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Johnson PL, McEwan JC, Hickey SM, Dodds KG, Hitchman S, Agnew MP, Bain WE, Newman SAN, Pickering NK, Craigie CR, Clarke SM. Potential of in-plant intramuscular fat predictions to enable sheep breeders to incorporate consumer preferences in breeding programmes. Meat Sci 2023; 199:109140. [PMID: 36822055 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The inclusion of eating quality traits in sheep genetic improvement programmes is desirable. Intramuscular fat (IMF) plays a key role in ensuring consumer satisfaction when eating lamb, but genetic progress for IMF is constrained by a lack of routine data collection. This study investigated the potential for IMF predictor traits to substitute for measured IMF in genetic improvement programmes. Carcass and predicted IMF (near-infrared estimated IMF and marbling score) data were available on 10,113 New Zealand lambs, 1678 of which also had measured chemical IMF on a slice of M. longissimus lumborum on which the predictions of IMF had been made. Genetic antagonisms were observed between carcass lean traits and IMF. The genetic correlation between the predictors and measured IMF approached one, indicating that predictors of IMF can be used in genetic improvement programmes. Through using selection indexes, simultaneous increases in IMF and the existing terminal selection index are possible, provided all traits are measured. This study highlights the importance and potential of predicted IMF to achieve genetic improvement in traits of importance to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Johnson
- AgResearch, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Private Bag 50-034, Mosgiel 9053, New Zealand.
| | - J C McEwan
- AgResearch, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Private Bag 50-034, Mosgiel 9053, New Zealand
| | - S M Hickey
- AgResearch Ruakura Research Centre, 10 Bisley Road, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand
| | - K G Dodds
- AgResearch, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Private Bag 50-034, Mosgiel 9053, New Zealand
| | - S Hitchman
- AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand
| | - M P Agnew
- AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand
| | - W E Bain
- AgResearch, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Private Bag 50-034, Mosgiel 9053, New Zealand
| | - S-A N Newman
- AgResearch, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Private Bag 50-034, Mosgiel 9053, New Zealand
| | | | - C R Craigie
- AgResearch Lincoln, Springs Road, New Zealand
| | - S M Clarke
- AgResearch, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Private Bag 50-034, Mosgiel 9053, New Zealand
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van Deelen TRD, Arnott D, Hitchman S, van den Putte B, Kunst AE, Kuipers MAG. Tobacco Retailers' Support for Point-of-Sale Tobacco Control Policies in England: Association Study of Retailers' Perceived Importance of Tobacco Sales, Contact with the Tobacco Industry, and the Perceived Impact of the Policy. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 24:813-819. [PMID: 34850937 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Political acceptability and successful implementation of tobacco control policies at the point of sale may depend on, among other factors, tobacco retailers' level of support for these policies. This study quantified the level of support among small tobacco retailers for four point-of-sale tobacco control policies and its association with three predictors. METHODS We used cross-sectional telephone survey data (August 2019) of 508 small tobacco retailers in England. Weighted logistic regression analyses examined associations between support for the product display ban, price display ban, minimum pack size, and standardized packaging, and self-reported importance of tobacco sales for a business, contact with the tobacco industry, and the perceived impact of the policy on their overall business. RESULTS A majority of retailers support minimum pack size (66%), product display ban (65%), price display ban (54%), and standardized packaging (55%). The importance of tobacco sales was not associated with support for the policies. More frequent contact with the tobacco industry was associated with higher odds of support for minimum pack size (OR: 2.01, 95%CI:1.25-3.21), but not with the other three policies. The negative perceived impact of the policies, compared with neutral, was associated with 1.5 to three times lower odds of support for all four policies. CONCLUSION In England, small retailers' support for the four point-of-sale tobacco control policies varied between 54% and 66%. Support seems unrelated to the perceived importance of tobacco sales, and contact with the tobacco industry, but seems strongly related to the perceived impact of tobacco control policies on their business. IMPLICATIONS This study shows that small independent retailers' support for point-of-sale (PoS) tobacco control policies is fairly high and that the lack of support voiced by retail trade organizations is not representative of the views of retailers in England. Support rates may be further improved by addressing retailers' perceptions of the impact of policies on their business. Support was not related to retailers' perceived importance of tobacco sales for their business and their contact with the tobacco industry. The industry rhetoric is not supported by our findings, as the majority of small independent retailers in England support tobacco control regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa R D van Deelen
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Deborah Arnott
- Action on Smoking & Health, London, UK
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Sara Hitchman
- Department of Communication and Media Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bas van den Putte
- Amsterdam School of Communication Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anton E Kunst
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mirte A G Kuipers
