1
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Monteil V, Kwon H, John L, Salata C, Jonsson G, Vorrink SU, Appelberg S, Youhanna S, Dyczynski M, Leopoldi A, Leeb N, Volz J, Hagelkruys A, Kellner MJ, Devignot S, Michlits G, Foong-Sobis M, Weber F, Lauschke VM, Horn M, Feldmann H, Elling U, Penninger JM, Mirazimi A. Identification of CCZ1 as an essential lysosomal trafficking regulator in Marburg and Ebola virus infections. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6785. [PMID: 37880247 PMCID: PMC10600203 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42526-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Marburg and Ebola filoviruses are two of the deadliest infectious agents and several outbreaks have occurred in the last decades. Although several receptors and co-receptors have been reported for Ebola virus, key host factors remain to be elucidated. In this study, using a haploid cell screening platform, we identify the guanine nucleotide exchange factor CCZ1 as a key host factor in the early stage of filovirus replication. The critical role of CCZ1 for filovirus infections is validated in 3D primary human hepatocyte cultures and human blood-vessel organoids, both critical target sites for Ebola and Marburg virus tropism. Mechanistically, CCZ1 controls early to late endosomal trafficking of these viruses. In addition, we report that CCZ1 has a role in the endosomal trafficking of endocytosis-dependent SARS-CoV-2 infections, but not in infections by Lassa virus, which enters endo-lysosomal trafficking at the late endosome stage. Thus, we have identified an essential host pathway for filovirus infections in cell lines and engineered human target tissues. Inhibition of CCZ1 nearly completely abolishes Marburg and Ebola infections. Thus, targeting CCZ1 could potentially serve as a promising drug target for controlling infections caused by various viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, Marburg, and Ebola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Monteil
- Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hyesoo Kwon
- National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lijo John
- National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cristiano Salata
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gustav Jonsson
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine U Vorrink
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Sonia Youhanna
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matheus Dyczynski
- Acus Laboratories GmbH, Cologne, Germany
- JLP Health GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Leopoldi
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Leeb
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jennifer Volz
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science, Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid Hagelkruys
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science, Vienna, Austria
| | - Max J Kellner
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stéphanie Devignot
- Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georg Michlits
- Acus Laboratories GmbH, Cologne, Germany
- JLP Health GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michelle Foong-Sobis
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science, Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedemann Weber
- Institute for Virology, FB10-Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Moritz Horn
- Acus Laboratories GmbH, Cologne, Germany
- JLP Health GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Ulrich Elling
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science, Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef M Penninger
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ali Mirazimi
- Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Stockholm, Sweden.
- National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden.
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2
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Oliva-Vilarnau N, Vorrink SU, Büttner FA, Heinrich T, Sensbach J, Koscielski I, Wienke D, Petersson C, Perrin D, Lauschke VM. Comparative analysis of YAP/TEAD inhibitors in 2D and 3D cultures of primary human hepatocytes reveals a novel non-canonical mechanism of CYP induction. