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Zeghal M, Matte K, Venes A, Patel S, Laroche G, Sarvan S, Joshi M, Rain JC, Couture JF, Giguère PM. Development of a V5-tag-directed nanobody and its implementation as an intracellular biosensor of GPCR signaling. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105107. [PMID: 37517699 PMCID: PMC10470007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) form the foundation of any cell signaling network. Considering that PPIs are highly dynamic processes, cellular assays are often essential for their study because they closely mimic the biological complexities of cellular environments. However, incongruity may be observed across different PPI assays when investigating a protein partner of interest; these discrepancies can be partially attributed to the fusion of different large functional moieties, such as fluorescent proteins or enzymes, which can yield disparate perturbations to the protein's stability, subcellular localization, and interaction partners depending on the given cellular assay. Owing to their smaller size, epitope tags may exhibit a diminished susceptibility to instigate such perturbations. However, while they have been widely used for detecting or manipulating proteins in vitro, epitope tags lack the in vivo traceability and functionality needed for intracellular biosensors. Herein, we develop NbV5, an intracellular nanobody binding the V5-tag, which is suitable for use in cellular assays commonly used to study PPIs such as BRET, NanoBiT, and Tango. The NbV5:V5 tag system has been applied to interrogate G protein-coupled receptor signaling, specifically by replacing larger functional moieties attached to the protein interactors, such as fluorescent or luminescent proteins (∼30 kDa), by the significantly smaller V5-tag peptide (1.4 kDa), and for microscopy imaging which is successfully detected by NbV5-based biosensors. Therefore, the NbV5:V5 tag system presents itself as a versatile tool for live-cell imaging and a befitting adaptation to existing cellular assays dedicated to probing PPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel Zeghal
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin Matte
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angelica Venes
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shivani Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geneviève Laroche
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sabina Sarvan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Monika Joshi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jean-François Couture
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick M Giguère
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Sarvan S, Yeung A, Charih F, Stintzi A, Couture JF. Purification and characterization of Campylobacter jejuni ferric uptake regulator. Biometals 2019; 32:491-500. [PMID: 30706282 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-019-00177-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ferric uptake regulator (Fur) is a superfamily of transcription factors found in bacteria which control the expression of a myriad of genes. In this study, we report a simple protocol for the purification of recombinant untagged Campylobacter jejuni Fur (CjFur). CjFur was isolated using a combination of three ion exchange chromatography steps followed by size exclusion chromatography on a Superdex 75. ESI-MS analysis shows that our method yields pure CjFur and that this tag-free version incorporates metal more efficiently than recombinant CjFur harboring a tag or tag remnants. Finally, electrophoretic mobility shift assays show that this new purification method yields a CjFur preparation that binds DNA more efficiently. These results suggest that adding a N-terminus tag onto CjFur is detrimental to its activity. Overall, the approaches detailed in this study offer an alternative strategy for the purification of CjFur, and likely other metalloregulators, for future biochemical and biophysical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Sarvan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Roger Guindon Hall, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Allison Yeung
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Roger Guindon Hall, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - François Charih
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Roger Guindon Hall, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Alain Stintzi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Roger Guindon Hall, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jean-François Couture
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Roger Guindon Hall, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
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Sarvan S, Butcher J, Stintzi A, Couture JF. Variation on a theme: investigating the structural repertoires used by ferric uptake regulators to control gene expression. Biometals 2018; 31:681-704. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-018-0120-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sarvan S, Charih F, Butcher J, Brunzelle JS, Stintzi A, Couture JF. Crystal structure of Campylobacter jejuni peroxide regulator. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:2351-2360. [PMID: 29856899 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In Campylobacter jejuni (Cj), the metal-cofactored peroxide response regulator (PerR) transcription factor allows C. jejuni to respond to oxidative stresses. The crystal structure of the metalated form of CjPerR shows that the protein folds as an asymmetric dimer displaying structural differences in the orientation of its DNA-binding domain. Comparative analysis shows that such asymmetry is a conserved feature among crystallized PerR proteins, and mutational analysis reveals that residues found in the first α-helix of CjPerR contribute to DNA binding. These studies present the structure of CjPerR protein and highlight structural heterogeneity in the orientation of the metalated PerR DNA-binding domain which may underlie the ability of PerR to recognize DNA, control gene expression, and contribute to bacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Sarvan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - François Charih
