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Musa SS, Zhao S, Abdulrashid I, Qureshi S, Colubri A, He D. Evaluating the spike in the symptomatic proportion of SARS-CoV-2 in China in 2022 with variolation effects: a modeling analysis. Infect Dis Model 2024; 9:601-617. [PMID: 38558958 PMCID: PMC10978539 DOI: 10.1016/j.idm.2024.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite most COVID-19 infections being asymptomatic, mainland China had a high increase in symptomatic cases at the end of 2022. In this study, we examine China's sudden COVID-19 symptomatic surge using a conceptual SIR-based model. Our model considers the epidemiological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2, particularly variolation, from non-pharmaceutical intervention (facial masking and social distance), demography, and disease mortality in mainland China. The increase in symptomatic proportions in China may be attributable to (1) higher sensitivity and vulnerability during winter and (2) enhanced viral inhalation due to spikes in SARS-CoV-2 infections (high transmissibility). These two reasons could explain China's high symptomatic proportion of COVID-19 in December 2022. Our study, therefore, can serve as a decision-support tool to enhance SARS-CoV-2 prevention and control efforts. Thus, we highlight that facemask-induced variolation could potentially reduces transmissibility rather than severity in infected individuals. However, further investigation is required to understand the variolation effect on disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salihu S. Musa
- Department of Genomics and Computational Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Mathematics, Aliko Dangote University of Science and Technology, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Shi Zhao
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Ismail Abdulrashid
- School of Finance and Operations Management, The University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Dr., Tulsa, OK, 74104, USA
| | - Sania Qureshi
- Department of Basic Sciences and Related Studies, Mehran University of Engineering and Tech., Jamshoro, Pakistan
- Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Andrés Colubri
- Department of Genomics and Computational Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Daihai He
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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He D, Musa SS. Editorial: Insights in health informatics-2021. Front Digit Health 2023; 4:1129054. [PMID: 36698647 PMCID: PMC9869247 DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2022.1129054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Musa SS, Yusuf A, Bakare EA, Abdullahi ZU, Adamu L, Mustapha UT, He D. Unravelling the dynamics of Lassa fever transmission with differential infectivity: Modeling analysis and control strategies. Math Biosci Eng 2022; 19:13114-13136. [PMID: 36654038 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2022613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Epidemic models have been broadly used to comprehend the dynamic behaviour of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, predict future trends, and assess intervention strategies. The symptomatic and asymptomatic features and environmental factors for Lassa fever (LF) transmission illustrate the need for sophisticated epidemic models to capture more vital dynamics and forecast trends of LF outbreaks within countries or sub-regions on various geographic scales. This study proposes a dynamic model to examine the transmission of LF infection, a deadly disease transmitted mainly by rodents through environment. We extend prior LF models by including an infectious stage to mild and severe as well as incorporating environmental contributions from infected humans and rodents. For model calibration and prediction, we show that the model fits well with the LF scenario in Nigeria and yields remarkable prediction results. Rigorous mathematical computation divulges that the model comprises two equilibria. That is disease-free equilibrium, which is locally-asymptotically stable (LAS) when the basic reproduction number, $ {\mathcal{R}}_{0} $, is $ < 1 $; and endemic equilibrium, which is globally-asymptotically stable (GAS) when $ {\mathcal{R}}_{0} $ is $ > 1 $. We use time-dependent control strategy by employing Pontryagin's Maximum Principle to derive conditions for optimal LF control. Furthermore, a partial rank correlation coefficient is adopted for the sensitivity analysis to obtain the model's top rank parameters requiring precise attention for efficacious LF prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salihu S Musa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Mathematics, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Abdullahi Yusuf
- Department of Computer Engineering, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emmanuel A Bakare
- Department of Mathematics, Federal University Oye Ekiti, Ekiti, Nigeria
- Biomathematics and Applied Mathematical Modelling Research Group, Federal University Oye Ekiti, Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Zainab U Abdullahi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina, Nigeria
| | - Lukman Adamu
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Umar T Mustapha
- Department of Mathematics, Science Faculty, Federal University Dutse, Jigawa, Nigeria
| | - Daihai He
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Alqahtani RT, Musa SS, Yusuf A. Unravelling the dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic with the effect of vaccination, vertical transmission and hospitalization. Results Phys 2022; 39:105715. [PMID: 35720511 PMCID: PMC9192123 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinp.2022.105715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a newly emerged virus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), transmitted through air droplets from an infected person. However, other transmission routes are reported, such as vertical transmission. Here, we propose an epidemic model that considers the combined effect of vertical transmission, vaccination and hospitalization to investigate the dynamics of the virus's dissemination. Rigorous mathematical analysis of the model reveals that two equilibria exist: the disease-free equilibrium, which is locally asymptotically stable when the basic reproduction number ( R 0 ) is less than 1 (unstable otherwise), and an endemic equilibrium, which is globally asymptotically stable when R 0 > 1 under certain conditions, implying the plausibility of the disease to spread and cause large outbreaks in a community. Moreover, we fit the model using the Saudi Arabia cases scenario, which designates the incidence cases from the in-depth surveillance data as well as displays the epidemic trends in Saudi Arabia. Through Caputo fractional-order, simulation results are provided to show dynamics behaviour on the model parameters. Together with the non-integer order variant, the proposed model is considered to explain various dynamics features of the disease. Further numerical simulations are carried out using an efficient numerical technique to offer additional insight into the model's dynamics and investigate the combined effect of vaccination, vertical transmission, and hospitalization. In addition, a sensitivity analysis is conducted on the model parameters against the R 0 and infection attack rate to pinpoint the most crucial parameters that should be emphasized in controlling the pandemic effectively. Finally, the findings suggest that adequate vaccination coupled with basic non-pharmaceutical interventions are crucial in mitigating disease incidences and deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubayyi T Alqahtani
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salihu S Musa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Mathematics, Near East University TRNC, Mersin 10, Nicosia 99138, Turkey
| | - Abdullahi Yusuf
- Department of Computer Engineering, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Mathematics, Federal University Dutse, Jigawa, Nigeria