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 215:115755. [PMID: 37607620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes constitutes an important cause of drug-drug interactions and preclinical evaluation of induction liability is mandatory for novel drug candidates. YAP/TEAD signaling has emerged as an attractive target for various oncological indications and multiple chemically distinct YAP/TEAD inhibitors are rapidly progressing towards clinical stages. Here, we tested the liability for CYP induction of a diverse set of YAP/TEAD inhibitors with different modes of action and TEAD isoform selectivity profiles in monolayers and 3D spheroids of primary human hepatocytes (PHH). We found that YAP/TEAD inhibition resulted in broad induction of CYPs in 2D monolayers, whereas, if at all, only marginal induction was seen in spheroid culture. Comprehensive RNA-Seq indicated that YAP/TEAD signaling was increased in 2D culture compared to spheroids, which was paralleled by elevated activities of the interacting transcription factors LXR and ESRRA, likely at least in part due to altered mechanosensing. Inhibition of this YAP/TEAD hyperactivation resulted in an overall reduction of hepatocyte dedifferentiation marked by increased hepatic functionality, including CYPs. These results thus demonstrate that the observed induction is due to on-target effects of the compounds rather than direct activation of xenobiotic sensing nuclear receptors. Combined, the presented data link hepatocyte dedifferentiation to YAP/TEAD dysregulation, reveal a novel non-canonical pathway of CYP induction and highlight the advantage of organotypic 3D cultures to predict clinically relevant pharmacokinetic properties, particularly for atypical induction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Oliva-Vilarnau
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Florian A Büttner
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Timo Heinrich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design, The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Janike Sensbach
- Department of Chemical and Pre-Clinical Safety, The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Isabel Koscielski
- Department of Chemical and Pre-Clinical Safety, The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Dirk Wienke
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Carl Petersson
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Dominique Perrin
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; HepaPredict AB, Stockholm, Sweden; Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
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3
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Gineste C, Youhanna S, Vorrink SU, Henriksson S, Hernández A, Cheng AJ, Chaillou T, Buttgereit A, Schneidereit D, Friedrich O, Hultenby K, Bruton JD, Ivarsson N, Sandblad L, Lauschke VM, Westerblad H. Enzymatically dissociated muscle fibers display rapid dedifferentiation and impaired mitochondrial calcium control. iScience 2022; 25:105654. [DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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4
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Oliva-Vilarnau N, Vorrink SU, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Lauschke VM. A 3D Cell Culture Model Identifies Wnt/ β-Catenin Mediated Inhibition of p53 as a Critical Step during Human Hepatocyte Regeneration. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2020; 7:2000248. [PMID: 32775153 PMCID: PMC7404138 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202000248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The liver is a highly regenerative organ. While mature hepatocytes under homeostatic conditions are largely quiescent, upon injury, they rapidly enter the cell cycle to recover the damaged tissue. In rodents, a variety of injury models have provided important insights into the molecular underpinnings that govern the proliferative activation of quiescent hepatocytes. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of human hepatocyte regeneration and experimental methods to expand primary human hepatocytes (PHH). Here, a 3D spheroid model of PHH is established to study hepatocyte regeneration and integrative time-lapse multi-omics analyses show that upon isolation from the native liver PHH acquire a regenerative phenotype, as seen in vivo upon partial hepatectomy. However, proliferation is limited. By analyzing global promoter motif activities, it is predicted that activation of Wnt/β-catenin and inhibition of p53 signaling are critical factors required for human hepatocyte proliferation. Functional validations reveal that activation of Wnt signaling through external cues alone is sufficient to inhibit p53 and its proliferative senescence-inducing target PAI1 (SERPINE1) and drive proliferation of >50% of all PHH. A scalable 3D culture model is established to study the molecular and cellular biology of human hepatocyte regeneration. By using this model, an essential role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling during human hepatocyte regeneration is identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Oliva-Vilarnau
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm 171 77 Sweden
| | - Sabine U Vorrink
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm 171 77 Sweden
| | | | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm 171 77 Sweden
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5
