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Loomis S, McCarthy A, Dijk DJ, Gilmour G, Winsky-Sommerer R. Food restriction induces functional resilience to sleep restriction in rats. Sleep 2020; 43:5855399. [PMID: 32518958 PMCID: PMC7551307 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Sleep restriction (SR) leads to performance decrements across cognitive domains but underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. The impact of SR on performance in rodents is often assessed using tasks in which food is the reward. Investigating how the drives of hunger and sleep interact to modulate performance may provide insights into mechanisms underlying sleep loss-related performance decrements. METHODS Three experiments were conducted in male adult Wistar rats to assess: (1) effects of food restriction on performance in the simple response latency task (SRLT) across the diurnal cycle (n = 30); (2) interaction of food restriction and SR (11 h) on SRLT performance, sleep electroencephalogram, and event-related potentials (ERP) (n = 10-13); and (3) effects of food restriction and SR on progressive ratio (PR) task performance to probe the reward value of food reinforcement (n = 19). RESULTS Food restriction increased premature responding on the SRLT at the end of the light period of the diurnal cycle. SR led to marked impairments in SRLT performance in the ad libitum-fed group, which were absent in the food-restricted group. After SR, food-restricted rats displayed a higher amplitude of cue-evoked ERP components during the SRLT compared with the ad libitum group. SR did not affect PR performance, while food restriction improved performance. CONCLUSIONS Hunger may induce a functional resilience to negative effects of sleep loss during subsequent task performance, possibly by maintaining attention to food-related cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Loomis
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey, UK.,Surrey Sleep Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Andrew McCarthy
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey, UK
| | - Derk-Jan Dijk
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK
| | - Gary Gilmour
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey, UK
| | - Raphaelle Winsky-Sommerer
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
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Hanley N, Paulissen J, Eastwood BJ, Gilmour G, Loomis S, Wafford KA, McCarthy A. Pharmacological Modulation of Sleep Homeostasis in Rat: Novel Effects of an mGluR2/3 Antagonist. Sleep 2020; 42:5491801. [PMID: 31106825 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing vigilance without incurring the negative consequences of extended wakefulness such as daytime sleepiness and cognitive impairment is a major challenge in treating many sleep disorders. The present work compares two closely related mGluR2/3 antagonists LY3020371 and LY341495 with two well-known wake-promoting compounds caffeine and d-amphetamine. Sleep homeostasis properties were explored in male Wistar rats by manipulating levels of wakefulness via (1) physiological sleep restriction (SR), (2) pharmacological action, or (3) a combination of these. A two-phase nonlinear mixed-effects model combining a quadratic and exponential function at an empirically estimated join point allowed the quantification of wake-promoting properties and any subsequent sleep rebound. A simple response latency task (SRLT) following SR assessed functional capacity of sleep-restricted animals treated with our test compounds. Caffeine and d-amphetamine increased wakefulness with a subsequent full recovery of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and were unable to fully reverse SR-induced impairments in SRLT. In contrast, LY3020371 increased wakefulness with no subsequent elevation of NREM sleep, delta power, delta energy, or sleep bout length and count, yet REM sleep recovered above baseline levels. Prior sleep pressure obtained using an SR protocol had no impact on the wake-promoting effect of LY3020371 and NREM sleep rebound remained blocked. Furthermore, LY341495 increased functional capacity across SRLT measures following SR. These results establish the critical role of glutamate in sleep homeostasis and support the existence of independent mechanisms for NREM and REM sleep homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Hanley
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, Surrey, UK
| | - Jerome Paulissen
- Clinical Division, Syneos Health (previously INC Research/InVentiv Health), Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Brian J Eastwood
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, Surrey, UK
| | - Gary Gilmour
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, Surrey, UK
| | - Sally Loomis
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, Surrey, UK
| | - Keith A Wafford
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, Surrey, UK
| | - Andrew McCarthy
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, Surrey, UK