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Nikitara K, Girvalaki C, Kyriakos C, Driezen P, Filippidis F, Kahnert S, Hitchman S, Mons U, Fernández E, Trofor A, Przewoźniak K, Demjén T, Katsaounou P, Zatoński W, Fong G, Vardavas C, Consortium EURESTPLUS. Changes in electronic cigarette use and label awareness among smokers before and after the European Tobacco Products Directive implementation in six European countries: Findings from the EUREST-PLUS ITC Europe Surveys. Tob Prev Cessat 2021. [DOI: 10.18332/tpc/143675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Moodie C, Best C, Critchlow N, Stead M, McNeill A, Hitchman S. Corrigendum to: The Impact of Including Cessation Resource Information on Health Warnings on Standardized Tobacco Packaging on Awareness and Use: A Longitudinal Online Survey in the United Kingdom. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:2171. [PMID: 33939810 PMCID: PMC8570667 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Moodie C, Best C, Lund I, Scheffels J, Critchlow N, Stead M, McNeill A, Hitchman S, Mackintosh AM. Corrigendum to: The Response of Smokers to Health Warnings on Packs in the United Kingdom and Norway Following the Introduction of Standardized Packaging. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:2170. [PMID: 33939803 PMCID: PMC8570666 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dixit Y, Hitchman S, Hicks T, Lim P, Wong C, Holibar L, Gordon K, Loeffen M, Farouk M, Craigie C, Reis M. Non-invasive spectroscopic and imaging systems for prediction of beef quality in a meat processing pilot plant. Meat Sci 2021; 181:108410. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Moodie C, Best C, Critchlow N, Hitchman S, Stead M, McNeill A. The impacts of including information about the number of carcinogens in smoke on standardized cigarette packs in the UK. Eur J Public Health 2021; 31:1031-1037. [PMID: 34519345 PMCID: PMC8546877 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckab101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since May 2017, standardized packaging has been mandatory in the UK, with packs required to display an 'information message' explaining that there are more than 70 carcinogens in tobacco smoke. METHODS Three waves of a longitudinal online survey in the UK with smokers pre-standardized packaging (Wave 1: April-May 2016) and followed up post-standardized packaging (Wave 2: September-November 2017, Wave 3: May-July 2019). Of the 6233 smokers at Wave 1, 4293 responded at Wave 2 and 3175 at Wave 3. We explored knowledge of the number of carcinogens in smoke, and whether knowing that smoke contains more than 70 carcinogens mediated change in the belief that the dangers of smoking are exaggerated (risk perception), stubbing out cigarettes, quit intentions and quitting. As the information message is larger on roll-your-own packs than on cigarette packs, as the packs are larger, we also explored whether there was any difference in knowing that smoke contains more than 70 carcinogens between exclusive cigarette smokers and exclusive roll-your-own smokers. RESULTS Knowledge that there are over 70 carcinogens in smoke increased among smokers across waves, with the increase from Waves 1 to 3 greater for exclusive roll-your-own smokers than exclusive cigarette smokers (adjusted odds ratio=1.44; 95% CI 1.03-2.03). Knowledge that there are over 70 carcinogens in smoke mediated higher risk perception but not stubbing cigarettes out, quit intentions or quitting. CONCLUSIONS The information message improved knowledge of how many carcinogens are in smoke, particularly among exclusive roll-your-own smokers, and this was linked to higher risk perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crawford Moodie
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
| | - Catherine Best
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
| | - Nathan Critchlow
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
| | - Sara Hitchman
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, England
| | - Martine Stead
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
| | - Ann McNeill
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, England
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Moodie C, Best C, Lund I, Scheffels J, Critchlow N, Stead M, McNeill A, Hitchman S, Mackintosh AM. The Response of Smokers to Health Warnings on Packs in the United Kingdom and Norway Following the Introduction of Standardized Packaging. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:1551-1558. [PMID: 33599723 PMCID: PMC8372634 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Standardized packaging was phased in between May 2016 and May 2017 in the United Kingdom and July 2017 and July 2018 in Norway. In both countries, the health warnings on packs prior to standardized packaging being implemented were from the former Tobacco Products Directive library of warnings (text warnings covering 43% of the pack front and pictorial warnings covering 53% of the pack reverse). The warnings on packs, postimplementation, were from the current Tobacco Products Directive library of warnings (novel pictorial warnings covering 65% of the pack front and reverse) for the United Kingdom but unchanged in Norway. AIMS AND METHODS Longitudinal online surveys were conducted prior to standardized packaging (United Kingdom: April-May 2016; Norway: May-June 2017) and postimplementation (United Kingdom: September-November 2017 and May-July 2019; Norway: August-September 2018). We explored smokers' response to the on-pack warnings (salience, cognitive reactions, and behavioral reactions). RESULTS In the United Kingdom, noticing warnings on packs, reading or looking closely at them, thinking about them, thinking about the health risks, avoidant behaviors, forgoing cigarettes, and being more likely to quit due to the warnings significantly increased from waves 1 to 2, and then decreased from waves 2 to 3, but remained higher than at wave 1. In Norway, noticing warnings, reading or looking closely at them, thinking about them, thinking about the health risks, and being more likely to quit due to the warnings significantly decreased from waves 1 to 2; avoidant behaviors and forgoing cigarettes remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS The inclusion of large novel pictorial warnings on standardized packs increases warning salience and effectiveness. IMPLICATIONS Two longitudinal online surveys in the United Kingdom and Norway explored the impact of standardized packaging on warning salience and effectiveness. That warning salience and effectiveness only increased in the UK postimplementation, where standardized packaging was implemented alongside new larger pictorial warnings on the pack front and reverse, and not in Norway, where standardized packaging was introduced but older smaller text warnings (pack front) and pictorial warnings (pack reverse) were retained, highlights the importance of removing full branding and introducing stronger warnings simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crawford Moodie