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Hendriks DFG, Vorrink SU, Smutny T, Sim SC, Nordling Å, Ullah S, Kumondai M, Jones BC, Johansson I, Andersson TB, Lauschke VM, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Clinically Relevant Cytochrome P450 3A4 Induction Mechanisms and Drug Screening in Three-Dimensional Spheroid Cultures of Primary Human Hepatocytes. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 108:844-855. [PMID: 32320483 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 induction is an important cause of drug-drug interactions, making early identification of drug candidates with CYP3A4 induction liability in drug development a prerequisite. Here, we present three-dimensional (3D) spheroid cultures of primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) as a novel CYP3A4 induction screening model. Screening of 25 drugs (12 known CYP3A4 inducers in vivo and 13 negative controls) at physiologically relevant concentrations revealed a 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity of the system. Three of the in vivo CYP3A4 inducers displayed much higher CYP3A4 induction capacity in 3D spheroid cultures as compared with in two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cultures. Among those, we identified AZD1208, a proviral integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus (PIM) kinase inhibitor terminated in phase I of development due to unexpected CYP3A4 autoinduction, as a CYP3A4 inducer only active in 3D spheroids but not in 2D monolayer cultures. Gene knockdown experiments revealed that AZD1208 requires pregnane X receptor (PXR) to induce CYP3A4. Rifampicin requires solely PXR to induce CYP3A4 and CYP2B6, while phenobarbital-mediated induction of these CYPs did not show absolute dependency on either PXR or constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), suggesting its ability to switch nuclear receptor activation. Mechanistic studies into AZD1208 uncovered an involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway in CYP3A4 induction that is sensitive to the culture format used, as revealed by its inhibition of ERK1/2 Tyrosine 204 phosphorylation and sensitivity to epidermal growth factor (EGF) pressure. In line, we also identified lapatinib, a dual epidermal growth factor receptor/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (EGFR/HER2) inhibitor, as another CYP3A4 inducer only active in 3D spheroid culture. Our findings offer insights into the pathways involved in CYP3A4 induction and suggest PHH spheroids for preclinical CYP3A4 induction screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delilah F G Hendriks
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Hubrecht Institute, KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine U Vorrink
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Smutny
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarah C Sim
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa Nordling
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shahid Ullah
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Masaki Kumondai
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Inger Johansson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tommy B Andersson
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Vorrink SU, Zhou Y, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Lauschke VM. Prediction of Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity Using Long-Term Stable Primary Hepatic 3D Spheroid Cultures in Chemically Defined Conditions. Toxicol Sci 2019; 163:655-665. [PMID: 29590495 PMCID: PMC5974779 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High failure rates of drug candidates in the clinics, restricted-use warnings as well as withdrawals of drugs in postmarketing stages are of substantial concern for the pharmaceutical industry and drug-induced liver injury (DILI) constitutes one of the most frequent reasons for such safety failures. Importantly, as DILI cannot be accurately predicted using animal models, animal safety tests are commonly complemented with assessments in human in vitro systems. 3D spheroid cultures of primary human hepatocytes in chemically defined conditions, hereafter termed CD-spheroids, have recently emerged as a microphysiological model system in which hepatocytes retain their molecular phenotypes and hepatic functions for multiple weeks in culture. However, their predictive power for the detection of hepatotoxic liabilities has not been systematically assessed. Therefore, we here evaluated the hepatotoxicity of 123 drugs with or without direct implication in clinical DILI events. Importantly, using ATP quantifications as the single endpoint, the model accurately distinguished between hepatotoxic and nontoxic structural analogues and exceeded both sensitivity and specificity of all previously published in vitro assays at substantially lower exposure levels, successfully detecting 69% of all hepatotoxic compounds without producing any false positive results (100% specificity). Furthermore, the platform supports the culture of spheroids of primary hepatocytes from preclinical animal models, thereby allowing the identification of animal-specific toxicity events. We anticipate that CD-spheroids represent a powerful and versatile tool in drug discovery and preclinical drug development that can reliably flag hepatotoxic drug candidates and provide guidance for the selection of the most suitable animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine U Vorrink