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Musa SS, Yusuf A, Zhao S, Abdullahi ZU, Abu-Odah H, Saad FT, Adamu L, He D. Transmission dynamics of COVID-19 pandemic with combined effects of relapse, reinfection and environmental contribution: A modeling analysis. Results Phys 2022; 38:105653. [PMID: 35664991 PMCID: PMC9148429 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinp.2022.105653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Reinfection and reactivation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have recently raised public health pressing concerns in the fight against the current pandemic globally. In this study, we propose a new dynamic model to study the transmission of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The model incorporates possible relapse, reinfection and environmental contribution to assess the combined effects on the overall transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2. The model's local asymptotic stability is analyzed qualitatively. We derive the formula for the basic reproduction number ( R 0 ) and final size epidemic relation, which are vital epidemiological quantities that are used to reveal disease transmission status and guide control strategies. Furthermore, the model is validated using the COVID-19 reported situations in Saudi Arabia. Moreover, sensitivity analysis is examined by implementing a partial rank correlation coefficient technique to obtain the ultimate rank model parameters to control or mitigate the pandemic effectively. Finally, we employ a standard Euler technique for numerical simulations of the model to elucidate the influence of some crucial parameters on the overall transmission dynamics. Our results highlight that contact rate, hospitalization rate, and reactivation rate are the fundamental parameters that need particular emphasis for the prevention, mitigation and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salihu S Musa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Mathematics, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Nigeria
| | - Abdullahi Yusuf
- Department of Computer Engineering, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Mathematics, Science Faculty, Federal University Dutse, Jigawa, Nigeria
| | - Shi Zhao
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zainab U Abdullahi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina, Nigeria
| | - Hammoda Abu-Odah
- School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Nursing and Health Sciences Department, University College of Applied Sciences, Gaza, Palestine
| | | | - Lukman Adamu
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Daihai He
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Zhao S, Chong MKC, Ryu S, Guo Z, He M, Chen B, Musa SS, Wang J, Wu Y, He D, Wang MH. Characterizing superspreading potential of infectious disease: Decomposition of individual transmissibility. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010281. [PMID: 35759509 PMCID: PMC9269899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of infectious disease transmission, high heterogeneity in individual infectiousness indicates that a few index cases can generate large numbers of secondary cases, a phenomenon commonly known as superspreading. The potential of disease superspreading can be characterized by describing the distribution of secondary cases (of each seed case) as a negative binomial (NB) distribution with the dispersion parameter, k. Based on the feature of NB distribution, there must be a proportion of individuals with individual reproduction number of almost 0, which appears restricted and unrealistic. To overcome this limitation, we generalized the compound structure of a Poisson rate and included an additional parameter, and divided the reproduction number into independent and additive fixed and variable components. Then, the secondary cases followed a Delaporte distribution. We demonstrated that the Delaporte distribution was important for understanding the characteristics of disease transmission, which generated new insights distinct from the NB model. By using real-world dataset, the Delaporte distribution provides improvements in describing the distributions of COVID-19 and SARS cases compared to the NB distribution. The model selection yielded increasing statistical power with larger sample sizes as well as conservative type I error in detecting the improvement in fitting with the likelihood ratio (LR) test. Numerical simulation revealed that the control strategy-making process may benefit from monitoring the transmission characteristics under the Delaporte framework. Our findings highlighted that for the COVID-19 pandemic, population-wide interventions may control disease transmission on a general scale before recommending the high-risk-specific control strategies. Superspreading is one of the key transmission features of many infectious diseases and is considered a consequence of the heterogeneity in infectiousness of individual cases. To characterize the superspreading potential, we divided individual infectiousness into two independent and additive components, including a fixed baseline and a variable part. Such decomposition produced an improvement in the fit of the model explaining the distribution of real-world datasets of COVID-19 and SARS that can be captured by the classic statistical tests. Disease control strategies may be developed by monitoring the characteristics of superspreading. For the COVID-19 pandemic, population-wide interventions are suggested first to limit the transmission at a scale of general population, and then high-risk-specific control strategies are recommended subsequently to lower the risk of superspreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Zhao
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail: (SZ); (DH)
| | - Marc K. C. Chong
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sukhyun Ryu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Zihao Guo
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mu He
- Department of Foundational Mathematics, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Boqiang Chen
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Salihu S. Musa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Mathematics, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Nigeria
| | - Jingxuan Wang
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yushan Wu
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daihai He
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail: (SZ); (DH)
| | - Maggie H. Wang
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
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Wei H, Musa SS, Zhao Y, He D. Modelling of Waning of Immunity and Reinfection Induced Antibody Boosting of SARS-CoV-2 in Manaus, Brazil. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:1729. [PMID: 35162752 PMCID: PMC8835474 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It was reported that the Brazilian city, Manaus, likely exceeded the herd immunity threshold (presumably 60-70%) in November 2020 after the first wave of COVID-19, based on the serological data of a routine blood donor. However, a second wave started in November 2020, when an even higher magnitude of deaths hit the city. The arrival of the second wave coincided with the emergence of the Gamma (P.1) variant of SARS-CoV-2, with higher transmissibility, a younger age profile of cases, and a higher hospitalization rate. Prete et al. (2020 MedRxiv 21256644) found that 8 to 33 of 238 (3.4-13.9%) repeated blood donors likely were infected twice in Manaus between March 2020 and March 2021. It is unclear how this finding can be used to explain the second wave. We propose a simple model which allows reinfection to explain the two-wave pattern in Manaus. We find that the two waves with 30% and 40% infection attack rates, respectively, and a reinfection ratio at 3.4-13.9%, can explain the two waves well. We argue that the second wave was likely because the city had not exceeded the herd immunity level after the first wave. The reinfection likely played a weak role in causing the two waves.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daihai He
- Department of Applied Mathematics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; (H.W.); (S.S.M.); (Y.Z.)
