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Saxena V, Arregui S, Zhang S, Canas J, Qin X, Hains DS, Schwaderer AL. Generation of Atp6v1g3-Cre mice for investigation of intercalated cells and the collecting duct. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F770-F778. [PMID: 37823193 PMCID: PMC10881235 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00137.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney intercalated cells (ICs) maintain acid-base homeostasis and recent studies have demonstrated that they function in the kidney's innate defense. To study kidney innate immune function, ICs have been enriched using vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) B1 subunit (Atp6v1b1)-Cre (B1-Cre) mice. Although Atp6v1b1 is considered kidney specific, it is expressed in multiple organ systems, both in mice and humans, raising the possibility of off-target effects when using the Cre-lox system. We have recently shown using single-cell RNA sequencing that the gene that codes for the V-ATPase G3 subunit (mouse gene: Atp6v1g3; human gene: ATP6V1G3; protein abbreviation: G3) mRNA is selectively enriched in human kidney ICs. In this study, we generated Atp6v1g3-Cre (G3-Cre) reporter mice using CRISPR/CAS technology and crossed them with Tdtomatoflox/flox mice. The resultant G3-Cre+Tdt+ progeny was evaluated for kidney specificity in multiple tissues and found to be highly specific to kidney cells with minimal or no expression in other organs evaluated compared with B1-Cre mice. Tdt+ cells were flow sorted and were enriched for IC marker genes on RT-PCR analysis. Next, we crossed these mice to ihCD59 mice to generate an IC depletion mouse model (G3-Cre+ihCD59+/+). ICs were depleted in these mice using intermedilysin, which resulted in lower blood pH, suggestive of a distal renal tubular acidosis phenotype. The G3-Cre mice were healthy, bred normally, and produce regular-sized litter. Thus, this new "IC reporter" mice can be a useful tool to study ICs.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study details the development, validation, and experimental use of a new mouse model to study the collecting duct and intercalated cells. Kidney intercalated cells are a cell type increasingly recognized to be important in several human diseases including kidney infections, acid-base disorders, and acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Saxena
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Samuel Arregui
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Shaobo Zhang
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Jorge Canas
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Xuebin Qin
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States
| | - David S Hains
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Andrew L Schwaderer
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
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2
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Saxena V, Arregui S, Kamocka MM, Hains DS, Schwaderer A. MAP3K7 is an innate immune regulatory gene with increased expression in human and murine kidney intercalated cells following uropathogenic Escherichia coli exposure. J Cell Biochem 2022; 123:1817-1826. [PMID: 35959632 PMCID: PMC9671826 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms responsible for the kidney's defense against ascending uropathogen is critical to devise novel treatment strategies against increasingly antibiotic resistant uropathogen. Growing body of evidence indicate Intercalated cells of the kidney as the key innate immune epithelial cells against uropathogen. The aim of this study was to find orthologous and differentially expressed bacterial defense genes in human versus murine intercalated cells. We simultaneously analyzed 84 antibacterial genes in intercalated cells enriched from mouse and human kidney samples. Intercalated cell "reporter mice" were exposed to saline versus uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) transurethrally for 1 h in vivo, and intercalated cells were flow sorted. Human kidney intercalated cells were enriched from kidney biopsy using magnetic-activated cell sorting and exposed to UPEC in vitro for 1 h. RT2 antibacterial PCR array was performed. Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 (MAP3K7) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression increased in intercalated cells of both humans and mice following UPEC exposure. Intercalated cell MAP3K7 protein expression was defined by immunofluorescence and confocal imaging analysis, was consistent with the increased MAP3K7 mRNA expression profiles defined by PCR. The presence of the orthologous innate immune gene MAP3K7/TAK1 suggests that it may be a key regulator of the intercalated cell antibacterial response and demands further investigation of its role in urinary tract infection pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Saxena
- Department of Pediatric NephrologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Samuel Arregui
- Department of Pediatric NephrologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Malgorzata Maria Kamocka
- Department of Medicine, Division of NephrologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - David S. Hains
- Department of Pediatric NephrologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA,Department of Pediatrics, Division of NephrologyRiley Hospital for ChildrenIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Andrew Schwaderer
- Department of Pediatric NephrologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA,Department of Pediatrics, Division of NephrologyRiley Hospital for ChildrenIndianapolisIndianaUSA
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Hains DS, Polley S, Liang D, Saxena V, Arregui S, Ketz J, Barr-Beare E, Rawson A, Spencer JD, Cohen A, Hansen PL, Tuttolomondo M, Casella C, Ditzel HJ, Cohen D, Hollox EJ, Schwaderer AL. Deleted in malignant brain tumor 1 genetic variation confers urinary tract infection risk in children and mice. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e477. [PMID: 34323417 PMCID: PMC8255058 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David S Hains
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Shamik Polley
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Dong Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Vijay Saxena
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Samuel Arregui
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - John Ketz
- The Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Ashley Rawson
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - John D Spencer
- The Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ariel Cohen
- The Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Pernille L Hansen
- Lundbeckfonden Center of Excellence NanoCAN, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Martina Tuttolomondo
- Lundbeckfonden Center of Excellence NanoCAN, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Cinzia Casella
- Lundbeckfonden Center of Excellence NanoCAN, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Henrik J Ditzel