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Yitian Zhou
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
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7
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Oliva-Vilarnau N, Hankeova S, Vorrink SU, Mkrtchian S, Andersson ER, Lauschke VM. Calcium Signaling in Liver Injury and Regeneration. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:192. [PMID: 30023358 PMCID: PMC6039545 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver fulfills central roles in metabolic control and detoxification and, as such, is continuously exposed to a plethora of insults. Importantly, the liver has a unique ability to regenerate and can completely recoup from most acute, non-iterative insults. However, multiple conditions, including viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), long-term alcohol abuse and chronic use of certain medications, can cause persistent injury in which the regenerative capacity eventually becomes dysfunctional, resulting in hepatic scaring and cirrhosis. Calcium is a versatile secondary messenger that regulates multiple hepatic functions, including lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as bile secretion and choleresis. Accordingly, dysregulation of calcium signaling is a hallmark of both acute and chronic liver diseases. In addition, recent research implicates calcium transients as essential components of liver regeneration. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the role of calcium signaling in liver health and disease and discuss the importance of calcium in the orchestration of the ensuing regenerative response. Furthermore, we highlight similarities and differences in spatiotemporal calcium regulation between liver insults of different etiologies. Finally, we discuss intracellular calcium control as an emerging therapeutic target for liver injury and summarize recent clinical findings of calcium modulation for the treatment of ischemic-reperfusion injury, cholestasis and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Oliva-Vilarnau
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simona Hankeova
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Sabine U Vorrink
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Souren Mkrtchian
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma R Andersson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Vorrink SU, Ullah S, Schmidt S, Nandania J, Velagapudi V, Beck O, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Lauschke VM. Endogenous and xenobiotic metabolic stability of primary human hepatocytes in long-term 3D spheroid cultures revealed by a combination of targeted and untargeted metabolomics. FASEB J 2017; 31:2696-2708. [PMID: 28264975 PMCID: PMC5434660 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601375r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Adverse reactions or lack of response to medications are important concerns for drug
development programs. However, faithful predictions of drug metabolism and toxicity
are difficult because animal models show only limited translatability to humans.
Furthermore, current in vitro systems, such as hepatic cell lines or
primary human hepatocyte (PHH) 2-dimensional (2D) monolayer cultures, can be used
only for acute toxicity tests because of their immature phenotypes and inherent
instability. Therefore, the migration to novel phenotypically stable models is of
prime importance for the pharmaceutical industry. Novel 3-dimensional (3D) culture
systems have been shown to accurately mimic in vivo hepatic
phenotypes on transcriptomic and proteomic level, but information about their
metabolic stability is lacking. Using a combination of targeted and untargeted
high-resolution mass spectrometry, we found that PHHs in 3D spheroid cultures
remained metabolically stable for multiple weeks, whereas metabolic patterns of PHHs
from the same donors cultured as conventional 2D monolayers rapidly deteriorated.
Furthermore, pharmacokinetic differences between donors were maintained in 3D
spheroid cultures, enabling studies of interindividual variability in drug metabolism
and toxicity. We conclude that the 3D spheroid system is metabolically stable and
constitutes a suitable model for in vitro studies of long-term drug
metabolism and pharmacokinetics.—Vorrink, S. U., Ullah, S., Schmid, S.,
Nandania, J., Velagapudi, V., Beck, O., Ingelman-Sundberg, M., Lauschke, V. M.