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Catherine Best
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Ingeborg Lund
- Department of Alcohol, Tobacco and Drugs, Norwegian Institute for Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Janne Scheffels
- Department of Alcohol, Tobacco and Drugs, Norwegian Institute for Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nathan Critchlow
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Martine Stead
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Ann McNeill
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Sara Hitchman
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Anne Marie Mackintosh
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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Moodie C, Best C, Critchlow N, Stead M, McNeill A, Hitchman S. The Impact of Including Cessation Resource Information on Health Warnings on Standardized Tobacco Packaging on Awareness and Use: A Longitudinal Online Survey in the United Kingdom. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:1068-1073. [PMID: 33252668 PMCID: PMC8150134 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since May 2017, all cigarettes and roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco in the United Kingdom must be sold in standardized packs with pictorial warnings displaying, for the first time, a stop-smoking website. AIMS AND METHODS Data come from three waves of a longitudinal online survey with smokers and ex-smokers conducted pre- and post-standardized packaging, with Wave 1 (W1) in April-May 2016, Wave 2 (W2) in September-November 2017, and Wave 3 (W3) in May-July 2019. Only smokers are included in the analysis: W1 (N = 6233), W2 (N = 3629), and W3 (N = 2412). We explored any change in citing warnings on packs as a source of information about a stop-smoking website, and whether citing warnings as a source was associated with use of a stop-smoking website. As the warnings, and therefore the stop-smoking website, are larger on RYO packs than on cigarette packs due to the larger pack size, we explored differences in awareness of a stop-smoking website among exclusive cigarette smokers (W1 = 3142, W2 = 1884, W3 = 1247) and exclusive RYO smokers (W1 = 2046, W2 = 1119, W3 = 814). RESULTS Among smokers recalling seeing information about a stop-smoking website, citing warnings as a source increased between waves (W1 = 14.0%, W2 = 24.2%, W3 = 25.1%) and was associated with having visited a stop-smoking website (odds ratio = 11.81, 95% confidence interval 8.47-16.46). Citing warnings as a source of a stop-smoking website increased among exclusive RYO smokers at each wave (W1 = 15.5%, W2 = 26.3%, W3 = 32.1%), while for exclusive cigarette smokers it only increased at W2 (W1 = 10.5%, W2 = 22.4%, W3 = 19.9%). CONCLUSIONS Warnings are an important source of cessation resource information. Making this information more prominent may help sustain awareness. IMPLICATIONS The findings support the inclusion of a stop-smoking website on warnings as awareness among smokers increased and citing warnings as a source of information about a stop-smoking website was associated with having visited a stop-smoking website. We also explored whether the stop-smoking website on warnings on RYO packs, which is larger than on cigarette packs as a function of the larger size of RYO packs, would have any impact on awareness of this information. That exclusive RYO smokers were more likely than exclusive cigarette smokers to notice a stop-smoking website on warnings suggests that this information should be more prominent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crawford Moodie
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirlingshire, UK
| | - Catherine Best
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirlingshire, UK
| | - Nathan Critchlow
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirlingshire, UK
| | - Martine Stead
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirlingshire, UK
| | - Ann McNeill
- Department of Addictions, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Sara Hitchman
- Department of Addictions, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
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Partos TR, Hiscock R, Gilmore AB, Branston JR, Hitchman S, McNeill A. Impact of tobacco tax increases and industry pricing on smoking behaviours and inequalities: a mixed-methods study. Public Health Res 2020. [DOI: 10.3310/phr08060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Increasing tobacco prices through taxation is very effective for reducing smoking prevalence and inequalities. For optimum effect, understanding how the tobacco industry and smokers respond is essential. Tobacco taxation changes occurred in the UK over the study period, including annual increases, a shift in structure from ad valorem to specific taxation and relatively higher increases on roll-your-own tobacco than on factory-made cigarettes.
Objectives
Understanding tobacco industry pricing strategies in response to tax changes and the impact of tax on smokers’ behaviour, including tax evasion and avoidance, as well as the effect on smoking inequalities. Synthesising findings to inform how taxation can be improved as a public health intervention.
Design
Qualitative analysis and evidence synthesis (commercial and Nielsen data) and longitudinal and aggregate cross-sectional analyses (International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project data).
Setting
The UK, from 2002 to 2016.
Data sources and participants
Data were from the tobacco industry commercial literature and retail tobacco sales data (Nielsen, New York, NY, USA). Participants were a longitudinal cohort (with replenishment) of smokers and ex-smokers from 10 surveys of the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project (around 1500 participants per survey).
Main outcome measures
(1) Tobacco industry pricing strategies, (2) sales volumes and prices by segments over time and (3) smokers’ behaviours, including products purchased, sources, brands, consumption, quit attempts, success and sociodemographic differences.
