1
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Wechsler ME, Jocelyn Dang HKH, Simmonds SP, Bahrami K, Wyse JM, Dahlhauser SD, Reuther JF, VandeWalle AN, Anslyn EV, Peppas NA. Electrostatic and Covalent Assemblies of Anionic Hydrogel-Coated Gold Nanoshells for Detection of Dry Eye Biomarkers in Human Tears. Nano Lett 2021; 21:8734-8740. [PMID: 34623161 PMCID: PMC8588787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Although dry eye is highly prevalent, many challenges exist in diagnosing the symptom and related diseases. For this reason, anionic hydrogel-coated gold nanoshells (AuNSs) were used in the development of a label-free biosensor for detection of high isoelectric point tear biomarkers associated with dry eye. A custom, aldehyde-functionalized oligo(ethylene glycol)acrylate (Al-OEGA) was included in the hydrogel coating to enhance protein recognition through the formation of dynamic covalent (DC) imine bonds with solvent-accessible lysine residues present on the surface of select tear proteins. Our results demonstrated that hydrogel-coated AuNSs, composed of monomers that form ionic and DC bonds with select tear proteins, greatly enhance protein recognition due to changes in the maximum localized surface plasmon resonance wavelength exhibited by AuNSs in noncompetitive and competitive environments. Validation of the developed biosensor in commercially available pooled human tears revealed the potential for clinical translation to establish a method for dry eye diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa E Wechsler
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - H K H Jocelyn Dang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Susana P Simmonds
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Kiana Bahrami
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jordyn M Wyse
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Samuel D Dahlhauser
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - James F Reuther
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Abigail N VandeWalle
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Eric V Anslyn
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Nicholas A Peppas
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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2
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Dahlhauser SD, Moor SR, Vera MS, York JT, Ngo P, Boley AJ, Coronado JN, Simpson ZB, Anslyn EV. Efficient molecular encoding in multifunctional self-immolative urethanes. Cell Rep Phys Sci 2021; 2:100393. [PMID: 34755143 PMCID: PMC8573738 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrp.2021.100393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Molecular encoding in sequence-defined polymers shows promise as a new paradigm for data storage. Here, we report what is, to our knowledge, the first use of self-immolative oligourethanes for storing and reading encoded information. As a proof of principle, we describe how a text passage from Jane Austen's Mansfield Park was encoded in sequence-defined oligourethanes and reconstructed via self-immolative sequencing. We develop Mol.E-coder, a software tool that uses a Huffman encoding scheme to convert the character table to hexadecimal. The oligourethanes are then generated by a high-throughput parallel synthesis. Sequencing of the oligourethanes by self-immolation is done concurrently in a parallel fashion, and the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) information decoded by our Mol.E-decoder software. The passage is capable of being reproduced wholly intact by a third-party, without any purifications or the use of tandem MS (MS/MS), despite multiple rounds of compression, encoding, and synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah R. Moor
- University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | | | | - Phuoc Ngo
- University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | | | | | | - Eric V. Anslyn
- University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Lead contact
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3
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Moran IW, Sprachman MM, Bachman JL, Dahlhauser SD, Anslyn EV, Carter DJD. Capture and Release of Protein-Nanoparticle Conjugates by Reversible Covalent Molecular Linkers. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:2191-2200. [PMID: 32786373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A hybrid approach to covalently detachable molecules for nanoparticle capture and release from several custom-functionalized surfaces is described. This new surface chemistry capability provides a means for reversible binding of functionalized nanoparticles without relying on costly nucleic acid-based complexation. A new surface linker motif was devised wherein custom molecules were synthesized with components for surface anchoring, cleavage, and target capture through biotin-streptavidin binding. All capture-and-release chemistry is performed using physiological conditions (aqueous, pH 7). Covalent cleavage of linker molecules was achieved through incorporation of a tunable orthogonal reversible covalent (TORC) hydrazone functional group which underwent exchange with a competitive hydrazide aided by an aniline catalyst. The influence of the linker architecture on hydrazone exchange and nanoparticle release was probed by altering the distance between hydrazone and biotin groups using different length PEG spacers. Cleavable linkers were used to functionalize microwells, magnetic separation beads, and gold-coated glass surfaces. Upon functionalization, all surface types bound streptavidin and conjugated nanoparticles regardless of the linker structure. Conversely, the extent of hydrazone exchange as well as release of nanoparticles were influenced both by the hydrazone surface density and the linker molecular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac W Moran
- Charles Stark Draper Laboratory Incorpation, 555 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Melissa M Sprachman
- Charles Stark Draper Laboratory Incorpation, 555 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - James L Bachman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Samuel D Dahlhauser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Eric V Anslyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - David J D Carter
- Charles Stark Draper Laboratory Incorpation, 555 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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4