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de Oliveira P, Loomis S, McCarthy A, Wafford K, Gilmour G, Dijk DJ, Winsky-Sommerer R. Chronic trazodone treatment alters REMS structure in a mouse model of tauopathy. Sleep Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2019.11.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Winsky-Sommerer R, de Oliveira P, Loomis S, Wafford K, Dijk DJ, Gilmour G. Disturbances of sleep quality, timing and structure and their relationship with other neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease and schizophrenia: Insights from studies in patient populations and animal models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 97:112-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Misono A, Wehrenberg-Klee E, Rao S, Fadl S, Attaya H, Bonk S, Sheridan R, Loomis S, Mueller P, Walker T. Medical student IR symposia: characterizing impact on medical student career choices. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2016.12.1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Mccarthy A, Loomis S, Eastwood B, Wafford KA, Winsky-Sommerer R, Gilmour G. Modelling maintenance of wakefulness in rats: comparing potential non-invasive sleep-restriction methods and their effects on sleep and attentional performance. J Sleep Res 2016; 26:179-187. [DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sally Loomis
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd; Erl Wood Manor; Windlesham Surrey UK
| | - Brian Eastwood
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd; Erl Wood Manor; Windlesham Surrey UK
| | | | - Raphaëlle Winsky-Sommerer
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Surrey; Guildford Surrey UK
| | - Gary Gilmour
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd; Erl Wood Manor; Windlesham Surrey UK
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Balesh E, Misono A, Attaya H, Wehrenberg-Klee E, Rao S, Specht K, Bonk S, Loomis S, Sheridan R, Mueller P, Walker T. Medical student perceptions of interventional radiology (IR): impact of an IR symposium. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2015.12.599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Wilson JM, Ogden AML, Loomis S, Gilmour G, Baucum AJ, Belecky-Adams TL, Merchant KM. Phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitor, MP-10 (PF-2545920), produces greater induction of c-Fos in dopamine D2 neurons than in D1 neurons in the neostriatum. Neuropharmacology 2015; 99:379-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Loomis S, McCarthy A, Baxter C, Kellett DO, Edgar DM, Tricklebank M, Gilmour G. Distinct pro-vigilant profile induced in rats by the mGluR5 potentiator LSN2814617. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:3977-89. [PMID: 25902875 PMCID: PMC4600478 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3936-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
While treatment options are available, excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) remains a significant unmet medical need for many patients. Relatively little rodent behavioural pharmacology has been conducted in this context to assess potential pro-vigilant compounds for their ability to restore functional capacity following experimentally induced sleep loss. Male Wistar rats were prepared for electroencephalographic (EEG) recording and subject to 11 h of sleep restriction using a biofeedback-induced cage rotation protocol. A simple response latency task (SRLT) was used to behaviourally index sleep restriction and the effects of pro-vigilant compounds: modafinil, D-amphetamine, caffeine, and the mGlu5-positive allosteric modulator LSN2814617. Sleep restriction resulted in a consistent, quantified loss of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and REM sleep that impaired SRLT performance in a manner suggestive of progressive task disengagement. In terms of EEG parameters, all compounds induced wakefulness. Amphetamine treatment further decreased SRLT performance capacity, whereas the other three compounds decreased omissions and allowed animals to re-engage in the task. Caffeine and modafinil also significantly increased premature responses during this period, an effect not observed for LSN2814617. While all compounds caused compensatory sleep responses, the magnitude of compensation observed for LSN2814617 was much smaller than would be predicted to result from the prolongation of wakefulness exhibited. Using simple response latencies to index performance, an mGlu5 PAM dramatically increased wakefulness and improved functional capacity of sleep-restricted animals, without eliciting a proportionate compensatory sleep response. This effect was qualitatively distinct from that of amphetamine, caffeine and modafinil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Loomis
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH England UK
| | - Andrew McCarthy
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH England UK
| | - Christopher Baxter
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH England UK
| | - Daniel O. Kellett
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH England UK
| | - Dale M. Edgar
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH England UK
| | - Mark Tricklebank
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH England UK
| | - Gary Gilmour
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, England, UK.