Review methods
Tobacco industry commercial literature was searched for mentions of tobacco products and price segments, with 517 articles extracted.
Results
The tobacco industry increased prices on top of tax increases (overshifting), particularly on premium products, and, recently, the tobacco industry overshifted more on cheap roll-your-own tobacco than on factory-made cigarettes. Increasingly, price rises were from industry revenue generation rather than tax. The tobacco industry raised prices gradually to soften impact; this was less possible with larger tax increases. Budget measures to reduce cheap product availability failed due to new cheap factory-made products, price marking and small packs. In 2014, smokers could buy factory-made (roll-your-own tobacco) cigarettes at real prices similar to 2002. Exclusive roll-your-own tobacco and mixed factory-made cigarettes and roll-your-own tobacco use increased, whereas exclusive factory-made cigarette use decreased, alongside increased cheap product use, rather than quitting. Quitting behaviours were associated with higher taxes. Smokers consumed fewer factory-made cigarettes and reduced roll-your-own tobacco weight over time. Apparent illicit purchasing did not increase. Disadvantaged and dependent smokers struggled with tobacco affordability and were more likely to smoke cheaper products, but disadvantage did not affect quit success.
Limitations
Different for each data set; triangulation increased confidence.
Conclusions
The tobacco industry overshifted taxes and increased revenues, even when tax increases were high. Therefore, tobacco taxes can be further increased to reduce price differentials and recoup public health costs. Government strategies on illicit tobacco appear effective. Large, sudden tax increases would reduce the industry’s ability to manipulate prices, decrease affordability and increase quitting behaviours. More disadvantaged, and dependent, smokers need more help with quitting.
Future work
Assessing the impact of tax changes made since 2014; changing how tax changes are introduced (e.g. sudden intermittent or smaller continuous); and tax changes on tobacco initiation.
Funding
This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Public Health Research programme and will be published in full in Public Health Research; Vol. 8, No. 6. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timea R Partos
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - J Robert Branston
- Centre for Governance and Regulation, School of Management, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Sara Hitchman
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Ann McNeill
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
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Moodie C, MacKintosh AM, Thrasher JF, McNeill A, Hitchman S. Use of Cigarettes With Flavor-Changing Capsules Among Smokers in the United Kingdom: An Online Survey. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 21:1547-1555. [PMID: 30165686 PMCID: PMC6821177 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cigarettes with flavor-changing capsules in the filter have experienced phenomenal global growth in the last decade. We explore sociodemographic and smoking-related factors associated with using capsule cigarettes, how frequently users burst the capsule, and reasons for using them. METHODS An online survey was conducted in the United Kingdom between April and May 2016 with 6234 factory-made and/or hand-rolled cigarette smokers. This analysis focuses on 3620 factory-made cigarette smokers, aged 18 years and over, who had smoked in the past month. RESULTS Thirteen percent smoked capsule cigarettes, with younger smokers more likely than older smokers to do so. Capsule use was significantly more common among White non-British than White British and among those planning to quit in the next 6 months than those not planning to quit. Most capsule users who crushed the capsule did so always (51%) or most of the time (18%), with more frequent crushing of capsules more common among females, younger and middle-aged participants, White British, and those with a lower score on the Heaviness of Smoking Index. The most common reasons for using capsule cigarettes were that they taste better (52%), are smoother (41%), provide a choice of flavors (32%), and the enjoyment of clicking the capsule (25%). Capsule and noncapsule smokers did not differ significantly in their perceptions of the harmfulness of their brand relative to other brands. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides an insight into how and why smokers of capsule cigarettes use these products, with the key drivers of use being taste, flavor choice, and interactivity. IMPLICATIONS Cigarettes with capsules in the filter that can be burst to change the flavor have experienced remarkable growth since being introduced in 2007, but little is known about how and why smokers use these products. Thirteen percent of factory-made cigarette smokers in our sample smoked a brand with a capsule in the filter, with approximately two-thirds crushing the capsule all or most of the time. Capsule use was more likely among younger participants. The main reasons for smoking capsule cigarettes were related to how they taste, having a choice of flavors, and enjoyment of clicking the capsule (interactivity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Crawford Moodie
- Centre for Tobacco Control Research, Institute for Social Marketing, School of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirlingshire, UK
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Nottingham, UK
| | - Anne Marie MacKintosh
- Centre for Tobacco Control Research, Institute for Social Marketing, School of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirlingshire, UK
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Nottingham, UK
| | - James F Thrasher
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Ann McNeill
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Nottingham, UK
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Sara Hitchman
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Nottingham, UK
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