- Lundbeckfonden Center of Excellence NanoCAN, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Daniel Cohen
- Emergency Department, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Edward J Hollox
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Saxena V, Gao H, Arregui S, Zollman A, Kamocka MM, Xuei X, McGuire P, Hutchens M, Hato T, Hains DS, Schwaderer AL. Kidney intercalated cells are phagocytic and acidify internalized uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2405. [PMID: 33893305 PMCID: PMC8065053 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22672-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney intercalated cells are involved in acid-base homeostasis via vacuolar ATPase expression. Here we report six human intercalated cell subtypes, including hybrid principal-intercalated cells identified from single cell transcriptomics. Phagosome maturation is a biological process that increases in biological pathway analysis rank following exposure to uropathogenic Escherichia coli in two of the intercalated cell subtypes. Real time confocal microscopy visualization of murine renal tubules perfused with green fluorescent protein expressing Escherichia coli or pHrodo Green E. coli BioParticles demonstrates that intercalated cells actively phagocytose bacteria then acidify phagolysosomes. Additionally, intercalated cells have increased vacuolar ATPase expression following in vivo experimental UTI. Taken together, intercalated cells exhibit a transcriptional response conducive to the kidney's defense, engulf bacteria and acidify the internalized bacteria. Intercalated cells represent an epithelial cell with characteristics of professional phagocytes like macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Saxena
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Hongyu Gao
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Samuel Arregui
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Amy Zollman
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Malgorzata Maria Kamocka
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xiaoling Xuei
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Patrick McGuire
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michael Hutchens
- Oregon Health and Science University, Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Takashi Hato
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - David S Hains
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrew L Schwaderer
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Canas JJ, Starr MC, Hooks J, Arregui S, Wilson AC, Carroll AE, Saxena V, Amanat F, Krammer F, Fill J, Schade A, Chambers A, Schneider J, Schwaderer AL, Hains DS. Longitudinal SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion and functional heterogeneity in a pediatric dialysis unit. Kidney Int 2021; 99:484-486. [PMID: 33509357 PMCID: PMC7830216 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge J Canas
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Michelle C Starr
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jenaya Hooks
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Samuel Arregui
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Amy C Wilson
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Aaron E Carroll
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Vijay Saxena
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Fatima Amanat
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey Fill
- Clinical Diagnostics Laboratory, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Andrew Schade
- Clinical Diagnostics Laboratory, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Antonio Chambers
- Clinical Diagnostics Laboratory, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jack Schneider
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - David S Hains
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
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Crisci T, Arregui S, Canas J, Hooks J, Chan M, Powers C, Schwaderer AL, Hains DS, Starr MC. Placement on COVID-19 Units Does Not Increase Seroconversion Rate of Pediatric Graduate Medical Residents. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:633082. [PMID: 33996685 PMCID: PMC8116566 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.633082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its associated disease COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) has presented graduate medical education (GME) training programs with a unique set of challenges. One of the most pressing is how should hospital systems that rely on graduate medical residents provide appropriate care for patients while protecting trainees. This question is of particular concern as healthcare workers are at high risk of SARS-CoV-2 exposure. Objective: This cross-sectional study sought to assess the impact of hospital COVID-19 patient placement on pediatric graduate medical residents by comparing rates of SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion rates of residents who worked on designated COVID-19 teams and those who did not. Methods: Forty-four pediatric and medicine-pediatric residents at Riley Children's Hospital (Indianapolis, IN) were tested for SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG seroconversion in May 2020 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (Abnova catalog no. KA5826), 2 months after the first known COVID-19 case in Indiana. These residents were divided into two groups: those residents who worked on designated COVID-19 teams, and those who did not. Groups were compared using χ2 or Fisher exact test for categorical variables, and continuous variables were compared using Student t testing. Results: Forty-four of 104 eligible residents participated in this study. Despite high rates of seroconversion, there was no difference in the risk of SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion between residents who worked on designated COVID-19 teams (26% or 8/31) and those who did not (31% or 4/13). Eleven of 44 residents (25%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 IgG, whereas only 5/44 (11.4%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 IgM, without a detectable difference between exposure groups. Conclusion: We did not observe a difference in SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion between different exposure groups. These data are consistent with growing evidence supporting the efficacy of personal protective equipment. Further population-based research on the role of children in transmitting the SARS-CoV-2 virus is needed to allow for a more evidence-based approach toward managing the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Crisci
- Medicine-Pediatric Residency, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Samuel Arregui
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Jorge Canas
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Jenaya Hooks
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Melvin Chan
- Medicine-Pediatric Residency, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Cory Powers