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Esclassan F, Francois J, Phillips KG, Loomis S, Gilmour G. Phenotypic characterization of nonsocial behavioral impairment in neurexin 1α knockout rats. Behav Neurosci 2014; 129:74-85. [PMID: 25420124 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neurexins are neuronal presynaptic proteins that play a key role in mediation of synapse formation. Heterozygous partial deletions in the neurexin-1 gene (NRXN1, 2p16.3) have been observed in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients. NRXN1-α knockout (KO) mice present behavioral impairments that resemble some of the core ASD symptoms of social impairment and inflexibility/stereotypy. At present, a thorough assessment of cognitive function has yet to be completed. Rats, containing a biallelic deletion of the NRNX1-α gene on a Sprague Dawley background were compared to littermate wild types across a range of tasks designed to test functional domains disrupted in ASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders, including sensory perception (prepulse inhibition), attention (latent inhibition), associative learning (instrumental and Pavlovian conditioning), and memory (rewarded alternation T maze and spatial discrimination). NRXN1α KO rats were found to present with large and persistent nonsocial deficits, including hyperactivity, deficits in simple instrumental learning, latent inhibition, and spatial-dependent learning. No deficit in sensorimotor gating was observed, despite the presence of an exaggerated startle response. Although KO animals were also able to learn a simple Pavlovian conditioning discrimination, they did display impaired latent inhibition. The presence of pronounced impairments in several domains in NRXN1α KO rats clearly suggests that nonsocial cognitive deficits can also be measured in an animal model of ASD. Further exploration of those deficits, both clinically and preclinically, as planned in the Innovative Medicines Initiative's European Autism Interventions: A Multicenter Study for Developing New Medications program, may help to better understand the brain circuitry involved in ASD and therefore open new avenues to advance novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Esclassan
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Lilly Research Centre, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd
| | - Jennifer Francois
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Lilly Research Centre, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd
| | - Keith G Phillips
- Neurosymptomatics, Lilly Research Centre, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd
| | - Sally Loomis
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Lilly Research Centre, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd
| | - Gary Gilmour
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Lilly Research Centre, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd
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Loomis S, Mccarthy A, Edgar D, Tricklebank M, Gilmour G. Behavioural evidence that modafinil and amphetamine do not produce equivalent qualities of wake promotion in sleep-restricted rats. Sleep Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2013.11.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Jiwani AZ, Rhee DJ, Brauner SC, Gardiner MF, Chen TC, Shen LQ, Chen SH, Grosskreutz CL, Chang KK, Kloek CE, Greenstein SH, Borboli-Gerogiannis S, Pasquale DL, Chaudhry S, Loomis S, Wiggs JL, Pasquale LR, Turalba AV. Effects of caffeinated coffee consumption on intraocular pressure, ocular perfusion pressure, and ocular pulse amplitude: a randomized controlled trial. Eye (Lond) 2012; 26:1122-30. [PMID: 22678051 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2012.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the effects of caffeinated coffee consumption on intraocular pressure (IOP), ocular perfusion pressure (OPP), and ocular pulse amplitude (OPA) in those with or at risk for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). METHODS We conducted a prospective, double-masked, crossover, randomized controlled trial with 106 subjects: 22 with high tension POAG, 18 with normal tension POAG, 20 with ocular hypertension, 21 POAG suspects, and 25 healthy participants. Subjects ingested either 237 ml of caffeinated (182 mg caffeine) or decaffeinated (4 mg caffeine) coffee for the first visit and the alternate beverage for the second visit. Blood pressure (BP) and pascal dynamic contour tonometer measurements of IOP, OPA, and heart rate were measured before and at 60 and 90 min after coffee ingestion per visit. OPP was calculated from BP and IOP measurements. Results were analysed using paired t-tests. Multivariable models assessed determinants of IOP, OPP, and OPA changes. RESULTS There were no significant differences in baseline IOP, OPP, and OPA between the caffeinated and decaffeinated visits. After caffeinated as compared with decaffeinated coffee ingestion, mean mm Hg changes (± SD) in IOP, OPP, and OPA were as follows: 0.99 (± 1.52, P<0.0001), 1.57 (± 6.40, P=0.0129), and 0.23 (± 0.52, P<0.0001) at 60 min, respectively; and 1.06 (± 1.67, P<0.0001), 1.26 (± 6.23, P=0.0398), and 0.18 (± 0.52, P=0.0006) at 90 min, respectively. Regression analyses revealed sporadic and inconsistent associations with IOP, OPP, and OPA changes. CONCLUSION Consuming one cup of caffeinated coffee (182 mg caffeine) statistically increases, but likely does not clinically impact, IOP and OPP in those with or at risk for POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Z Jiwani