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Zhao S, Musa SS, Chong MKC, Ran J, Javanbakht M, Han L, Wang K, Hussaini N, Habib AG, Wang MH, He D. The co-circulating transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Alpha and Eta variants in Nigeria: A retrospective modeling study of COVID-19. J Glob Health 2021; 11:05028. [PMID: 35136591 PMCID: PMC8801210 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.11.05028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic poses serious threats to public health globally, and the emerging mutations in SARS-CoV-2 genomes has become one of the major challenges of disease control. In the second epidemic wave in Nigeria, the roles of co-circulating SARS-CoV-2 Alpha (ie, B.1.1.7) and Eta (ie, B.1.525) variants in contributing to the epidemiological outcomes were of public health concerns for investigation. METHODS We developed a mathematical model to capture the transmission dynamics of different types of strains in Nigeria. By fitting to the national-wide COVID-19 surveillance data, the transmission advantages of SARS-CoV-2 variants were estimated by likelihood-based inference framework. RESULTS The reproduction numbers were estimated to decrease steadily from 1.5 to 0.8 in the second epidemic wave. In December 2020, when both Alpha and Eta variants were at low prevalent levels, their transmission advantages (against the wild type) were estimated at 1.51 (95% credible intervals (CrI) = 1.48, 1.54), and 1.56 (95% CrI = 1.54, 1.59), respectively. In January 2021, when the original variants almost vanished, we estimated a weak but significant transmission advantage of Eta against Alpha variants with 1.14 (95% CrI = 1.11, 1.16). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested evidence of the transmission advantages for both Alpha and Eta variants, of which Eta appeared slightly more infectious than Alpha. We highlighted the critical importance of COVID-19 control measures in mitigating the outbreak size and relaxing the burdens to health care systems in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Zhao
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Salihu S Musa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Mathematics, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Nigeria
| | - Marc KC Chong
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinjun Ran
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mohammad Javanbakht
- Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lefei Han
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Medical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Nafiu Hussaini
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | | | - Maggie H Wang
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Daihai He
- Department of Applied Mathematics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Musa SS, Bello UM, Zhao S, Abdullahi ZU, Lawan MA, He D. Vertical Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews. Viruses 2021; 13:1877. [PMID: 34578458 PMCID: PMC8471858 DOI: 10.3390/v13091877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has hugely impacted global public health and economy. The COVID-19 has also shown potential impacts on maternal perinatal and neonatal outcomes. This systematic review aimed to summarize the evidence from existing systematic reviews about the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infections on maternal perinatal and neonatal outcomes. We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, from 1 December 2019 to 7 July 2021, for published review studies that included case reports, primary studies, clinical practice guidelines, overviews, case-control studies, and observational studies. Systematic reviews that reported the plausibility of mother-to-child transmission of COVID-19 (also known as vertical transmission), maternal perinatal and neonatal outcomes, and review studies that addressed the effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy were also included. We identified 947 citations, of which 69 studies were included for further analysis. Most (>70%) of the mother-to-child infection was likely due to environmental exposure, although a significant proportion (about 20%) was attributable to potential vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Further results of the review indicated that the mode of delivery of pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2 could not increase or decrease the risk of infection for the newborns (outcomes), thereby emphasizing the significance of breastfeeding. The issue of maternal perinatal and neonatal outcomes with SARS-CoV-2 infection continues to worsen during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, increasing maternal and neonatal mortality, stillbirth, ruptured ectopic pregnancies, and maternal depression. Based on this study, we observed increasing rates of cesarean delivery from mothers with SARS-CoV-2 infection. We also found that SARS-CoV-2 could be potentially transmitted vertically during the gestation period. However, more data are needed to further investigate and follow-up, especially with reports of newborns infected with SARS-CoV-2, in order to examine a possible long-term adverse effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salihu S. Musa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China;
- Department of Mathematics, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil 713101, Nigeria;
| | - Umar M. Bello
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR) Limited, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China;
- Department of Physiotherapy, Yobe State University Teaching Hospital, Damaturu 620101, Nigeria
| | - Shi Zhao
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Zainab U. Abdullahi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Dutsinma, Katsina 821101, Nigeria;
| | - Muhammad A. Lawan
- Department of Mathematics, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil 713101, Nigeria;
| | - Daihai He
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China;
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Abstract
In susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered (SEIR) epidemic models, with the exponentially distributed duration of exposed/infectious statuses, the mean generation interval (GI, time lag between infections of a primary case and its secondary case) equals the mean latent period (LP) plus the mean infectious period (IP). It was widely reported that the GI for COVID-19 is as short as 5 days. However, many works in top journals used longer LP or IP with the sum (i.e., GI), e.g., >7 days. This discrepancy will lead to overestimated basic reproductive number and exaggerated expectation of infection attack rate (AR) and control efficacy. We argue that it is important to use suitable epidemiological parameter values for proper estimation/prediction. Furthermore, we propose an epidemic model to assess the transmission dynamics of COVID-19 for Belgium, Israel, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). We estimated a time-varying reproductive number [R0(t)] based on the COVID-19 deaths data and we found that Belgium has the highest AR followed by Israel and the UAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Tang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Salihu S. Musa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Mathematics, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Nigeria
| | - Shi Zhao
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shujiang Mei
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Daihai He
- Department of Applied Mathematics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Musa SS, Baba IA, Yusuf A, Sulaiman TA, Aliyu AI, Zhao S, He D. Transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2: A modeling analysis with high-and-moderate risk populations. Results Phys 2021; 26:104290. [PMID: 34026471 PMCID: PMC8131571 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinp.2021.104290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nigeria is second to South Africa with the highest reported cases of COVID-19 in sub-Saharan Africa. In this paper, we employ an SEIR-based compartmental model to study and analyze the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks in Nigeria. The model incorporates different group of populations (that is, high- and- moderate risk populations) and is use to investigate the influence on each population on the overall transmission dynamics.The model, which is fitted well to the data, is qualitatively analyzed to evaluate the impacts of different schemes for controlstrategies. Mathematical analysis reveals that the model has two equilibria; i.e., disease-free equilibrium (DFE) which is local asymptotic stability (LAS) if the basic reproduction number ( R 0 ) is less than 1; and unstable for R 0 > 1 , and an endemic equilibrium (EE) which is globally asymptotic stability (LAS) whenever R 0 > 1 . Furthermore, we find that the model undergoes a phenomenon of backward bifurcation (BB, a coexistence of stable DFE and stable EE even if the R 0 < 1 ). We employ Partial Rank Correlation coefficients (PRCCs) for sensitivity analyses to evaluate the model's parameters. Our results highlight that proper surveillance, especially movement of individuals from high risk to moderate risk population, testing, as well as imposition of other NPIs measures are vital strategies for mitigating the COVID-19 epidemic in Nigeria. Besides, in the absence of an exact solution for the proposed model, we solve the model with the well-known ODE45 numerical solver and the effective numerical schemes such as Euler (EM), Runge-Kutta of order 2 (RK-2), and Runge-Kutta of order 4 (RK-4) in order to establish approximate solutions and to show the physical features of the model. It has been shown that these numerical schemes are very effective and efficient to establish superb approximate solutions for differential equations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salihu S Musa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
- Department of Mathematics, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Nigeria
| | - Isa A Baba
- Department of Mathematics, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria
| | - Abdullahi Yusuf
- Department of Computer Engineering, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Mathematics, Science Faculty, Federal University Dutse, Jigawa, Nigeria
| | - Tukur A Sulaiman
- Department of Computer Engineering, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Mathematics, Science Faculty, Federal University Dutse, Jigawa, Nigeria
| | - Aliyu I Aliyu
- Department of Mathematics, Science Faculty, Federal University Dutse, Jigawa, Nigeria
| | - Shi Zhao
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Daihai He
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
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12
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Zhao S, Tang B, Musa SS, Ma S, Zhang J, Zeng M, Yun Q, Guo W, Zheng Y, Yang Z, Peng Z, Chong MK, Javanbakht M, He D, Wang MH. Estimating the generation interval and inferring the latent period of COVID-19 from the contact tracing data. Epidemics 2021; 36:100482. [PMID: 34175549 PMCID: PMC8223005 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2021.100482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged by end of 2019, and became a serious public health threat globally in less than half a year. The generation interval and latent period, though both are of importance in understanding the features of COVID-19 transmission, are difficult to observe, and thus they can rarely be learnt from surveillance data empirically. In this study, we develop a likelihood framework to estimate the generation interval and incubation period simultaneously by using the contact tracing data of COVID-19 cases, and infer the pre-symptomatic transmission proportion and latent period thereafter. We estimate the mean of incubation period at 6.8 days (95 %CI: 6.2, 7.5) and SD at 4.1 days (95 %CI: 3.7, 4.8), and the mean of generation interval at 6.7 days (95 %CI: 5.4, 7.6) and SD at 1.8 days (95 %CI: 0.3, 3.8). The basic reproduction number is estimated ranging from 1.9 to 3.6, and there are 49.8 % (95 %CI: 33.3, 71.5) of the secondary COVID-19 infections likely due to pre-symptomatic transmission. Using the best estimates of model parameters, we further infer the mean latent period at 3.3 days (95 %CI: 0.2, 7.9). Our findings highlight the importance of both isolation for symptomatic cases, and for the pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Zhao
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Biao Tang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Salihu S Musa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Mathematics, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Nigeria.