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Yong HH, Borland R, Cummings KM, Gravely S, Thrasher JF, McNeill A, Hitchman S, Greenhalgh E, Thompson ME, Fong GT. Reasons for regular vaping and for its discontinuation among smokers and recent ex-smokers: findings from the 2016 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey. Addiction 2019; 114 Suppl 1:35-48. [PMID: 30821861 PMCID: PMC6717696 DOI: 10.1111/add.14593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To examine current and ex-smokers' reasons for continuing or discontinuing regular use of nicotine vaping products (NVPs). DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS Cross-sectional study of 2722 current daily/weekly, and 921 ex-daily/weekly, adult vapers who were either current or ex-cigarette smokers when surveyed. SETTING 2016 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping wave 1 (4CV1) surveys conducted in the United States (n = 1159), England (n = 1269), Canada (n = 964) and Australia (n = 251). MEASUREMENTS Current vapers were asked about the following reasons for regular NVP use: less harmful to others, social acceptance, enjoyment, use in smoke-free areas, affordability and managing smoking behaviour. Ex-vapers were asked about the following reasons for discontinuing regular NVP use: addiction concerns, affordability, negative experiences, perceived social unacceptability, safety concerns, product dissatisfaction, inconvenience, unhelpfulness for quitting, unhelpfulness for managing cravings and not needed for smoking relapse prevention. Possible correlates of NVP use and discontinuation, including smoking status, smoking/vaping frequency, quit duration (ex-smokers only), country, age and type of NVP device used, were examined using multivariate logistic regression models. FINDINGS For current smokers, the top three reasons for current regular NVP use were: helpful for cutting down smoking (85.6%), less harmful to others (77.9%) and helpful for quitting smoking (77.4%). The top three reasons for discontinuing vaping were: not being satisfying (77.9%), unhelpfulness for cravings (63.2%), and unhelpfulness for quitting smoking (52.4%). For ex-smokers, the top three reasons for current vaping were: enjoyment (90.6%), less harmful to others (90%) and affordability (89.5%); and for discontinuing were: not needed to stay quit (77.3%), not being satisfying (49.5%) and safety concerns (44%). Reported reasons varied by user characteristics, including age, country and NVP device type. CONCLUSIONS Regular use of nicotine vaping products is mainly motivated by its perceived benefits, especially for reducing or quitting smoking, whereas its discontinuation is motivated by perceived lack of such benefits, with some variation by user characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Hie Yong
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia,Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ron Borland
- Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Geoffrey T. Fong
- University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
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Heckman BW, Fong GT, Borland R, Hitchman S, O’Connor RJ, Bickel WK, Stein JS, Yong HH, Nahhas GJ, Pope DA, Shang C, Cheng KW, Levy DT, Cummings KM. The impact of vaping and regulatory environment on cigarette demand: behavioral economic perspective across four countries. Addiction 2019; 114 Suppl 1:123-133. [PMID: 30575186 PMCID: PMC7029808 DOI: 10.1111/add.14538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Government regulations of nicotine vaping products (NVP) have evolved rapidly during the past decade. The impact of NVP regulatory environment and vaping on cigarette demand is unknown. The current study aims to investigate whether or not respondents' reported cigarette demand, as measured by a hypothetical cigarette purchase task, varies with (1) smoking status, (2) vaping status or (3) NVP regulatory environment (country used as proxy). DESIGN Cross-sectional survey data from wave 1 of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Smoking and Vaping (4CV) Survey (2016). SETTING Australia, Canada, England and the United States. PARTICIPANTS A total of 10 316 adult smokers. MEASUREMENTS A hypothetical purchase task asked smokers to estimate how many cigarettes they would purchase for consumption in a single day across multiple cigarette prices. Responses were used to derive measures of cigarette demand. Overall sensitivity of cigarette consumption to price increases was quantified to index cigarette demand elasticity, whereas estimated consumption when cigarettes are free was used to index cigarette demand intensity. FINDINGS A majority of the non-daily smokers had previously smoked daily (72.3%); daily vapers were more likely to be former daily smokers (89.9%) compared to non-daily vapers (70.1%) and non-vapers (69.2%) (P < 0.001). The smoking status × vaping status interaction was significant for cigarette demand intensity (F = 4.93; P = 0.007) and elasticity (F = 7.30; P = 0.001): among non-daily smokers, vapers reported greater intensity but lower elasticity (i.e. greater demand) relative to non-vapers (Ps < 0.05). Among daily smokers, daily vapers reported greater intensity relative to non-vapers (P = 0.005), but vaping status did not impact elasticity (Ps > 0.38). Intensity was higher in Australia compared with all other countries (Ps < 0.001), but elasticity did not vary by country (F = 2.15; P = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS In a hypothetical purchase task, non-daily smokers showed lower price elasticity if they used e-cigarettes than if they did not, while there was no clear difference in elasticity between e-cigarette users and non-users among daily smokers or according to regulatory environment of their country with regard to e-cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan W. Heckman
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Geoffrey T. Fong
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ron Borland
- Nigel Gray Fellowship Group, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sara Hitchman
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, King’s College London, Strand, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. O’Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Warren K. Bickel
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Stein
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Hua-Hie Yong
- Nigel Gray Fellowship Group, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Georges J. Nahhas
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Derek A. Pope
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Ce Shang
- Health Policy Center, Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kai-Wen Cheng
