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Aakko J, Kumar H, Rautava S, Wise A, Autran C, Bode L, Isolauri E, Salminen S. Human milk oligosaccharide categories define the microbiota composition in human colostrum. Benef Microbes 2017; 8:563-567. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2016.0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are structurally diverse unconjugated glycans with a composition unique to each lactating mother. While HMOs have been shown to have an impact on the development of infant gut microbiota, it is not well known if HMOs also already affect milk microbial composition. To address this question, we analysed eleven colostrum samples for HMO content by high-pressure liquid chromatography and microbiota composition by quantitative PCR. Higher total HMO concentration was associated with higher counts of Bifidobacterium spp. (ρ=0.63, P=0.036). A distinctive effect was seen when comparing different HMO groups: positive correlations were observed between sialylated HMOs and Bifidobacterium breve (ρ=0.84, P=0.001), and non-fucosylated/non-sialylated HMOs and Bifidobacterium longum group (ρ=0.65, P=0.030). In addition to associations between HMOs and bifidobacteria, positive correlations were observed between fucosylated HMOs and Akkermansia muciniphila (ρ=0.70, P=0.017), and between fucosylated/sialylated HMOs and Staphylococcus aureus (ρ=0.75, P=0.007). Our results suggest that the characterised HMOs have an effect on specific microbial groups in human milk. Both oligosaccharides and microbes provide a concise inoculum for the compositional development of the infant gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Aakko
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Itäinenpitkäkatu 4 A 5 krs., 20014 Turku, Finland
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Vatselankatu 2, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - H. Kumar
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Itäinenpitkäkatu 4 A 5 krs., 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - S. Rautava
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - A. Wise
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - C. Autran
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - L. Bode
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - E. Isolauri
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - S. Salminen
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Itäinenpitkäkatu 4 A 5 krs., 20014 Turku, Finland
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Forsgren M, Isolauri E, Salminen S, Rautava S. Late preterm birth has direct and indirect effects on infant gut microbiota development during the first six months of life. Acta Paediatr 2017; 106:1103-1109. [PMID: 28316118 PMCID: PMC5763336 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Aim Preterm infants display aberrant gut microbial colonisation. We investigated whether the differences in gut microbiota between late preterm and full‐term infants results from prematurity or external exposures. Methods This study comprised 43 late preterm infants (340/7–366/7) and 75 full‐term infants based on faecal samples collected following birth and at two to four weeks and six months of age. We assessed clinically relevant bacteria using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine whether the observed differences in gut microbiota were attributable to prematurity or perinatal exposure. Results The prevalence of bifidobacteria differed in the intestinal microbiota of the full‐term and late preterm neonates. Differences in the presence of specific species were detected at the age of six months, although the microbiota alterations were most prominent following delivery. As well as prematurity, the mode of birth, intrapartum and neonatal antibiotic exposure, and the duration of breastfeeding had an additional impact on gut microbiota development. Conclusion The gut microbiota composition was significantly different between late preterm and full‐term infants at least six months after birth. Antibiotic exposure was common in late preterm infants and modulated gut colonisation, but preterm birth also affected gut microbiota development independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Forsgren
- Department of Paediatrics; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - E Isolauri
- Department of Paediatrics; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; Turku University Hospital; Turku Finland
| | - S Salminen
- Functional Foods Forum; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - S Rautava
- Department of Paediatrics; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; Turku University Hospital; Turku Finland
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Reid G, Kumar H, Khan AI, Rautava S, Tobin J, Salminen S. The case in favour of probiotics before, during and after pregnancy: insights from the first 1,500 days. Benef Microbes 2016; 7:353-62. [PMID: 26839074 DOI: 10.3920/bm2015.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Successful human reproduction requires microbial homeostasis in the female reproductive tract, and colonisation of the newborn with beneficial microbes. In order to prevent several complications associated with dysbiosis, the administration of probiotics is more often being considered. The objective of the enclosed review was to examine the rationale for probiotic utility before and during pregnancy and in the early phase of infant life. The conclusions emerged from a panel of researchers who met during the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) workshop held in Washington, DC, USA in 2015. The group concluded based upon the current literature, that a case can be made for the use of a specific sets of probiotic organisms during the first 1,500 days of life, with the goal of a healthy pregnancy to term, and a healthy start to life with lowered risk of infections and inflammatory events. The key to successfully translating these recommendations to practice is that products be made available and affordable to women in developed and developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Reid
- 1 Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotic Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, Ontario N6A 4V2, Canada.,2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - H Kumar
- 3 Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Itäinenpitkäkatu 4 A, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - A I Khan
- 4 Centre for Vaccine Sciences, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, P.O. Box 128, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - S Rautava
- 5 Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - J Tobin
- 6 Melbourne Medical School Centre for Indigenous Health Equity, 207 Bouverie St, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - S Salminen
- 3 Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Itäinenpitkäkatu 4 A, 20014 Turku, Finland