| | - Shujuan Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Jiayue Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Minyan Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Qingping Yun
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Yixiang Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis of Hunan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Zuyao Yang
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zhihang Peng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Marc Kc Chong
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Mohammad Javanbakht
- Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Daihai He
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Maggie H Wang
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.
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13
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Wong K, Ullah I, Taseer AR, Irfan M, Almas T, Musa SS. Dual tension: Lassa fever and COVID-19 in Nigeria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 18:100697. [PMID: 34179327 PMCID: PMC8219472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemep.2021.100697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Wong
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, USA
| | - I Ullah
- Kabir Medical College, Gandhara University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - A R Taseer
- Internal Medicine, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - M Irfan
- Internal Medicine, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - T Almas
- Internal Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
| | - S S Musa
- Department of Nursing Science, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria
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14
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Tang X, Musa SS, Zhao S, He D. Reinfection or Reactivation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: A Systematic Review. Front Public Health 2021; 9:663045. [PMID: 34178920 PMCID: PMC8226004 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.663045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As the pandemic continues, individuals with re-detectable positive (RP) SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA among recovered COVID-19 patients have raised public health concerns. It is imperative to investigate whether the cases with re-detectable positive (RP) SARS-CoV-2 might cause severe infection to the vulnerable population. In this work, we conducted a systematic review of recent literature to investigate reactivation and reinfection among the discharged COVID-19 patients that are found positive again. Our study, consisting more than a total of 113,715 patients, indicates that the RP-SARS-CoV-2 scenario occurs plausibly due to reactivation, reinfection, viral shedding, or testing errors. Nonetheless, we observe that previously infected individuals have significantly lower risk of being infected for the second time, indicating that reactivation or reinfection of SARS-CoV-2 likely have relatively less impact in the general population than the primary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Tang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Salihu S Musa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Mathematics, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Nigeria
| | - Shi Zhao
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute of Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Daihai He
- Department of Applied Mathematics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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15
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Zhao S, Musa SS, Meng J, Qin J, He D. The long-term changing dynamics of dengue infectivity in Guangdong, China, from 2008-2018: a modelling analysis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 114:62-71. [PMID: 31638154 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trz084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue remains a severe threat to public health in tropical and subtropical regions. In China, over 85% of domestic dengue cases are in the Guangdong province and there were 53 139 reported cases during 2008-2018. In Guangdong, the 2014 dengue outbreak was the largest in the last 20 y and it was probably triggered by a new strain imported from other regions. METHODS We studied the long-term patterns of dengue infectivity in Guangdong from 2008-2018 and compared the infectivity estimates across different periods. RESULTS We found that the annual epidemics approximately followed exponential growth during 2011-2014. The transmission rates were at a low level during 2008-2012, significantly increased 1.43-fold [1.22, 1.69] during 2013-2014 and then decreased back to a low level after 2015. By using the mosquito index and the likelihood-inference approach, we found that the new strain most likely invaded Guangdong in April 2014. CONCLUSIONS The long-term changing dynamics of dengue infectivity are associated with the new dengue virus strain invasion and public health control programmes. The increase in infectiousness indicates the potential for dengue to go from being imported to becoming an endemic in Guangdong, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Zhao
- School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Salihu S Musa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiayi Meng
- School of Economics and Finance, Xi'an International Studies University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Qin
- School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daihai He
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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16
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Tao J, Zhang X, Musa SS, Yang L, He D. High Infection Fatality Rate Among Elderly and Risk Factors Associated With Infection Fatality Rate and Asymptomatic Infections of COVID-19 Cases in Hong Kong. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:678347. [PMID: 34109200 PMCID: PMC8180593 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.678347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Since the emergence in December 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic has become one of the greatest global public health threats in history. However, asymptomatic infections have increased the challenges of providing accurate estimates for the infection fatality rate (IFR) of COVID-19. Methods: We calculated the asymptomatic case ratios based on the reported COVID-19 cases in Hong Kong where intensive testing has been conducted in close contacts and high-risk populations. We estimated the IFR using both symptomatic and asymptomatic cases as denominator. The boosted regression tree (BRT) and multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify relative contribution and effect size of the risk factors associated with the asymptomatic cases and IFRs. Results: The ratio of the asymptomatic patients in Hong Kong was higher than many other regions over the world. Imported cases had a higher asymptomatic proportion than local cases. Older age and male were associated with a higher IFR than younger age and females. Conclusion: Policymakers should consider the potential risk factors for the asymptomatic infections and IFRs by the Hong Kong surveillance data to mitigate the diseases and reduce the case mortality of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tao
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Salihu S Musa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lin Yang
- School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daihai He
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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17
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Zhao S, Shen M, Musa SS, Guo Z, Ran J, Peng Z, Zhao Y, Chong MKC, He D, Wang MH. Inferencing superspreading potential using zero-truncated negative binomial model: exemplification with COVID-19. BMC Med Res Methodol 2021; 21:30. [PMID: 33568100 PMCID: PMC7874987 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-021-01225-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In infectious disease transmission dynamics, the high heterogeneity in individual infectiousness indicates that few index cases generate large numbers of secondary cases, which is commonly known as superspreading events. The heterogeneity in transmission can be measured by describing the distribution of the number of secondary cases as a negative binomial (NB) distribution with dispersion parameter, k. However, such inference framework usually neglects the under-ascertainment of sporadic cases, which are those without known epidemiological link and considered as independent clusters of size one, and this may potentially bias the estimates. Methods In this study, we adopt a zero-truncated likelihood-based framework to estimate k. We evaluate the estimation performance by using stochastic simulations, and compare it with the baseline non-truncated version. We exemplify the analytical framework with three contact tracing datasets of COVID-19. Results We demonstrate that the estimation bias exists when the under-ascertainment of index cases with 0 secondary case occurs, and the zero-truncated inference overcomes this problem and yields a less biased estimator of k. We find that the k of COVID-19 is inferred at 0.32 (95%CI: 0.15, 0.64), which appears slightly smaller than many previous estimates. We provide the simulation codes applying the inference framework in this study. Conclusions The zero-truncated framework is recommended for less biased transmission heterogeneity estimates. These findings highlight the importance of individual-specific case management strategies to mitigate COVID-19 pandemic by lowering the transmission risks of potential super-spreaders with priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Zhao
