverage and factors associated with missed and delayed diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine third dose (DTP3) vaccination in children aged 12 - 59 months in two SA communities. METHODS We used data from household-level healthcare utilisation surveys conducted in Soweto in 2012 and in Pietermaritzburg in 2013. Information on vaccination status was recorded from the Road to Health cards or vaccination history from clinics for children aged <5 years. Factors associated with missed or delayed DTP3 vaccination were assessed using unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS Of a total of 847 eligible children aged 12 - 59 months, 716 had available vaccination information. Overall DTP3 vaccination coverage was high for both sites: 90.6% in Pietermaritzburg and 93.9% in Soweto. However, 32.6% and 25.2% of DTP3 vaccinations were delayed (received after 18 weeks of age) in Pietermaritzburg and Soweto, respectively. The median delay for DTP3 vaccinations was 4.7 weeks (interquartile range 1.7 - 23.0). Factors associated with delayed DTP3 vaccination included being born in 2010 (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 3.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4 - 6.3) or 2011 (aOR 2.7, 95% CI 1.3 - 5.7) compared with being born in 2008, probably due to vaccine shortages; a low level of education of the primary caregiver, with children whose caregivers had completed secondary education having lower odds of delayed vaccination (aOR 0.5, 95% CI 0.3 - 0.9) than children whose caregivers only had primary education; and maternal HIV status, with unknown status (aOR 3.5, 95% CI 1.6 - 7.6) associated with higher odds of delay than positive status. Factors associated with missed DTP3 vaccination (not vaccinated by 12 months of age) included two or more children aged <5 years in a household (aOR 2.4, 95% CI 1.2 - 4.9) compared with one child, and household monthly income <ZAR500 (aOR 3.4, 95% CI 1.1 - 11.4) compared with ≥ZAR2 000. CONCLUSIONS Despite high overall DTP3 coverage observed in two communities, many vaccinations were delayed. Vulnerable groups identified in this study should be targeted with improved vaccination services to enhance uptake and timeliness of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Mthiyane
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Mkhencele T, Walaza S, Moyes J, McAnerney J, Mhlanga S, Nguweneza A, Variava E, Dawood H, Mekgoe O, Naby F, Cohen C. Comparison of characteristics of individuals hospitalised with acute and chronic respiratory illness testing influenza positive at two sites in South Africa, 2011-2016. Int J Infect Dis 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Page NA, Seheri LM, Groome MJ, Moyes J, Walaza S, Mphahlele J, Kahn K, Kapongo CN, Zar HJ, Tempia S, Cohen C, Madhi SA. Temporal association of rotavirus vaccination and genotype circulation in South Africa: Observations from 2002 to 2014. Vaccine 2017; 36:7231-7237. [PMID: 29110933 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus vaccination has reduced diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality globally. The monovalent rotavirus vaccine was introduced into the public immunization program in South Africa (SA) in 2009 and led to approximately 50% reduction in rotavirus hospitalization in young children. The aim of this study was to investigate the rotavirus genotype distribution in SA before and after vaccine introduction. MATERIALS AND METHODS In addition to pre-vaccine era surveillance conducted from 2002 to 2008 at Dr George Mukhari Hospital (DGM), rotavirus surveillance among children <5 years hospitalized for acute diarrhoea was established at seven sentinel sites in SA from April 2009 to December 2014. Stool specimens were screened by enzyme immunoassay and rotavirus positive specimens genotyped using standardised methods. RESULTS At DGM, there was a significant decrease in G1 strains from pre-vaccine introduction (34%; 479/1418; 2002-2009) compared to post-vaccine introduction (22%; 37/170; 2010-2014; p for trend <.001). Similarly, there was a significant increase in non-G1P[8] strains at this site (p for trend <.001). In expanded sentinel surveillance, when adjusted for age and site, the odds of rotavirus detection in hospitalized children with diarrhoea declined significantly from 2009 (46%; 423/917) to 2014 (22%; 205/939; p<.001). The odds of G1 detection declined significantly from 2009 (53%; 224/421) to 2010-2011 (26%; 183/703; aOR=0.5; p<.001) and 2012-2014 (9%; 80/905; aOR=0.1; p<.001). Non-G1P[8] strains showed a significant increase from 2009 (33%; 139/421) to 2012-2014 (52%; 473/905; aOR=2.5; p<.001). CONCLUSIONS Rotavirus vaccination of children was associated with temporal changes in circulating genotypes. Despite these temporal changes in circulating genotypes, the overall reduction in rotavirus disease in South Africa remains significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Page
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - L M Seheri
- South African Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa, South Africa
| | - M J Groome
- Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - J Moyes
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - S Walaza
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - J Mphahlele
- South African Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa, South Africa
| | - K Kahn
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - C N Kapongo
- Department of Paediatrics, Ngwelezane Hospital, Empangeni, South Africa
| | - H J Zar
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health/MRC Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - S Tempia
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Influenza Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria, South Africa; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - C Cohen
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - S A Madhi
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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