Endogenous and xenobiotic metabolic stability of primary human hepatocytes in
long-term 3D spheroid cultures revealed by a combination of targeted and untargeted
metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine U Vorrink
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shahid Ullah
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Staffan Schmidt
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jatin Nandania
- Metabolomics Unit, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vidya Velagapudi
- Metabolomics Unit, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olof Beck
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden;
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9
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Bell CC, Lauschke VM, Vorrink SU, Palmgren H, Duffin R, Andersson TB, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Transcriptional, Functional, and Mechanistic Comparisons of Stem Cell-Derived Hepatocytes, HepaRG Cells, and Three-Dimensional Human Hepatocyte Spheroids as Predictive In Vitro Systems for Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:419-429. [PMID: 28137721 PMCID: PMC5363699 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.074369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reliable and versatile hepatic in vitro systems for the prediction of drug pharmacokinetics and toxicity are essential constituents of preclinical safety assessment pipelines for new medicines. Here, we compared three emerging cell systems—hepatocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells, HepaRG cells, and three-dimensional primary human hepatocyte (PHH) spheroids—at transcriptional and functional levels in a multicenter study to evaluate their potential as predictive models for drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Transcriptomic analyses revealed widespread gene expression differences between the three cell models, with 8148 of 17,462 analyzed genes (47%) being differentially expressed. Expression levels of genes involved in the metabolism of endogenous as well as xenobiotic compounds were significantly elevated in PHH spheroids, whereas genes involved in cell division and endocytosis were significantly upregulated in HepaRG cells and hepatocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells, respectively. Consequently, PHH spheroids were more sensitive to a panel of drugs with distinctly different toxicity mechanisms, an effect that was amplified by long-term exposure using repeated treatments. Importantly, toxicogenomic analyses revealed that transcriptomic changes in PHH spheroids were in compliance with cholestatic, carcinogenic, or steatogenic in vivo toxicity mechanisms at clinically relevant drug concentrations. Combined, the data reveal important phenotypic differences between the three cell systems and suggest that PHH spheroids can be used for functional investigations of drug-induced liver injury in vivo in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine C Bell
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (C.C.B., V.M.L., S.U.V., T.B.A., M.I.-S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (H.P., T.B.A.); and CXR Biosciences Ltd., Dundee, United Kingdom (R.D.)
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (C.C.B., V.M.L., S.U.V., T.B.A., M.I.-S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (H.P., T.B.A.); and CXR Biosciences Ltd., Dundee, United Kingdom (R.D.)
| | - Sabine U Vorrink
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (C.C.B., V.M.L., S.U.V., T.B.A., M.I.-S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (H.P., T.B.A.); and CXR Biosciences Ltd., Dundee, United Kingdom (R.D.)
| | - Henrik Palmgren
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (C.C.B., V.M.L., S.U.V., T.B.A., M.I.-S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (H.P., T.B.A.); and CXR Biosciences Ltd., Dundee, United Kingdom (R.D.)
| | - Rodger Duffin
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (C.C.B., V.M.L., S.U.V., T.B.A., M.I.-S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (H.P., T.B.A.); and CXR Biosciences Ltd., Dundee, United Kingdom (R.D.)
| | - Tommy B Andersson
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (C.C.B., V.M.L., S.U.V., T.B.A., M.I.-S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (H.P., T.B.A.); and CXR Biosciences Ltd., Dundee, United Kingdom (R.D.)
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (C.C.B., V.M.L., S.U.V., T.B.A., M.I.-S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (H.P., T.B.A.); and CXR Biosciences Ltd., Dundee, United Kingdom (R.D.)
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10
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Lauschke VM, Vorrink SU, Moro SML, Rezayee F, Nordling Å, Hendriks DFG, Bell CC, Sison-Young R, Park BK, Goldring CE, Ellis E, Johansson I, Mkrtchian S, Andersson TB, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Massive rearrangements of cellular MicroRNA signatures are key drivers of hepatocyte dedifferentiation. Hepatology 2016; 64:1743-1756. [PMID: 27532775 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatocytes are dynamic cells that, upon injury, can alternate between nondividing differentiated and dedifferentiated proliferating states in vivo. However, in two-dimensional cultures, primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) rapidly dedifferentiate, resulting in loss of hepatic functions that significantly limits their usefulness as an in vitro model of liver biology, liver diseases, as well as drug metabolism and toxicity. Thus, understanding the underlying mechanisms and stalling of the dedifferentiation process would be highly beneficial to establish more-accurate and relevant long-term in vitro hepatocyte models. Here, we present comprehensive analyses of whole proteome and transcriptome dynamics during the initiation of dedifferentiation during the first 24 hours of culture. We report that early major rearrangements of the noncoding transcriptome, hallmarked by increased expression of small nucleolar RNAs, long noncoding RNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), and ribosomal genes, precede most changes in coding genes during dedifferentiation of PHHs, and we speculated that these modulations could drive the hepatic dedifferentiation process. To functionally test this hypothesis, we globally inhibited the miRNA machinery using two established chemically distinct compounds, acriflavine and poly-l-lysine. These inhibition experiments resulted in a significantly impaired miRNA response and, most important, in a pronounced reduction in the down-regulation of hepatic genes with importance for liver function. Thus, we provide strong evidence for the importance of noncoding RNAs, in particular, miRNAs, in hepatic dedifferentiation, which can aid the development of more-efficient differentiation protocols for stem-cell-derived hepatocytes and broaden our understanding of the dynamic properties of hepatocytes with respect to liver regeneration. CONCLUSION miRNAs are important drivers of hepatic dedifferentiation, and our results provide valuable information regarding the mechanisms behind liver regeneration and possibilities to inhibit dedifferentiation in vitro. (Hepatology 2016;64:1743-1756).