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Mingwang Shen
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Salihu S Musa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Mathematics, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Nigeria
| | - Zihao Guo
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinjun Ran
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhihang Peng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Marc K C Chong
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Daihai He
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Maggie H Wang
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
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18
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Musa SS, Zhao S, Wang MH, Habib AG, Mustapha UT, He D. Estimation of exponential growth rate and basic reproduction number of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Africa. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9:96. [PMID: 32678037 PMCID: PMC7365306 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-00718-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Africa was detected on February 14, 2020, the cumulative confirmations reached 15 207 including 831 deaths by April 13, 2020. Africa has been described as one of the most vulnerable region with the COVID-19 infection during the initial phase of the outbreak, due to the fact that Africa is a great commercial partner of China and some other EU and American countries. Which result in large volume of travels by traders to the region more frequently and causing African countries face even bigger health threat during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, the fact that the control and management of COVID-19 pandemic rely heavily on a country's health care system, and on average Africa has poor health care system which make it more vulnerable indicating a need for timely intervention to curtail the spread. In this paper, we estimate the exponential growth rate and basic reproduction number (R0) of COVID-19 in Africa to show the potential of the virus to spread, and reveal the importance of sustaining stringent health measures to control the disease in Africa. METHODS We analyzed the initial phase of the epidemic of COVID-19 in Africa between 1 March and 13 April 2020, by using the simple exponential growth model. We examined the publicly available materials published by the WHO situation report to show the potential of COVID-19 to spread without sustaining strict health measures. The Poisson likelihood framework is adopted for data fitting and parameter estimation. We modelled the distribution of COVID-19 generation interval (GI) as Gamma distributions with a mean of 4.7 days and standard deviation of 2.9 days estimated from previous work, and compute the basic reproduction number. RESULTS We estimated the exponential growth rate as 0.22 per day (95% CI: 0.20-0.24), and the basic reproduction number, R0, as 2.37 (95% CI: 2.22-2.51) based on the assumption that the exponential growth starting from 1 March 2020. With an R0 at 2.37, we quantified the instantaneous transmissibility of the outbreak by the time-varying effective reproductive number to show the potential of COVID-19 to spread across African region. CONCLUSIONS The initial growth of COVID-19 cases in Africa was rapid and showed large variations across countries. Our estimates should be useful in preparedness planning against further spread of the COVID-19 epidemic in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salihu S Musa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Mathematics, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Nigeria
| | - Shi Zhao
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Maggie H Wang
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Umar T Mustapha
- Department of Mathematics, Federal University Dutse, Dutse, Nigeria
| | - Daihai He
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
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19
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Zhao S, Tang X, Liang X, Chong MKC, Ran J, Musa SS, Yang G, Cao P, Wang K, Zee BCY, Wang X, He D, Wang MH. Modelling the Measles Outbreak at Hong Kong International Airport in 2019: A Data-Driven Analysis on the Effects of Timely Reporting and Public Awareness. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:1851-1861. [PMID: 32606834 PMCID: PMC7308762 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s258035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Measles, a highly contagious disease, still poses a huge burden worldwide. Lately, a trend of resurgence threatened the developed countries. A measles outbreak occurred in the Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA) between March and April 2019, which infected 29 airport staff. During the outbreak, multiple measures were taken including daily situation updates, setting up a public enquiry platform on March 23, and an emergent vaccination program targeting unprotected staff. The outbreak was put out promptly. The effectiveness of these measures was unclear. Methods We quantified the transmissibility of outbreak in HKIA by the effective reproduction number, Reff(t), and basic reproduction number, R0(t). The reproduction number was modelled as a function of its determinants that were statistically examined, including lags in hospitalization, situation update, and level of public awareness. Then, we considered a hypothetical no-measure scenario when improvements in reporting and public enquiry were absent and calculated the number of infected airport staff. Results Our estimated average R0 is 10.09 (95% CI: 1.73−36.50). We found that R0(t) was positively associated with lags in hospitalization and situation update, while negatively associated with the level of public awareness. The average predicted basic reproduction number, r0, was 14.67 (95% CI: 9.01−45.32) under the no-measure scenario, which increased the average R0 by 77.57% (95% CI: 1.71−111.15). The total number of infected staff would be 179 (IQR: 90−339, 95% CI: 23−821), namely the measure induced 8.42-fold (95% CI: 0.21−42.21) reduction in the total number of infected staff. Conclusion Timely reporting on outbreak situation and public awareness measured by the number of public enquiries helped to control the outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Zhao
- Division of Biostatistics, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.,Shenzhen Research Institute of Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiujuan Tang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Liang
- Department of Hematology, The 989th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese PLA, Luoyang 471031, People's Republic of China
| | - Marc K C Chong
- Division of Biostatistics, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.,Shenzhen Research Institute of Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjun Ran
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Salihu S Musa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangpu Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Peihua Cao
- Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Medical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, People's Republic of China
| | - Benny C Y Zee
- Division of Biostatistics, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.,Shenzhen Research Institute of Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Daihai He
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Maggie H Wang
- Division of Biostatistics, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.,Shenzhen Research Institute of Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
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20