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Loomis S, Gilmour G. Corticosterone urinalysis and nicotinic receptor modulation in rats. J Neurosci Methods 2010; 188:243-9. [PMID: 20171986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 02/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A routine method of measuring circulating corticosterone (CORT) levels in rats involves sampling of plasma from cannulated animals. However, being somewhat invasive, this method can potentially be confounded by its inherently stressful nature. This study investigated the feasibility of measuring corticosterone using a non-invasive sampling method from voided urine of male rats. Reliability was assessed pharmacologically with nicotinic compounds previously demonstrated to modulate plasma glucocorticoid levels. Nicotine (0.1-1mg/kg sc) dose-dependently increased corticosterone levels in rat urine at 30-70 min following administration. The short-lived nature of this elevation was confirmed as CORT levels measured 6 and 24h later were shown to have returned to basal levels. Both basal and nicotine-induced (0.5mg/kg sc) elevations in urinary CORT were consistent between groups of animals with weights ranging from 200 to 400 g. The magnitude of urinary CORT elevation induced by nicotine (0.5mg/kg sc) was found to be similar to that induced by a forced swim stressor in male Lister ) antagonist mecamylamine (0.05-0.5mg/kg sc) dose-dependently reversed the effects of nicotine (0.5mg/kg sc) on urinary CORT. Finally, the alpha(4)beta(2)-subunit preferring agonist TC-2559 induced a dose-dependent increase in CORT, whereas alpha(7)- and beta(4)-subunit preferring ligands had no effect, suggestive of the potential for differential involvement of nicotinic receptor subtypes in the mediation of this response. In conclusion, urinary corticosterone sampling in rats represents a robust assay sensitive to experimental manipulations of both pharmacological and behavioural relevances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Loomis
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Psychiatric Disorders Drug Hunting Team, Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, UK
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Gilmour G, Pioli EY, Dix SL, Smith JW, Conway MW, Jones WT, Loomis S, Mason R, Shahabi S, Tricklebank MD. Diverse and often opposite behavioural effects of NMDA receptor antagonists in rats: implications for "NMDA antagonist modelling" of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 205:203-16. [PMID: 19421743 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1530-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 03/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Little attention has been paid to the relative equivalence of behavioural effects of NMDA receptor antagonists in rodents, with different compounds often used interchangeably to "model" aspects of schizophrenia in preclinical studies. OBJECTIVES To further resolve such conjecture, the present study systematically compared eight different NMDA receptor antagonists: MK-801, PCP, ketamine, memantine, SDZ 220,581, Ro 25-6981, CP 101-606 and NVP-AAM077, in a series of variable interval (VI) schedules of reinforcement. Aspects of motivation as indexed in these tasks may well be impaired in schizophrenia and undoubtedly impact on the capacity to perform more complex, explicit tasks of cognition. METHODS AND RESULTS An initial locomotor activity assessment demonstrated that all antagonists tested, except the NR2A-subunit preferring antagonist NVP-AAM077, induced hyperactivity, albeit of greatly differing magnitudes, qualities and temporal profiles. Three distinct patterns of antagonist effect were evident from the VI assays used: a uniform decrease in responding produced by (S)-(+)-ketamine, memantine and NVP-AAM077, a uniform increase in responding caused by the NR2B-subunit preferring antagonists Ro 25-6981 and CP 101-606, and variable bidirectional effects of PCP, SDZ 220,581 and MK-801. CONCLUSION Despite nominally common mechanisms of action and often presumed biological equivalence, the NMDA antagonists tested produced very diverse effects on the expression of instrumental action. Other aspects of responding were left intact, including switching and matching behaviours, and the ability to respond to conditional stimuli. The implications of such findings with regard to animal modelling of schizophrenic psychotic symptoms are manifold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Gilmour
- Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey GU206PH, England, UK.