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker M Lauschke
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sabine U Vorrink
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sabrina M L Moro
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fatemah Rezayee
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa Nordling
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Delilah F G Hendriks
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catherine C Bell
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rowena Sison-Young
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - B Kevin Park
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Christopher E Goldring
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ewa Ellis
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inger Johansson
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Souren Mkrtchian
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tommy B Andersson
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Innovative Medicines, DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Hallberg AR, Vorrink SU, Hudachek DR, Cramer-Morales K, Milhem MM, Cornell RA, Domann FE. Aberrant CpG methylation of the TFAP2A gene constitutes a mechanism for loss of TFAP2A expression in human metastatic melanoma. Epigenetics 2015; 9:1641-7. [PMID: 25625848 DOI: 10.4161/15592294.2014.988062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is a deadly treatment-resistant form of skin cancer whose global incidence is on the rise. During melanocyte transformation and melanoma progression the expression profile of many genes changes. Among these, a gene implicated in several steps of melanocyte development, TFAP2A, is frequently silenced; however, the molecular mechanism of TFAP2A silencing in human melanoma remains unknown. In this study, we measured TFAP2A mRNA expression in primary human melanocytes compared to 11 human melanoma samples by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. In addition, we assessed CpG DNA methylation of the TFAP2A promoter in these samples using bisulfite sequencing. Compared to primary melanocytes, which showed high TFAP2A mRNA expression and no promoter methylation, human melanoma samples showed decreased TFAP2A mRNA expression and increased promoter methylation. We further show that increased CpG methylation correlates with decreased TFAP2A mRNA expression. Using The Cancer Genome Atlas, we further identified TFAP2A as a gene displaying among the most decreased expression in stage 4 melanomas vs. non-stage 4 melanomas, and whose CpG methylation was frequently associated with lack of mRNA expression. Based on our data, we conclude that TFAP2A expression in human melanomas can be silenced by aberrant CpG methylation of the TFAP2A promoter. We have identified aberrant CpG DNA methylation as an epigenetic mark associated with TFAP2A silencing in human melanoma that could have significant implications for the therapy of human melanoma using epigenetic modifying drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R Hallberg
- a Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology; Graduate College ; The University of Iowa ; Iowa City , IA USA
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12
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Vorrink SU, Hudachek DR, Domann FE. Epigenetic determinants of CYP1A1 induction by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126). Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:13916-31. [PMID: 25116688 PMCID: PMC4159831 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150813916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism, including cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1, are regulated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). 3,3',4,4',5-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126) is a potent ligand for AhR and can thus induce the expression of CYP1A1. Interestingly, we observed that human carcinoma cell lines derived from different types of epithelial cells displayed divergent degrees of CYP1A1 induction after exposure to PCB 126. Since epigenetic mechanisms are known to be involved in cell type-specific gene expression, we sought to assess the epigenetic determinants of CYP1A1 induction in these carcinoma cell lines. In contrast to HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells, HeLa cervical carcinoma cells showed significantly lower levels of CYP1A1 mRNA expression following PCB 126 exposure. Our results show that the two cell lines maintained differences in the chromatin architecture along the CYP1A1 promoter region. Furthermore, treatment with the epigenetic modifiers, trichostatin A (TSA) and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC), significantly increased the expression of CYP1A1 after PCB 126 treatment in HeLa cells. However, we did not observe apparent differences in methylation levels or specific location of CpG DNA methylation between the two cell lines in the analyzed CYP1A1 promoter region. Taken together, our findings suggest that the differences in CYP1A1 expression between HepG2 and HeLa cells are due to differences in the chromatin architecture of the CYP1A1 promoter and thus establish a role of epigenetic regulation in cell-specific CYP1A1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine U Vorrink