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He D, Zhao S, Lin Q, Musa SS, Stone L. New estimates of the Zika virus epidemic attack rate in Northeastern Brazil from 2015 to 2016: A modelling analysis based on Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) surveillance data. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0007502. [PMID: 32348302 PMCID: PMC7213748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Between January 2015 and August 2016, two epidemic waves of Zika virus (ZIKV) disease swept the Northeastern (NE) region of Brazil. As a result, two waves of Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) were observed concurrently. The mandatory reporting of ZIKV disease began region-wide in February 2016, and it is believed that ZIKV cases were significantly under-reported before that. The changing reporting rate has made it difficult to estimate the ZIKV infection attack rate, and studies in the literature vary widely from 17% to > 50%. The same applies to other key epidemiological parameters. In contrast, the diagnosis and reporting of GBS cases were reasonably reliable given the severity and easy recognition of the disease symptoms. In this paper, we aim to estimate the real number of ZIKV cases (i.e., the infection attack rate) and their dynamics in time, by scaling up from GBS surveillance data in NE Brazil. METHODOLOGY A mathematical compartmental model is constructed that makes it possible to infer the true epidemic dynamics of ZIKV cases based on surveillance data of excess GBS cases. The model includes the possibility that asymptomatic ZIKV cases are infectious. The model is fitted to the GBS surveillance data and the key epidemiological parameters are inferred by using a plug-and-play likelihood-based estimation. We make use of regional weather data to determine possible climate-driven impacts on the reproductive number [Formula: see text], and to infer the true ZIKV epidemic dynamics. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS The GBS surveillance data can be used to study ZIKV epidemics and may be appropriate when ZIKV reporting rates are not well understood. The overall infection attack rate (IAR) of ZIKV is estimated to be 24.1% (95% confidence interval: 17.1%-29.3%) of the population. By examining various asymptomatic scenarios, the IAR is likely to be lower than 33% over the two ZIKV waves. The risk rate from symptomatic ZIKV infection to develop GBS was estimated as ρ = 0.0061% (95% CI: 0.0050%-0.0086%) which is significantly less than current estimates. We found a positive association between local temperature and the basic reproduction number, [Formula: see text]. Our analysis revealed that asymptomatic infections affect the estimation of ZIKV epidemics and need to also be carefully considered in related modelling studies. According to the estimated effective reproduction number and population wide susceptibility, we comment that a ZIKV outbreak would be unlikely in NE Brazil in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daihai He
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shi Zhao
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Division of Biostatistics, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Clinical Trials and Biostatistics Lab, Shenzhen Research Institute, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qianying Lin
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Michigan Institute for Data Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Salihu S. Musa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lewi Stone
- Mathematical Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Biomathematics Unit, School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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21
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Zhao S, Stone L, Gao D, Musa SS, Chong MKC, He D, Wang MH. Imitation dynamics in the mitigation of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in Wuhan, China from 2019 to 2020. Ann Transl Med 2020; 8:448. [PMID: 32395492 PMCID: PMC7210122 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.03.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first identified in Wuhan, China on December 2019 in patients presenting with atypical pneumonia. Although ‘city-lockdown’ policy reduced the spatial spreading of the COVID-19, the city-level outbreaks within each city remain a major concern to be addressed. The local or regional level disease control mainly depends on individuals self-administered infection prevention actions. The contradiction between choice of taking infection prevention actions or not makes the elimination difficult under a voluntary acting scheme, and represents a clash between the optimal choice of action for the individual interest and group interests. Methods We develop a compartmental epidemic model based on the classic susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered model and use this to fit the data. Behavioral imitation through a game theoretical decision-making process is incorporated to study and project the dynamics of the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China. By varying the key model parameters, we explore the probable course of the outbreak in terms of size and timing under several public interventions in improving public awareness and sensitivity to the infection risk as well as their potential impact. Results We estimate the basic reproduction number, R0, to be 2.5 (95% CI: 2.4−2.7). Under the current most realistic setting, we estimate the peak size at 0.28 (95% CI: 0.24−0.32) infections per 1,000 population. In Wuhan, the final size of the outbreak is likely to infect 1.35% (95% CI: 1.00−2.12%) of the population. The outbreak will be most likely to peak in the first half of February and drop to daily incidences lower than 10 in June 2020. Increasing sensitivity to take infection prevention actions and the effectiveness of infection prevention measures are likely to mitigate the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan. Conclusions Through an imitating social learning process, individual-level behavioral change on taking infection prevention actions have the potentials to significantly reduce the COVID-19 outbreak in terms of size and timing at city-level. Timely and substantially resources and supports for improving the willingness-to-act and conducts of self-administered infection prevention actions are recommended to reduce to the COVID-19 associated risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Zhao
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute of Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Lewi Stone
- School of Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.,Biomathematics Unit, Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Daozhou Gao
- Department of Mathematics, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Salihu S Musa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Marc K C Chong
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute of Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Daihai He
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Maggie H Wang
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute of Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518060, China
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22
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Lin Q, Zhao S, Gao D, Lou Y, Yang S, Musa SS, Wang MH, Cai Y, Wang W, Yang L, He D. A conceptual model for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in Wuhan, China with individual reaction and governmental action. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 93:211-216. [PMID: 32145465 PMCID: PMC7102659 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 117.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, emerged in Wuhan, China in the end of 2019, has claimed more than 2600 lives as of 24 February 2020 and posed a huge threat to global public health. The Chinese government has implemented control measures including setting up special hospitals and travel restriction to mitigate the spread. We propose conceptual models for the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan with the consideration of individual behavioural reaction and governmental actions, e.g., holiday extension, travel restriction, hospitalisation and quarantine. We employe the estimates of these two key components from the 1918 influenza pandemic in London, United Kingdom, incorporated zoonotic introductions and the emigration, and then compute future trends and the reporting ratio. The model is concise in structure, and it successfully captures the course of the COVID-19 outbreak, and thus sheds light on understanding the trends of the outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianying Lin
- Michigan Institute for Data Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Shi Zhao
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Daozhou Gao
- Mathematics and Science College, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yijun Lou
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Shu Yang
- College of Medical Information Engineering, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Salihu S Musa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Maggie H Wang
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Yongli Cai
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, China.
| | - Weiming Wang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, China.