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - James Butcher
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Joseph S Brunzelle
- Life Science Collaborative Access Team, Northwestern Synchrotron Research Centers, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Alain Stintzi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jean-François Couture
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Canada
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Sarvan S, Charih F, Askoura M, Butcher J, Brunzelle JS, Stintzi A, Couture JF. Functional insights into the interplay between DNA interaction and metal coordination in ferric uptake regulators. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7140. [PMID: 29739988 PMCID: PMC5940780 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25157-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferric uptake regulators (Fur) are a family of transcription factors coupling gene regulatory events to metal concentration. Recent evidence has expanded the mechanistic repertoires employed by Fur to activate or repress gene expression in the presence or absence of regulatory metals. However, the mechanistic basis underlying this extended repertoire has remained largely unexplored. In this study, we used an extensive set of mutations to demonstrate that Campylobacter jejuni Fur (CjFur) employs the same surface to positively and negatively control gene expression regardless of the presence or absence of metals. Moreover, the crystal structure determination of a CjFur devoid of any regulatory metals shows that subtle reorientation of the transcription factor DNA binding domain negatively impacts DNA binding, gene expression and gut colonization in chickens. Overall, these results highlight the versatility of the CjFur DNA binding domain in mediating all gene regulatory events controlled by the metalloregulator and that the full metalation of CjFur is critical to the Campylobacter jejuni life cycle in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Sarvan
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - François Charih
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Momen Askoura
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - James Butcher
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Joseph S Brunzelle
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA
| | - Alain Stintzi
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jean-François Couture
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada.
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Gagnon J, Sarvan S, Gagne D, Couture JF, Doucet N. Human ribonuclease 6 crystal structure and conformational analysis. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273317091732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Bergamin E, Sarvan S, Malette J, Eram MS, Yeung S, Mongeon V, Joshi M, Brunzelle JS, Michaels SD, Blais A, Vedadi M, Couture JF. Molecular basis for the methylation specificity of ATXR5 for histone H3. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:6375-6387. [PMID: 28383693 PMCID: PMC5499861 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, the histone H3.1 lysine 27 (H3K27) mono-methyltransferases ARABIDOPSIS TRITHORAX RELATED PROTEIN 5 and 6 (ATXR5/6) regulate heterochromatic DNA replication and genome stability. Our initial studies showed that ATXR5/6 discriminate between histone H3 variants and preferentially methylate K27 on H3.1. In this study, we report three regulatory mechanisms contributing to the specificity of ATXR5/6. First, we show that ATXR5 preferentially methylates the R/F-K*-S/C-G/A-P/C motif with striking preference for hydrophobic and aromatic residues in positions flanking this core of five amino acids. Second, we demonstrate that post-transcriptional modifications of residues neighboring K27 that are typically associated with actively transcribed chromatin are detrimental to ATXR5 activity. Third, we show that ATXR5 PHD domain employs a narrow binding pocket to selectively recognize unmethylated K4 of histone H3. Finally, we demonstrate that deletion or mutation of the PHD domain reduces the catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km of AdoMet) of ATXR5 up to 58-fold, highlighting the multifunctional nature of ATXR5 PHD domain. Overall, our results suggest that several molecular determinants regulate ATXR5/6 methyltransferase activity and epigenetic inheritance of H3.1 K27me1 mark in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Bergamin
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Sabina Sarvan
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Josée Malette
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Mohammad S Eram
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5J 1L7, Canada
| | - Sylvain Yeung
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Vanessa Mongeon
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Monika Joshi
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Joseph S Brunzelle
- Northwestern Synchrotron Research Center, Life Sciences Collaborative Access Team, Northwestern University, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Scott D Michaels
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 915 East Third Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Alexandre Blais
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Masoud Vedadi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5J 1L7, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jean-François Couture
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
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Abstract