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Danielle R Hudachek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Frederick E Domann
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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13
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Vorrink SU, Sarsour EH, Olivier AK, Robertson LW, Goswami PC, Domann FE. PCB 126 perturbs hypoxia-induced HIF-1α activity and glucose consumption in human HepG2 cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 66:377-82. [PMID: 24916446 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic organisms strongly depend on the availability of oxygen for respiration and countless other metabolic processes to maintain cellular homeostasis. Under certain conditions, the amount of available oxygen can be limited. To support survival in environments with limited oxygen supply, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) reprogram vital components of cellular metabolism. HIF-1α is an important mediator of acute and adaptive responses to hypoxic stress. Interestingly, the heterodimeric partner required by HIF-1α to function as transcription factor, known as ARNT, is also an essential part of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) transcription factor complex. Thus, via ARNT a crosstalk exists between these two pathways that might affect HIF-1α-mediated processes. In this study we sought to assess the effect of the AhR agonist PCB 126 on HIF-1α activity as well as on HIF-1α-regulated targets involved in cellular metabolism in human HepG2 cells. Our results show that PCB 126 reduced HIF-1α localization to the nucleus. Furthermore, in an in vivo setting, rats exposed to parenteral PCB 126 also displayed reduced hepatocyte nuclear localization of HIF-1α. Additionally, HepG2 cells exposed to PCB 126 displayed reduced hypoxia-regulated HRE-luciferase reporter gene expression as well as a reduction in glucose consumption in conditions of hypoxia. In summary, this study reveals that HIF-1α-regulated cellular metabolic processes are negatively affected by PCB 126 which might ultimately affect adaptive responses and cell survival in hypoxic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine U Vorrink
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ehab H Sarsour
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Alicia K Olivier
- Department of Pathology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Larry W Robertson
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Prabhat C Goswami
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Frederick E Domann
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Pathology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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14
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Vorrink SU, Domann FE. Regulatory crosstalk and interference between the xenobiotic and hypoxia sensing pathways at the AhR-ARNT-HIF1α signaling node. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 218:82-8. [PMID: 24824450 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that mediates many of the responses to toxic environmental chemicals such as TCDD or dioxin-like PCBs. To regulate gene expression, the AhR requires its binding partner, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT). ARNT is also required by the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), a crucial regulator of responses to conditions of reduced oxygen. The important role of ARNT in both the AhR and HIF-1α signaling pathways establishes a meaningful foundation for a possible crosstalk between these two vitally important signaling pathways. This crosstalk might lead to interference between the two signaling pathways and thus might play a role in the variety of cellular responses after exposure to AhR ligands and reduced oxygen availability. This review focuses on studies that have analyzed the effect of low oxygen environments and hypoxia-mimetic agents on AhR signaling and conversely, the effect of AhR ligands, with a special emphasis on PCBs, on HIF-1α signaling. We highlight studies that assess the role of ARNT, elucidate the mechanism of the crosstalk, and discuss the physiological implications for exposure to AhR-inducing compounds in the context of hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine U Vorrink
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Frederick E Domann
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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15