- Medicine-Pediatric Residency, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Andrew L Schwaderer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - David S Hains
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Michelle C Starr
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Ketz J, Saxena V, Arregui S, Jackson A, Schwartz GJ, Yagisawa T, Fairchild RL, Hains DS, Schwaderer AL. Developmental loss, but not pharmacological suppression, of renal carbonic anhydrase 2 results in pyelonephritis susceptibility. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 318:F1441-F1453. [PMID: 32390512 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00583.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase II knockout (Car2-/-) mice have depleted numbers of renal intercalated cells, which are increasingly recognized to be innate immune effectors. We compared pyelonephritis susceptibility following reciprocal renal transplantations between Car2-/- and wild-type mice. We examined the effect of pharmacological CA suppression using acetazolamide in an experimental murine model of urinary tract infection. Car2-/- versus wild-type mice were compared for differences in renal innate immunity. In our transplant scheme, mice lacking CA-II in the kidney had increased pyelonephritis risk. Mice treated with acetazolamide had lower kidney bacterial burdens at 6 h postinfection, which appeared to be due to tubular flow from diuresis because comparable results were obtained when furosemide was substituted for acetazolamide. Isolated Car2-/- kidney cells enriched for intercalated cells demonstrated altered intercalated cell innate immune gene expression, notably increased calgizzarin and insulin receptor expression. Intercalated cell number and function along with renal tubular flow are determinants of pyelonephritis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Ketz
- Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Vijay Saxena
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Samuel Arregui
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ashley Jackson
- Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - George J Schwartz
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Takafumi Yagisawa
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Robert L Fairchild
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - David S Hains
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Andrew L Schwaderer
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Nailescu C, Khalid M, Wilson AC, Amanat F, Arregui S, Canas J, Hooks J, Krammer F, Schwaderer AL, Hains DS. Assessment of Seroconversion to SARS-CoV-2 in a Cohort of Pediatric Kidney Transplant Recipients. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:601327. [PMID: 33194930 PMCID: PMC7661782 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.601327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The occurrence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the associated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have profoundly affected adult kidney disease patients. In contrast, pediatric solid organ transplant recipients, including pediatric kidney transplant (KT) recipients, do not seem to be at particularly higher risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection or for severe COVID-19 disease. This patient population might be protected by certain mechanisms, such as the immunosuppressive medications with their anti-inflammatory properties or simply being well-versed in self-protection techniques. Assessing SARS-CoV-2 antibody serologies could potentially help understand why this patient population is apparently spared from severe SARS-CoV-2 clinical courses. Objective: To examine SARS-CoV-2 serologic status in a cohort of pediatric KT recipients. Methods: SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG and IgM antibodies were measured by three different methods in pediatric KT recipients coming for routine clinic visits immediately post-confinement in May-June of 2020. The patients were considered seroconverted if SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were positive by 2/3 methods and weak positive/indeterminate if positive by 1/3. Results: Thirty-one patients were evaluated (about 1/3 of our institution's pediatric KT population). One patient seroconverted, while three were considered weak positive/indeterminate. None were symptomatic and none had nasopharyngeal PCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2 disease. Conclusions: Seroconversion to SARS-CoV-2 was rare in this population and likely reflects the social distancing practiced by these patients. The results will serve as a foundation for a future longitudinal study to evaluate the long-term emergence and persistence of antibodies in this population and may inform studies of response to a future vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Nailescu
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Myda Khalid
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Amy C Wilson
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Fatima Amanat
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Samuel Arregui
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Jorge Canas
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Jenaya Hooks
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Andrew L Schwaderer
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - David S Hains
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Tapia-Rojo R, Arregui S, Mazo JJ, Falo F. Mechanical unfolding of a simple model protein goes beyond the reach of one-dimensional descriptions. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:135102. [PMID: 25296840 DOI: 10.1063/1.4896620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We study the mechanical unfolding of a simple model protein. The Langevin dynamics results are analyzed using Markov-model methods which allow to describe completely the configurational space of the system. Using transition-path theory we also provide a quantitative description of the unfolding pathways followed by the system. Our study shows a complex dynamical scenario. In particular, we see that the usual one-dimensional picture: free-energy vs end-to-end distance representation, gives a misleading description of the process. Unfolding can occur following different pathways and configurations which seem to play a central role in one-dimensional pictures are not the intermediate states of the unfolding dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tapia-Rojo
- Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos and Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - S Arregui
- Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos and Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J J Mazo
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón and Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - F Falo
- Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos and Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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