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Andrews N, Loomis S, Blake R, Ferrigan L, Singh L, McKnight AT. Effect of gabapentin-like compounds on development and maintenance of morphine-induced conditioned place preference. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2001; 157:381-7. [PMID: 11605097 DOI: 10.1007/s002130100839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2000] [Accepted: 05/05/2001] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Psychological dependence to the opioid analgesic morphine is attributable to the rewarding properties of the drug, and its evolution can be divided into two distinct phases: development and maintenance. Both phases can be studied using conditioned place preference (CPP). OBJECTIVES To determine whether the two phases can be influenced by pre-treatment with gabapentin-like compounds. METHODS CPP to morphine was used to demonstrate the rewarding properties of morphine in the presence or absence of gabapentin-like compounds. In-vivo microdialysis in the nucleus accumbens was used to determine the effects of gabapentin or pregabalin on morphine-induced dopamine release. RESULTS Pretreatment with either gabapentin (10-100 mg/kg p.o.) or pregabalin (3-30 mg/kg p.o.) attenuated CPP induced by a submaximal dose of morphine (0.75 mg/kg). Neither gabapentin nor pregabalin had any effect alone in the CPP test. Both gabapentin-like compounds blocked the effect of morphine (0.75 mg/kg s.c.) to increase the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. Studies of the maintenance of CPP to morphine showed CPP was maintained for at least 4 days after the initial test. In a second experiment, it was found that pregabalin (injected once, 24 h after CPP had been demonstrated) was able to reverse morphine-induced CPP. CONCLUSIONS Neither gabapentin nor pregabalin induced CPP, but both compounds blocked the development of CPP to morphine and also blocked morphine's effects on dopamine release. Furthermore, pregabalin blocked the maintenance of morphine-induced CPP. It is concluded that gabapentin-like compounds, which have no intrinsic rewarding properties, may have some therapeutic use in the treatment of opioid dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Andrews
- Organon Laboratories Ltd, Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5SH, UK.
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Goldman RH, Jarrard MR, Kim R, Loomis S, Atkins EH. Prioritizing back injury risk in hospital employees: application and comparison of different injury rates. J Occup Environ Med 2000; 42:645-52. [PMID: 10874658 DOI: 10.1097/00043764-200006000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To identify high risk areas for back injury in a large teaching hospital, we calculated standard injury rates and newly developed composite statistics for nursing and non-nursing work groups. Data were extracted from the hospital's workers' compensation database. The hospital-wide total injury rate was 4.6 reports per 100 full-time equivalents (FTE); Compensation Case Rate, 1.4 cases per 100 FTE; Compensation Severity Rate, 76 days lost per 100 FTE; and the Cost Rate, $3742 per 100 FTE. The Total Injury Reports Rate for nursing varied from 14.2 per 100 FTE for Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Nursing to 3.8 per 100 FTE for Pediatric Nursing. Non-nursing areas also demonstrated increased rates for back injury. Individual statistical rates ranked areas differently in risk, whereas composite statistical measures consistently ranked ICU Nursing, Buildings and Grounds, and Orthopedics/Neurological Nursing as the top three. Patient handling was the precipitating event in the majority of nursing back injuries, indicating the need for ergonomic intervention. The use of combined statistical measures provided a more integrative measure for describing and following back injury risk over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Goldman
- Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Loomis S. Producing composites: an evolution. J Biol Photogr 1995; 63:59-60. [PMID: 7673099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Loomis
- School of Photographic Arts and Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, New York, USA
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Spencer M, Vallande N, Spicer M, Weinberg K, Loomis S, Sullivan N, Calcaterra M, Althoff M. A health and safety multi-media educational resource kit to deliver annual required training to health care workers (HCWs). Am J Infect Control 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0196-6553(94)90158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Smith DE, Linda L, Loomis S, Jacobs-White L, Bricker B, Singleton J. A community-based drug abuse rehabilitation program in the Haight-Ashbury. Prev Med 1973; 2:529-42. [PMID: 4778461 DOI: 10.1016/0091-7435(73)90049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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