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Wechsler ME, Dang HKHJ, Dahlhauser SD, Simmonds SP, Reuther JF, Wyse JM, VandeWalle AN, Anslyn EV, Peppas NA. Nanogel receptors for high isoelectric point protein detection: influence of electrostatic and covalent polymer-protein interactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:6141-6144. [PMID: 32364214 PMCID: PMC7377432 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02200d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
An aldehyde acrylate-based functional monomer was incorporated into poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-methacrylic acid) nanogels for use as protein receptors. The aldehyde component forms dynamic imines with surface exposed lysine residues, while carboxylic acid/carboxylate moieties form electrostatic interactions with high isoelectric point proteins. Together, these interactions effect protein adsorption and recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa E Wechsler
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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5
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Dahlhauser SD, Escamilla PR, VandeWalle AN, York JT, Rapagnani RM, Shei JS, Glass SA, Coronado JN, Moor SR, Saunders DP, Anslyn EV. Sequencing of Sequence-Defined Oligourethanes via Controlled Self-Immolation. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2744-2749. [PMID: 31986251 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sequence-defined polymers show promise for biomimetics, self-assembly, catalysis, and information storage, wherein the primary structure begets complex chemical processes. Here we report the solution-phase and the high-yielding solid-phase syntheses of discrete oligourethanes and methods for their self-immolative sequencing, resulting in rapid and robust characterization of this class of oligomers and polymers, without the use of MS/MS. Crucial to the sequencing is the inherent reactivity of the terminal alcohol to "unzip" the oligomers, in a controlled and iterative fashion, releasing each monomer as a 2-oxazolidinone. By monitoring the self-immolation reaction via LC/MS, an applied algorithm rapidly produces the sequence of the oligourethane. Not only does this process provide characterization of structurally complex molecules, it works as a reader of molecular information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Dahlhauser
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - P Rogelio Escamilla
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Abigail N VandeWalle
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Jordan T York
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Rachel M Rapagnani
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Jasper S Shei
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Samuel A Glass
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Jaime N Coronado
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Sarah R Moor
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Douglas P Saunders
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Eric V Anslyn
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
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6
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Reuther JF, Dahlhauser SD, Anslyn EV. Tunable Orthogonal Reversible Covalent (TORC) Bonds: Dynamic Chemical Control over Molecular Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:74-85. [PMID: 30098086 PMCID: PMC10851707 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201808371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic assembly of macromolecules in biological systems is one of the fundamental processes that facilitates life. Although such assembly most commonly uses noncovalent interactions, a set of dynamic reactions involving reversible covalent bonding is actively being exploited for the design of functional materials, bottom-up assembly, and molecular machines. This Minireview highlights recent implementations and advancements in the area of tunable orthogonal reversible covalent (TORC) bonds for these purposes, and provides an outlook for their expansion, including the development of synthetically encoded polynucleotide mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F. Reuther
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX (USA)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA (USA)
| | | | - Eric V. Anslyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX (USA)
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7
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Reuther JF, Dahlhauser SD, Anslyn EV. Einstellbare orthogonale reversible kovalente Bindungen: dynamische Kontrolle über die molekulare Selbstorganisation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201808371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James F. Reuther
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA
- Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell MA USA
| | | | - Eric V. Anslyn
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA
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8
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Dillard KE, Brown MW, Johnson NV, Xiao Y, Dolan A, Hernandez E, Dahlhauser SD, Kim Y, Myler LR, Anslyn EV, Ke A, Finkelstein IJ. Assembly and Translocation of a CRISPR-Cas Primed Acquisition Complex. Cell 2018; 175:934-946.e15. [PMID: 30343903 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas systems confer an adaptive immunity against viruses. Following viral injection, Cas1-Cas2 integrates segments of the viral genome (spacers) into the CRISPR locus. In type I CRISPR-Cas systems, efficient "primed" spacer acquisition and viral degradation (interference) require both the Cascade complex and the Cas3 helicase/nuclease. Here, we present single-molecule characterization of the Thermobifida fusca (Tfu) primed acquisition complex (PAC). We show that TfuCascade rapidly samples non-specific DNA via facilitated one-dimensional diffusion. Cas3 loads at target-bound Cascade and the Cascade/Cas3 complex translocates via a looped DNA intermediate. Cascade/Cas3 complexes stall at diverse protein roadblocks, resulting in a double strand break at the stall site. In contrast, Cas1-Cas2 samples DNA transiently via 3D collisions. Moreover, Cas1-Cas2 associates with Cascade and translocates with Cascade/Cas3, forming the PAC. PACs can displace different protein roadblocks, suggesting a mechanism for long-range spacer acquisition. This work provides a molecular basis for the coordinated steps in CRISPR-based adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylee E Dillard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Maxwell W Brown
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Nicole V Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yibei Xiao