The Ferric Uptake Regulator (FUR) is a transcription factor (TF) regulating the expression of several genes to control iron levels in prokaryotes. Members of this family of TFs share a common structural scaffold that typically comprises two regions that include a DNA binding and dimerization domains. While this structural organization is conserved, FUR proteins employ different mechanisms to bind divergent DNA binding elements and regulate gene expression in the absence or presence of regulatory metals. These findings, combined with the observations that FUR proteins display different geometries in regard to the relative orientation of the DNA binding and dimerization domains, have highlighted an expanding repertoire of molecular mechanisms controlling the activity of this family of TFs. In this chapter, we present an overview of the methods to purify, crystallize, and solve the structure of Campylobacter jejuni FUR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Sarvan
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Roger Guindon Hall, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1H 8M5
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Roger Guindon Hall, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1H 8M5
| | - Jean-François Couture
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Roger Guindon Hall, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1H 8M5
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Roger Guindon Hall, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1H 8M5
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Gagnon J, Sarvan S, Gagné D, Couture JF, Simonović M, Doucet N. Crystal structure and biophysical characterization of ligand-free and -bound RNases 4 and 6, members of the human RNase A superfamily. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273316096753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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10
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Pandelieva AT, Baran MJ, Calderini GF, McCann JL, Tremblay V, Sarvan S, Davey JA, Couture JF, Chica RA. Brighter Red Fluorescent Proteins by Rational Design of Triple-Decker Motif. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:508-17. [PMID: 26697759 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Red fluorescent proteins (RFPs) are used extensively in chemical biology research as fluorophores for live cell imaging, as partners in FRET pairs, and as signal transducers in biosensors. For all of these applications, brighter RFP variants are desired. Here, we used rational design to increase the quantum yield of monomeric RFPs in order to improve their brightness. We postulated that we could increase quantum yield by restricting the conformational degrees of freedom of the RFP chromophore. To test our hypothesis, we introduced aromatic residues above the chromophore of mRojoA, a dim RFP containing a π-stacked Tyr residue directly beneath the chromophore, in order to reduce chromophore conformational flexibility via improved packing and steric complementarity. The best mutant identified displayed an absolute quantum yield increase of 0.07, representing an over 3-fold improvement relative to mRojoA. Remarkably, this variant was isolated following the screening of only 48 mutants, a library size that is several orders of magnitude smaller than those previously used to achieve equivalent gains in quantum yield in other RFPs. The crystal structure of the highest quantum yield mutant showed that the chromophore is sandwiched between two Tyr residues in a triple-decker motif of aromatic rings. Presence of this motif increases chromophore rigidity, as evidenced by the significantly reduced temperature factors compared to dim RFPs. Overall, the approach presented here paves the way for the rapid development of fluorescent proteins with higher quantum yield and overall brightness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia T Pandelieva
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa , 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Miranda J Baran
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa , 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Guido F Calderini
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa , 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jenna L McCann
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa , 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Véronique Tremblay
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa , 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Sabina Sarvan
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa , 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - James A Davey
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa , 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jean-François Couture
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa , 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa , 30 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Roberto A Chica
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa , 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa , 30 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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Sarvan S, Avdic V, Tremblay V, Chaturvedi CP, Zhang P, Lanouette S, Blais A, Brunzelle JS, Brand M, Couture JF. Crystal structure of the trithorax group protein ASH2L reveals a forkhead-like DNA binding domain. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2011; 18:857-9. [PMID: 21642971 PMCID: PMC3983046 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Absent, small or homeotic discs-like 2 (ASH2L) is a trithorax group (TrxG) protein and a regulatory subunit of the SET1 family of lysine methyltransferases. Here we report that ASH2L binds DNA using a forkhead-like helix-wing-helix (HWH) domain. In vivo, the ASH2L HWH domain is required for binding to the β-globin locus control region, histone H3 Lys4 (H3K4) trimethylation and maximal expression of the β-globin gene (Hbb-1), validating the functional importance of the ASH2L DNA binding domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Sarvan
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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