| | - Lin Yang
- School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Daihai He
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
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23
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Abstract
In 2017-18, a large-scale cholera outbreak swept Yemen. We calculated the number of culture-confirmed cases from the suspected cases and diagnosis testing records. We estimate 184,248 confirmed cholera cases between April 2017 and the end of 2017, and the reproduction number of 2.2 with 95% CI of [2.1, 2.3] during the initial stage. We find a significantly (nonlinear) positive association between the reproduction number (R t) and precipitation, explained 13% of transmissibility changes, with one unit (mm) increment in precipitation leading to an increment of 20.1% in R t. We find a significantly (nonlinear) negative association between the R t and cumulative Google Trends index (GTI), explained 62% of transmissibility changes, with one unit increment in cumulative GTI leading to a drop of 0.03% in R t.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Zhao
- School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Salihu S Musa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing Qin
- School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daihai He
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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24
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Zhao S, Lin Q, Ran J, Musa SS, Yang G, Wang W, Lou Y, Gao D, Yang L, He D, Wang MH. Preliminary estimation of the basic reproduction number of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China, from 2019 to 2020: A data-driven analysis in the early phase of the outbreak. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 92:214-217. [PMID: 32007643 PMCID: PMC7110798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 930] [Impact Index Per Article: 232.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS An ongoing outbreak of a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia hit a major city in China, Wuhan, December 2019 and subsequently reached other provinces/regions of China and other countries. We present estimates of the basic reproduction number, R0, of 2019-nCoV in the early phase of the outbreak. METHODS Accounting for the impact of the variations in disease reporting rate, we modelled the epidemic curve of 2019-nCoV cases time series, in mainland China from January 10 to January 24, 2020, through the exponential growth. With the estimated intrinsic growth rate (γ), we estimated R0 by using the serial intervals (SI) of two other well-known coronavirus diseases, MERS and SARS, as approximations for the true unknown SI. FINDINGS The early outbreak data largely follows the exponential growth. We estimated that the mean R0 ranges from 2.24 (95%CI: 1.96-2.55) to 3.58 (95%CI: 2.89-4.39) associated with 8-fold to 2-fold increase in the reporting rate. We demonstrated that changes in reporting rate substantially affect estimates of R0. CONCLUSION The mean estimate of R0 for the 2019-nCoV ranges from 2.24 to 3.58, and is significantly larger than 1. Our findings indicate the potential of 2019-nCoV to cause outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Zhao
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Qianyin Lin
- Michigan Institute for Data Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Jinjun Ran
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Salihu S Musa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Guangpu Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; SH Ho Scoliosis Research Lab, Joint Scoliosis Research Center of Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Weiming Wang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China.
| | - Yijun Lou
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Daozhou Gao
- Department of Mathematics, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lin Yang
- School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Daihai He
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Maggie H Wang
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
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Zhao S, Lin Q, Ran J, Musa SS, Yang G, Wang W, Lou Y, Gao D, Yang L, He D, Wang MH. Preliminary estimation of the basic reproduction number of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China, from 2019 to 2020: A data-driven analysis in the early phase of the outbreak. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 92:214-217. [PMID: 32007643 DOI: 10.1101/2020.01.23.916395v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS An ongoing outbreak of a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia hit a major city in China, Wuhan, December 2019 and subsequently reached other provinces/regions of China and other countries. We present estimates of the basic reproduction number, R0, of 2019-nCoV in the early phase of the outbreak. METHODS Accounting for the impact of the variations in disease reporting rate, we modelled the epidemic curve of 2019-nCoV cases time series, in mainland China from January 10 to January 24, 2020, through the exponential growth. With the estimated intrinsic growth rate (γ), we estimated R0 by using the serial intervals (SI) of two other well-known coronavirus diseases, MERS and SARS, as approximations for the true unknown SI. FINDINGS The early outbreak data largely follows the exponential growth. We estimated that the mean R0 ranges from 2.24 (95%CI: 1.96-2.55) to 3.58 (95%CI: 2.89-4.39) associated with 8-fold to 2-fold increase in the reporting rate. We demonstrated that changes in reporting rate substantially affect estimates of R0. CONCLUSION The mean estimate of R0 for the 2019-nCoV ranges from 2.24 to 3.58, and is significantly larger than 1. Our findings indicate the potential of 2019-nCoV to cause outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Zhao
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Qianyin Lin
- Michigan Institute for Data Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Jinjun Ran
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Salihu S Musa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Guangpu Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; SH Ho Scoliosis Research Lab, Joint Scoliosis Research Center of Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Weiming Wang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China.
| | - Yijun Lou
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Daozhou Gao
- Department of Mathematics, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lin Yang
- School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Daihai He
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Maggie H Wang
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
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26
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Zhao S, Lin Q, Ran J, Musa SS, Yang G, Wang W, Lou Y, Gao D, Yang L, He D, Wang MH. Preliminary estimation of the basic reproduction number of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China, from 2019 to 2020: A data-driven analysis in the early phase of the outbreak. Int J Infect Dis 2020. [PMID: 32007643 DOI: 10.1101/2020.01.23.916395v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS An ongoing outbreak of a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia hit a major city in China, Wuhan, December 2019 and subsequently reached other provinces/regions of China and other countries. We present estimates of the basic reproduction number, R0, of 2019-nCoV in the early phase of the outbreak. METHODS Accounting for the impact of the variations in disease reporting rate, we modelled the epidemic curve of 2019-nCoV cases time series, in mainland China from January 10 to January 24, 2020, through the exponential growth. With the estimated intrinsic growth rate (γ), we estimated R0 by using the serial intervals (SI) of two other well-known coronavirus diseases, MERS and SARS, as approximations for the true unknown SI. FINDINGS The early outbreak data largely follows the exponential growth. We estimated that the mean R0 ranges from 2.24 (95%CI: 1.96-2.55) to 3.58 (95%CI: 2.89-4.39) associated with 8-fold to 2-fold increase in the reporting rate. We demonstrated that changes in reporting rate substantially affect estimates of R0. CONCLUSION The mean estimate of R0 for the 2019-nCoV ranges from 2.24 to 3.58, and is significantly larger than 1. Our findings indicate the potential of 2019-nCoV to cause outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Zhao
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Qianyin Lin
- Michigan Institute for Data Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Jinjun Ran
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Salihu S Musa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Guangpu Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; SH Ho Scoliosis Research Lab, Joint Scoliosis Research Center of Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Weiming Wang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China.