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Adam Dolan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Erik Hernandez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Samuel D Dahlhauser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yoori Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Logan R Myler
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Eric V Anslyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ailong Ke
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ilya J Finkelstein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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9
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Sun X, Dahlhauser SD, Anslyn EV. New Autoinductive Cascade for the Optical Sensing of Fluoride: Application in the Detection of Phosphoryl Fluoride Nerve Agents. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:4635-4638. [PMID: 28291353 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A new autoinductive cascade employing benzoyl fluoride as a latent source of fluoride is reported for signal amplification and optical detection of fluoride. The autoinduction leads to a maximum 4-fold signal enhancement for each fluoride generated, as well as a self-propagating cycle that generates three fluorophores for each single fluoride released. A two-step integrated protocol creates a more rapid autoinductive cascade than previously reported, as well as a highly sensitive diagnostic assay for the ultratrace quantitation of a phosphoryl fluoride nerve agent surrogate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Sun
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Samuel D Dahlhauser
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Eric V Anslyn
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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10
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Hewitt WM, Lountos GT, Zlotkowski K, Dahlhauser SD, Saunders LB, Needle D, Tropea JE, Zhan C, Wei G, Ma B, Nussinov R, Waugh DS, Schneekloth JS. Insights Into the Allosteric Inhibition of the SUMO E2 Enzyme Ubc9. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201511351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William M. Hewitt
- Chemical Biology Laboratory; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick MD 21702 USA
| | - George T. Lountos
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick MD 21702 USA
- Basic Science Program; Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc.; Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Frederick MD 21702 USA
| | - Katherine Zlotkowski
- Chemical Biology Laboratory; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick MD 21702 USA
| | - Samuel D. Dahlhauser
- Chemical Biology Laboratory; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick MD 21702 USA
| | - Lindsey B. Saunders
- Chemical Biology Laboratory; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick MD 21702 USA
| | - Danielle Needle
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick MD 21702 USA
| | - Joseph E. Tropea
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick MD 21702 USA
| | - Chendi Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics; Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (MOE) and Department of Physics; Fudan University; Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Guanghong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics; Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (MOE) and Department of Physics; Fudan University; Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Buyong Ma
- Basic Science Program; Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc.; Cancer and Inflammation Program; National Cancer Institute; Frederick MD 21702 USA
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Basic Science Program; Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc.; Cancer and Inflammation Program; National Cancer Institute; Frederick MD 21702 USA
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Sackler School of Medicine; Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - David S. Waugh
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick MD 21702 USA
| | - John S. Schneekloth
- Chemical Biology Laboratory; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick MD 21702 USA
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11
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Hewitt WM, Lountos GT, Zlotkowski K, Dahlhauser SD, Saunders LB, Needle D, Tropea JE, Zhan C, Wei G, Ma B, Nussinov R, Waugh DS, Schneekloth JS. Insights Into the Allosteric Inhibition of the SUMO E2 Enzyme Ubc9. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:5703-7. [PMID: 27038327 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201511351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation of the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) to protein substrates is an important disease-associated posttranslational modification, although few inhibitors of this process are known. Herein, we report the discovery of an allosteric small-molecule binding site on Ubc9, the sole SUMO E2 enzyme. An X-ray crystallographic screen was used to identify two distinct small-molecule fragments that bind to Ubc9 at a site distal to its catalytic cysteine. These fragments and related compounds inhibit SUMO conjugation in biochemical assays with potencies of 1.9-5.8 mm. Mechanistic and biophysical analyses, coupled with molecular dynamics simulations, point toward ligand-induced rigidification of Ubc9 as a mechanism of inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Hewitt
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - George T Lountos
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.,Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Katherine Zlotkowski
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Samuel D Dahlhauser
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Lindsey B Saunders
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Danielle Needle
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Joseph E Tropea
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Chendi Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (MOE) and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Guanghong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (MOE) and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Buyong Ma
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.,Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - David S Waugh
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - John S Schneekloth
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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