- Health Policy Center, Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David T. Levy
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - K. Michael Cummings
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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O’Connor RJ, Fix BV, McNeill A, Goniewicz ML, Bansal-Travers M, Heckman BW, Michael Cummings K, Hitchman S, Borland R, Hammond D, Levy D, Gravely S, Fong GT. Characteristics of nicotine vaping products used by participants in the 2016 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey. Addiction 2019; 114 Suppl 1:15-23. [PMID: 30701622 PMCID: PMC6669098 DOI: 10.1111/add.14571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The regulatory environment for nicotine vaping products (NVPs) varies widely across countries and this will probably affect the devices used, nicotine content and usage, and hence the ability of NVPs to substitute for cigarettes. We aimed to describe the types of NVPs used by current vapers in four countries with varying regulatory and enforcement approaches toward the marketing and sale of NVPs. METHODS Data are from wave 1 (July-November 2016) of the ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey (4CV1), conducted among a cohort of current and former smokers, and current NVP users (n = 5147 adults; ≥ 18 years) in Australia (AU), Canada (CA), England (EN) and the United States (US) reporting either current daily, weekly or occasional NVP use. Devices were described by type, brand, voltage variability and refill capacity. Refill solutions were described by flavour and nicotine content. Descriptive statistics and bivariate analyses were conducted on the overall sample and stratified by country. A multinomial logistic regression examined factors associated with device preference across the whole sample. RESULTS The types of NVPs used differed by pattern of use and country. Exclusive, daily vapers were more likely to use refillable pen-shaped devices [odds ratio (OR) = 10.0] or refillable box-shaped devices (OR = 5.4) than disposable cigalike devices, when compared with other (non-daily/dual) users. Nearly all respondents reported using flavoured NVPs, fruit (28.3%) being the most common flavour. Refillable devices were the most popular: refillable box-shaped devices were more commonly reported by vapers in AU (36.8%) and US (31.4%), whereas in EN (47.4%) and CA (29.7%), vapers more often reported using refillable pen-style devices. Most users also reported that their products contained nicotine, even in CA (87.8%) and AU (91.2%), where vaping products containing nicotine were technically illegal. CONCLUSIONS In Australia, Canada, England and the United States in 2016, refillable nicotine vaping products were the most common type of nicotine vaping products used by daily vapers. Most daily vapers reported using flavoured e-liquids/refills (with variance across countries) and most reported using products that contain nicotine, even where vaping products with nicotine were banned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. O’Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo NY 14263, USA
| | - Brian V. Fix
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo NY 14263, USA
| | - Ann McNeill
- Addictions Department, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, 4 Windsor Walk, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8BB, UK
| | - Maciej L. Goniewicz
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo NY 14263, USA
| | - Maansi Bansal-Travers
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo NY 14263, USA
| | - Bryan W. Heckman
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President St., Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - K. Michael Cummings
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President St., Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Sara Hitchman
- Addictions Department, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, 4 Windsor Walk, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8BB, UK
| | | | - David Hammond
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Canada
| | - David Levy
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University
| | | | - Geoffrey T. Fong
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Canada,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Cho YJ, Thrasher JF, Reid JL, Hitchman S, Hammond D. Youth self-reported exposure to and perceptions of vaping advertisements: Findings from the 2017 International Tobacco Control Youth Tobacco and Vaping Survey. Prev Med 2019; 126:105775. [PMID: 31323286 PMCID: PMC7487168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Countries have adopted various regulations to limit youth exposure to vaping product advertising. This study aims to examine youth exposure to and perceptions of vaping ads in Canada, England, and the US, three countries with varying vaping product advertising regulations. Data were analyzed from the 2017 ITC Youth Tobacco and Vaping Survey, an online survey of youth aged 16 to 19 years from a consumer panel (n = 12,064). The survey assessed vaping product ad exposure in the prior month, including channels, perceived appeal, and perceived target audience. Most young people reported some vaping product ad exposure in the past 30 days (Canada = 74%, England = 83%, US = 81%). Among those exposed to vaping product ads, more than one-third found them appealing (Canada = 36%, England = 38%, US = 43%). Stores that sell cigarettes were the most common venue for vaping ad exposure, although it was less common in Canada (46%) than in England (60%) or the US (60%), both of which had less restrictive regulatory environments. Ad exposure through websites or social media did not differ by country (Canada = 38%, England = 40%, US = 41%). Compared to those who never smoked or used vaping products, youth who reported smoking and/or vaping were more likely to report ad exposure through most channels. More than one-third of youth perceived that vaping product ads target non-smokers (Canada = 47%, England = 36%, US = 48%). Our study suggests most youth are exposed to vaping product ads, which may promote product use. Except for online channels, cross-country differences in the channels of ad exposure may reflect contrasting regulatory environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Jin Cho
- Department of Health Promotion, Education & Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29208, SC, USA.