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Isolauri E, Rautava S, Collado MC, Salminen S. Role of probiotics in reducing the risk of gestational diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2015; 17:713-9. [PMID: 25885278 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity currently constitute a major threat to human well-being. Almost half of the female population are currently overweight. Pregnant overweight women are at risk of gestational diabetes affecting the health of the mother and the child, in both the short and long term. Notwithstanding the extensive scientific interest centred on the problem, research efforts have thus far been unable to devise preventive strategies. Recent scientific advances point to a gut microbiota dysbiosis, with ensuing low-grade inflammation as a contributing element, in obesity and its comorbidities. Such findings would suggest a role for specific probiotics in the search for preventive and therapeutic adjunct applications in gestational diabetes. The aim of the present paper was to critically review recent demonstrations of the role of intestinal microbes in immune and metabolic regulation, which could be exploited in nutritional management of pregnant women by probiotic bacteria. By modulating specific target functions, probiotic dietary intervention may exert clinical effects beyond the nutritional impact of food. As this approach in pregnancy is new, an overview of the role of gut microbiota in shaping host metabolism, together with the definition of probiotics are presented, and finally, specific targets and potential mechanisms for probiotics in pregnancy are discussed. Pregnancy appears to be the most critical stage for interventions aiming to reduce the risk of non-communicable disease in future generations, beyond the immediate dangers attributable to the health of the mother, labour and the neonate. Specific probiotic interventions during pregnancy provide an opportunity, therefore, to promote the health not only of the mother but also of the child.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Isolauri
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - S Rautava
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - M C Collado
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - S Salminen
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Huurre A, Laitinen K, Rautava S, Korkeamäki M, Isolauri E. Impact of maternal atopy and probiotic supplementation during pregnancy on infant sensitization: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Clin Exp Allergy 2008. [PMID: 18477013 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of breastfeeding and probiotics on infant sensitization still remain discrepant. OBJECTIVE To explore probable explanatory factors in infant sensitization and the protective effect of probiotics. METHODS Altogether 171 mother-infant pairs from an ongoing placebo-controlled double-blind study with nutrition modulation by dietary counselling and probiotic supplementation were studied. Skin prick testing was done in infants at 6 and 12 months and in mothers at third trimester of pregnancy. The breast milk concentrations of cytokines TGF-beta2, soluble CD14, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-10, IL-6, IL-4 and IL-2 were measured. RESULTS The risk of sensitization increased in infants with allergic mothers breastfeeding over 6 months [odds ratio (OR=4.83, P=0.005)], or exclusively breastfeeding over 2.5 months (OR=3.4, P=0.018). Probiotic supplementation had a protective effect against sensitization in infants with a high hereditary risk due to maternal sensitization (OR=0.3, P=0.023). The concentration of TGF-beta2 tended to be higher in the colostrum of the mothers in the probiotic group as compared with those on placebo (probiotic/placebo ratio=1.50, P=0.073). A similar result was obtained in the subgroup of allergic mothers (probiotic/placebo ratio=1.56, P=0.094). CONCLUSION Infants of atopic mothers, specifically when breastfed exclusively over 2.5 months or totally over 6 months, had a higher risk of sensitization at the age of 12 months. This risk could be reduced by the use of probiotics during pregnancy and lactation, partly by resulting in a beneficial composition of the breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Huurre
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Central Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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Huurre A, Laitinen K, Rautava S, Korkeamäki M, Isolauri E. Impact of maternal atopy and probiotic supplementation during pregnancy on infant sensitization: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Clin Exp Allergy 2008; 38:1342-8. [PMID: 18477013 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of breastfeeding and probiotics on infant sensitization still remain discrepant. OBJECTIVE To explore probable explanatory factors in infant sensitization and the protective effect of probiotics. METHODS Altogether 171 mother-infant pairs from an ongoing placebo-controlled double-blind study with nutrition modulation by dietary counselling and probiotic supplementation were studied. Skin prick testing was done in infants at 6 and 12 months and in mothers at third trimester of pregnancy. The breast milk concentrations of cytokines TGF-beta2, soluble CD14, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-10, IL-6, IL-4 and IL-2 were measured. RESULTS The risk of sensitization increased in infants with allergic mothers breastfeeding over 6 months [odds ratio (OR=4.83, P=0.005)], or exclusively breastfeeding over 2.5 months (OR=3.4, P=0.018). Probiotic supplementation had a protective effect against sensitization in infants with a high hereditary risk due to maternal sensitization (OR=0.3, P=0.023). The concentration of TGF-beta2 tended to be higher in the colostrum of the mothers in the probiotic group as compared with those on placebo (probiotic/placebo ratio=1.50, P=0.073). A similar result was obtained in the subgroup of allergic mothers (probiotic/placebo ratio=1.56, P=0.094). CONCLUSION Infants of atopic mothers, specifically when breastfed exclusively over 2.5 months or totally over 6 months, had a higher risk of sensitization at the age of 12 months. This risk could be reduced by the use of probiotics during pregnancy and lactation, partly by resulting in a beneficial composition of the breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Huurre
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Central Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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Abstract
The notion of food allergy in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is not new. However, recent evidence suggests significant reduction in IBS symptom severity in patients on elimination diets, provided that dietary elimination is based on foods against which the individual had raised IgG antibodies. These findings should encourage studies dissecting the mechanisms responsible for IgG production against dietary antigens and their putative role in IBS
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Affiliation(s)
- E Isolauri
- Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Central Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland.
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