| | - Yijun Lou
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Daozhou Gao
- Department of Mathematics, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lin Yang
- School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Daihai He
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Maggie H Wang
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
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Zhao S, Musa SS, Hebert JT, Cao P, Ran J, Meng J, He D, Qin J. Modelling the effective reproduction number of vector-borne diseases: the yellow fever outbreak in Luanda, Angola 2015-2016 as an example. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8601. [PMID: 32149023 PMCID: PMC7049463 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The burden of vector-borne diseases (Dengue, Zika virus, yellow fever, etc.) gradually increased in the past decade across the globe. Mathematical modelling on infectious diseases helps to study the transmission dynamics of the pathogens. Theoretically, the diseases can be controlled and eventually eradicated by maintaining the effective reproduction number, (R eff ), strictly less than 1. We established a vector-host compartmental model, and derived (R eff ) for vector-borne diseases. The analytic form of the (R eff ) was found to be the product of the basic reproduction number and the geometric average of the susceptibilities of the host and vector populations. The (R eff ) formula was demonstrated to be consistent with the estimates of the 2015-2016 yellow fever outbreak in Luanda, and distinguished the second minor epidemic wave. For those using the compartmental model to study the vector-borne infectious disease epidemics, we further remark that it is important to be aware of whether one or two generations is considered for the transition "from host to vector to host" in reproduction number calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Zhao
- School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Division of Biostatistics, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Clinical Trials and Biostatistics Lab, Shenzhen Research Institute, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Salihu S. Musa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jay T. Hebert
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Peihua Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinjun Ran
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiayi Meng
- School of Economics and Finance, Xi’an International Studies University, Xi’an, China
| | - Daihai He
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing Qin
- School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Musa SS, Zhao S, Gao D, Lin Q, Chowell G, He D. Mechanistic modelling of the large-scale Lassa fever epidemics in Nigeria from 2016 to 2019. J Theor Biol 2020; 493:110209. [PMID: 32097608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Lassa fever, also known as Lassa hemorrhagic fever, is a virus that has generated recurrent outbreaks in West Africa. We use mechanistic modelling to study the Lassa fever epidemics in Nigeria from 2016-19. Our model describes the interaction between human and rodent populations with the consideration of quarantine, isolation and hospitalization processes. Our model supports the phenomenon of forward bifurcation where the stability between disease-free equilibrium and endemic equilibrium exchanges. Moreover, our model captures well the incidence curves from surveillance data. In particular, our model is able to reconstruct the periodic rodent and human forces of infection. Furthermore, we suggest that the three major epidemics from 2016-19 can be modelled by properly characterizing the rodent (or human) force of infection while the estimated human force of infection also present similar patterns across outbreaks. Our results suggest that the initial susceptibility likely increased across the three outbreaks from 2016-19. Our results highlight the similarity of the transmission dynamics driving three major Lassa fever outbreaks in the endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salihu S Musa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; Department of Mathematics, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Nigeria
| | - Shi Zhao
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Research Institute of Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Daozhou Gao
- Mathematics and Science College, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianying Lin
- Department of Applied Mathematics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; Michigan Institute for Data Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gerardo Chowell
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Fogarty International Center, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daihai He
- Department of Applied Mathematics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
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29
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Zhao S, Lin Q, Ran J, Musa SS, Yang G, Wang W, Lou Y, Gao D, Yang L, He D, Wang MH. The basic reproduction number of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) estimation based on exponential growth in the early outbreak in China from 2019 to 2020: A reply to Dhungana. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 94:148-150. [PMID: 32088339 PMCID: PMC7130104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Zhao
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Qianying Lin
- Michigan Institute for Data Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Jinjun Ran
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Salihu S Musa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Guangpu Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; SH Ho Scoliosis Research Lab, Joint Scoliosis Research Center of Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Weiming Wang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China.
| | - Yijun Lou
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Daozhou Gao
- Department of Mathematics, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lin Yang
- School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Daihai He
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Maggie H Wang
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
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Zhao S, Musa SS, Lin Q, Ran J, Yang G, Wang W, Lou Y, Yang L, Gao D, He D, Wang MH. Estimating the Unreported Number of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Cases in China in the First Half of January 2020: A Data-Driven Modelling Analysis of the Early Outbreak. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E388. [PMID: 32024089 PMCID: PMC7074332 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In December 2019, an outbreak of respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) emerged in Wuhan, China and has swiftly spread to other parts of China and a number of foreign countries. The 2019-nCoV cases might have been under-reported roughly from 1 to 15 January 2020, and thus we estimated the number of unreported cases and the basic reproduction number, R0, of 2019-nCoV. METHODS We modelled the epidemic curve of 2019-nCoV cases, in mainland China from 1 December 2019 to 24 January 2020 through the exponential growth. The number of unreported cases was determined by the maximum likelihood estimation. We used the serial intervals (SI) of infection caused by two other well-known coronaviruses (CoV), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) CoVs, as approximations of the unknown SI for 2019-nCoV to estimate R0. RESULTS We confirmed that the initial growth phase followed an exponential growth pattern. The under-reporting was likely to have resulted in 469 (95% CI: 403-540) unreported cases from 1 to 15 January 2020. The reporting rate after 17 January 2020 was likely to have increased 21-fold (95% CI: 18-25) in comparison to the situation from 1 to 17 January 2020 on average. We estimated the R0 of 2019-nCoV at 2.56 (95% CI: 2.49-2.63). CONCLUSION The under-reporting was likely to have occurred during the first half of January 2020 and should be considered in future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Zhao
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China;
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Salihu S. Musa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China; (S.S.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Qianying Lin
- Michigan Institute for Data Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, MI 48104, USA;
| | - Jinjun Ran
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China;
| | - Guangpu Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China;
- SH Ho Scoliosis Research Lab, Joint Scoliosis Research Center of Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Weiming Wang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China
| | - Yijun Lou
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China; (S.S.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Lin Yang
- School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China;
| | - Daozhou Gao
- Department of Mathematics, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China;
| | - Daihai He
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China; (S.S.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Maggie H. Wang
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China;
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518060, China
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Zhao S, Musa SS, Fu H, He D, Qin J. Simple framework for real-time forecast in a data-limited situation: the Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks in Brazil from 2015 to 2016 as an example. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:344. [PMID: 31300061 PMCID: PMC6624944 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3602-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In 2015–2016, Zika virus (ZIKV) caused serious epidemics in Brazil. The key epidemiological parameters and spatial heterogeneity of ZIKV epidemics in different states in Brazil remain unclear. Early prediction of the final epidemic (or outbreak) size for ZIKV outbreaks is crucial for public health decision-making and mitigation planning. We investigated the spatial heterogeneity in the epidemiological features of ZIKV across eight different Brazilian states by using simple non-linear growth models. Results We fitted three different models to the weekly reported ZIKV cases in eight different states and obtained an R2 larger than 0.995. The estimated average values of basic reproduction numbers from different states varied from 2.07 to 3.41, with a mean of 2.77. The estimated turning points of the epidemics also varied across different states. The estimation of turning points nevertheless is stable and real-time. The forecast of the final epidemic size (attack rate) is reasonably accurate, shortly after the turning point. The knowledge of the epidemic turning point is crucial for accurate real-time projection of the outbreak. Conclusions Our simple models fitted the epidemic reasonably well and thus revealed the spatial heterogeneity in the epidemiological features across Brazilian states. The knowledge of the epidemic turning point is crucial for real-time projection of the outbreak size. Our real-time estimation framework is able to yield a reliable prediction of the final epidemic size. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3602-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Zhao
- School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China. .,Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Salihu S Musa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hao Fu
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daihai He
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jing Qin
- School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Zhao S, Musa SS, Qin J, He D. Phase-shifting of the transmissibility of macrolide-sensitive and resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae epidemics in Hong Kong, from 2015 to 2018. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 81:251-253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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