| | - James F Thrasher
- Department of Health Promotion, Education & Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29208, SC, USA
| | - Jessica L Reid
- School of Public Health & Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara Hitchman
- King's College London, Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies (UKCTAS), United Kingdom
| | - David Hammond
- School of Public Health & Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Hammond D, Reid JL, Rynard VL, Fong GT, Cummings KM, McNeill A, Hitchman S, Thrasher JF, Goniewicz ML, Bansal-Travers M, O'Connor R, Levy D, Borland R, White CM. Prevalence of vaping and smoking among adolescents in Canada, England, and the United States: repeat national cross sectional surveys. BMJ 2019; 365:l2219. [PMID: 31221636 PMCID: PMC6582265 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.l2219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine differences in vaping and smoking prevalence among adolescents in Canada, England, and the United States. DESIGN Repeat cross sectional surveys. SETTING Online surveys in Canada, England, and the US. PARTICIPANTS National samples of 16 to 19 year olds in 2017 and 2018, recruited from commercial panels in Canada (n=7891), England (n=7897), and the US (n=8140). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Prevalence of vaping and smoking was assessed for use ever, in the past 30 days, in the past week, and on 15 days or more in the past month. Use of JUUL (a nicotine salt based electronic cigarette with high nicotine concentration) and usual vaping brands were also assessed. Logistic regression models examined differences in vaping and smoking between countries and over time. RESULTS The prevalence of vaping in the past 30 days, in the past week, and on 15 days or more in the past month increased in Canada and the US between 2017 and 2018 (P<0.001 for all), including among non-smokers and experimental smokers, with no changes in England. Smoking prevalence increased in Canada (P<0.001 for all measures), with modest increases in England, and no changes in the US. The percentage of ever vapers who reported more frequent vaping increased in Canada and the US (P<0.01 for all), but not in England. The use of JUUL increased in all countries, particularly the US and Canada-for example, the proportion of current vapers in the US citing JUUL as their usual brand increased threefold between 2017 and 2018. CONCLUSIONS Between 2017 and 2018, among 16 to 19 year olds the prevalence of vaping increased in Canada and the US, as did smoking in Canada, with little change in England. The rapidly evolving vaping market and emergence of nicotine salt based products warrant close monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hammond
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jessica L Reid
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Vicki L Rynard
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Geoffrey T Fong
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - K Michael Cummings
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | | | - James F Thrasher
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Maciej L Goniewicz
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maansi Bansal-Travers
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard O'Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Levy
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Ron Borland
- Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Christine M White
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
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Kyriakos C, Driezen P, Girvalaki C, Kahnert S, Hitchman S, Fernandez E, Mons U, Trofor A, Demjén T, Tountas Y, Przewoźniak K, Zatoński W, Fong G, Vardavas C. Awareness of changes to tobacco product content and packaging design after implementation of the EU Tobacco Products Directive among smokers: Findings from the EUREST-PLUS ITC Europe Surveys. Tob Prev Cessat 2019. [DOI: 10.18332/tpc/105208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kyriakos C, Filippidis F, Hitchman S, Girvalaki C, Tzavara C, Demjén T, Fernández E, Mons U, Trofor A, Tountas Y, Zatoński M, Zatoński W, Fong G, Vardavas C, consortium *BOTEURESTPLUS. Undesirable events during electronic cigarette use prior to the implementation of Article 20 of the European Union Tobacco Products Directive: Findings from the EUREST-PLUS ITC Europe Surveys. Tob Induc Dis 2018. [DOI: 10.18332/tid/95144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Kyriakos CN, Filippidis FT, Hitchman S, Girvalaki C, Tzavara C, Demjén T, Fernandez E, Mons U, Trofor A, Tountas Y, Zatoński M, Zatoński WA, Fong GT, Vardavas CI. Characteristics and correlates of electronic cigarette product attributes and undesirable events during e-cigarette use in six countries of the EUREST-PLUS ITC Europe Surveys. Tob Induc Dis 2018; 16:A1. [PMID: 31516457 PMCID: PMC6659560 DOI: 10.18332/tid/93545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study assessed characteristics and correlates associated with e-cigarette product attributes and identified correlates of experiencing undesirable events during e-cigarette use among adult smokers across six European Union (EU) Members States (MS) prior to the implementation of the Tobacco Products Directive (TPD) in 2016. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional survey with a nationally representative sample of adult cigarette smokers from six EU MS (Germany, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Spain) reporting e-cigarette use; randomly selected through a multistage cluster sampling design from June to September 2016. Stepwise logistic regressions were used to identify factors associated with use of flavors, noticing health warnings, mixing e-liquids, experiencing 'dry puff', e-liquid leaking during use and e-liquid spilling during refill. RESULTS Current daily or weekly prevalence of e-cigarette use among this sample of adult smokers was 7.5%. The most common attributes of e-cigarettes used included those that are flavored, contain nicotine, and are of tank style. Noticing health warnings on e-cigarette packaging and leaflets, respectively, was low (10.2% and 28%, respectively). Use of e-liquid refill nozzle caps, described as easy for a child to open, was associated with spilling during refill (OR=6.73; 95% CI: 2.02-22.37). Participants who adjusted occasionally or regularly the power (voltage) or temperature of their e-cigarette had greater odds of ever experiencing a 'dry puff' (OR=6.01; 95% CI: 2.68-13.46). Mixing different e-liquids was associated with leaking during use (OR=7.78; 95% CI: 2.45-24.73) and spilling during refill (OR=8.54; 95% CI: 2.29-31.88). CONCLUSIONS Ongoing evaluation of factors associated with e-cigarette attributes and of the correlates of experiencing e-cigarette undesirable events during use, related to product design, is crucial to monitoring the impact of the implementing Acts of the EU TPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina N. Kyriakos