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Augsten M, Sjöberg E, Frings O, Vorrink SU, Frijhoff J, Olsson E, Borg Å, Östman A. Cancer-associated fibroblasts expressing CXCL14 rely upon NOS1-derived nitric oxide signaling for their tumor-supporting properties. Cancer Res 2014; 74:2999-3010. [PMID: 24710408 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) stimulate tumor growth and metastasis. Signals supporting CAF function are thus emerging as candidate therapeutic targets in the tumor microenvironment. The chemokine CXCL14 is a potent inducer of CAF protumorigenic functions. This study is aimed at learning how the protumoral functions of CXCL14-expressing CAF are maintained. We found that the nitric oxide synthase NOS1 is upregulated in CXCL14-expressing CAF and in fibroblasts stimulated with CXCL14. Induction of Nos1 was associated with oxidative stress and occurred together with activation of NRF2 and HIF1α signaling in CXCL14-expressing CAF. Genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of NOS1 reduced the growth of CXCL14-expressing fibroblasts along with their ability to promote tumor formation following coinjection with prostate or breast cancer cells. Tumor analysis revealed reduced macrophage infiltration, with NOS1 downregulation in CXCL14-expressing CAF and lymphangiogenesis as a novel component of CXCL14-promoted tumor growth. Collectively, our findings defined key components of a signaling network that maintains the protumoral functions of CXCL14-stimulated CAF, and they identified NOS1 as intervention target for CAF-directed cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Augsten
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Elin Sjöberg
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oliver Frings
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sabine U Vorrink
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jeroen Frijhoff
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eleonor Olsson
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Åke Borg
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Arne Östman
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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16
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Adamcakova-Dodd A, Stebounova LV, Kim JS, Vorrink SU, Ault AP, O'Shaughnessy PT, Grassian VH, Thorne PS. Toxicity assessment of zinc oxide nanoparticles using sub-acute and sub-chronic murine inhalation models. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:15. [PMID: 24684892 PMCID: PMC3994238 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-11-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) are used in many commercial products and the potential for human exposure is increasing, few in vivo studies have addressed their possible toxic effects after inhalation. We sought to determine whether ZnO NPs induce pulmonary toxicity in mice following sub-acute or sub-chronic inhalation exposure to realistic exposure doses. METHODS Mice (C57Bl/6) were exposed to well-characterized ZnO NPs (3.5 mg/m3, 4 hr/day) for 2 (sub-acute) or 13 (sub-chronic) weeks and necropsied immediately (0 wk) or 3 weeks (3 wks) post exposure. Toxicity was assessed by enumeration of total and differential cells, determination of total protein, lactate dehydrogenase activity and inflammatory cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid as well as measurements of pulmonary mechanics. Generation of reactive oxygen species was assessed in the lungs. Lungs were evaluated for histopathologic changes and Zn content. Zn concentration in blood, liver, kidney, spleen, heart, brain and BAL fluid was measured. RESULTS An elevated concentration of Zn2+ was detected in BAL fluid immediately after exposures, but returned to baseline levels 3 wks post exposure. Dissolution studies showed that ZnO NPs readily dissolved in artificial lysosomal fluid (pH 4.5), but formed aggregates and precipitates in artificial interstitial fluid (pH 7.4). Sub-acute exposure to ZnO NPs caused an increase of macrophages in BAL fluid and a moderate increase in IL-12(p40) and MIP-1α, but no other inflammatory or toxic responses were observed. Following both sub-acute and sub-chronic exposures, pulmonary mechanics were no different than sham-exposed animals. CONCLUSIONS Our ZnO NP inhalation studies showed minimal pulmonary inflammation, cytotoxicity or lung histopathologic changes. An elevated concentration of Zn in the lung and BAL fluid indicates dissolution of ZnO NPs in the respiratory system after inhalation. Exposure concentration, exposure mode and time post exposure played an important role in the toxicity of ZnO NPs. Exposure for 13 wks with a cumulative dose of 10.9 mg/kg yielded increased lung cellularity, but other markers of toxicity did not differ from sham-exposed animals, leading to the conclusion that ZnO NPs have low sub-chronic toxicity by the inhalation route.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter S Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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