- European Network on Smoking and Tobacco Prevention (ENSP), Brussels, Belgium
- University of Crete (UoC), Heraklion, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | - Tibor Demjén
- Smoking or Health Hungarian Foundation (SHHF), Budapest, Hungary
| | - Esteve Fernandez
- Institut Català d’Oncologia (ICO) and Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Catalonia, Spain
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ute Mons
- Cancer Prevention Unit and WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antigona Trofor
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘Grigore T.Popa’, Iasi, Romania
- Aer Pur Romania, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Mateusz Zatoński
- Health Promotion Foundation (HPF), Warsaw, Poland
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Geoffrey T. Fong
- University of Waterloo (UW), Waterloo, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
| | - Constantine I. Vardavas
- European Network on Smoking and Tobacco Prevention (ENSP), Brussels, Belgium
- University of Crete (UoC), Heraklion, Greece
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Gilmore A, Hiscock R, Branston R, Partos T, Hitchman S, Mcneill A. Tobacco industry strategies to keep tobacco prices low: evidence from industry data. Tob Induc Dis 2018. [DOI: 10.18332/tid/84000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Arnott D, Cheeseman H, Hitchman S. Understanding the tobacco retail environment; next frontier for UK tobacco control. Tob Induc Dis 2018. [DOI: 10.18332/tid/84516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Moodie C, Hitchman S, Mackintosh AM, McNeill A. The use of flavour-changing capsule cigarettes among smokers in the United Kingdom. Tob Induc Dis 2018. [DOI: 10.18332/tid/83749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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McNeill A, Gravely S, Hitchman S, Bauld L, Hammond D, Hartmann-Boyce J. Tobacco packaging design for reducing tobacco use: cochrane systematic review. Tob Induc Dis 2018. [DOI: 10.18332/tid/84186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann McNeill
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, National Addiction Centre; London UK
| | - Linda Bauld
- University of Stirling and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Control Studies; Institute for Social Marketing; Stirling UK FK9 4LA
| | | | - David Hammond
- University of Waterloo; School of Public Health and Health Systems; LHN 1723 Waterloo ON Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Crawford Moodie
- University of Stirling and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Control Studies; Institute for Social Marketing; Stirling UK FK9 4LA
| | - Martine Stead
- University of Stirling and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Control Studies; Institute for Social Marketing; Stirling UK FK9 4LA
| | | | - Jamie Hartmann-Boyce
- University of Oxford; Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences; Radcliffe Observatory Quarter Woodstock Road Oxford UK OX2 6GG
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Yong HH, Borland R, Balmford J, McNeill A, Hitchman S, Driezen P, Thompson ME, Fong GT, Cummings KM. Trends in E-Cigarette Awareness, Trial, and Use Under the Different Regulatory Environments of Australia and the United Kingdom. Nicotine Tob Res 2014; 17:1203-11. [PMID: 25358657 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION E-cigarettes (ECs) have gained significant attention in recent years. They have been introduced in jurisdictions with divergent existing laws that affect their legality. This provides the opportunity for natural experiments to assess effects of such laws in some cases independent of any formulated government policy. We compare patterns of EC awareness and use over a 3 year period in Australia where laws severely restrict EC availability, with awareness and use in the United Kingdom where ECs are readily available. METHODS Data analyzed come from Waves 8 and 9 (collected in 2010 and 2013, respectively) of the International Tobacco Control surveys in Australia and the United Kingdom (approximately 1,500 respondents per wave per country). RESULTS Across both waves, EC awareness, trial, and use among current and former smokers were significantly greater in the United Kingdom than in Australia, but all 3 of these measures increased significantly between 2010 and 2013 in both countries, and the rate of increase was equivalent between countries. Seventy-three percent of U.K. respondents reported that their current brands contained nicotine as did 43% in Australia even though sale, possession and/or use of nicotine-containing ECs without a permit are illegal in Australia. EC use was greater among smokers in both countries, at least in part due to less uptake by ex-smokers. CONCLUSIONS EC awareness and use have risen rapidly between 2010 and 2013 among current and former smokers in both Australia and the United Kingdom despite different EC regulatory environments. Substantial numbers in both countries are using ECs that contain nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Hie Yong
- VicHealth Centre for Tobacco Control, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia;
| | - Ron Borland
- VicHealth Centre for Tobacco Control, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - James Balmford
- VicHealth Centre for Tobacco Control, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ann McNeill
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
| | | | - Pete Driezen
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Mary E Thompson
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Geoffrey T Fong
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - K Michael Cummings
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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McNeill A, Bauld L, Birken M, Hammond D, Moodie C, Stead M, Hitchman S, Hartmann-Boyce J, Gravely S. Tobacco packaging design for reducing tobacco use. THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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McNeill A, Bauld L, Birken M, Hammond D, Moodie C, Stead M, Hitchman S, Hartmann-Boyce J. Tobacco packaging design for preventing tobacco uptake. THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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