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Carey KB, Walsh JL, Merrill JE, Lust SA, Reid AE, Scott-Sheldon LAJ, Kalichman SC, Carey MP. Using e-mail boosters to maintain change after brief alcohol interventions for mandated college students: A randomized controlled trial. J Consult Clin Psychol 2018; 86:787-798. [PMID: 30138017 DOI: 10.1037/ccp0000339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brief motivational interventions (BMIs) reduce drinking in the short term, but these initial effects often decay. We tested the hypothesis that theory-based e-mail boosters would promote maintenance of change after a BMI. METHOD Participants were students (N = 568; 72% male) who violated campus alcohol policy and were mandated to participate in an alcohol-risk-reduction program. Participants provided baseline data, received a BMI, and then completed a 1-month post-BMI survey. Next, they were randomized to receive 12 booster e-mails that contained either (a) alcohol norms or (b) structurally equivalent general health information (control). Alcohol consumption and alcohol-related consequences were assessed at baseline, 1, 3, 5, 8, and 12 months. RESULTS As expected, we observed significant reductions in both consumption and consequences after the BMI (ps < .01), and groups were equivalent at baseline and at 1-month post-BMI, prior to randomization (ps > .05). Latent growth curve models revealed no condition effects on changes in the latent consumption variable from 1- to 12-month follow-ups (b = .01, SE = .01, p > .05). Unexpectedly, a main effect of the condition emerged for self-reported consequences (b = .03, SE = .01, p = .01); we observed more consequences after boosters containing alcohol norms than general health information. Outcomes were not moderated by sex, consumption at baseline or 1 month, or e-mail exposure, and there was no mediation by descriptive norms, injunctive norms, or peer communication. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to predictions, e-mail boosters with corrective norms content did not improve outcomes after a BMI. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer L Walsh
- Center for AIDS Intervention Research, Medical College of Wisconsin
| | - Jennifer E Merrill
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael P Carey
- Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital
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Carey KB, Merrill JE, Walsh JL, Lust SA, Kalichman SC, Carey MP. Predictors of short-term change after a brief alcohol intervention for mandated college drinkers. Addict Behav 2018; 77:152-159. [PMID: 29032317 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brief motivational interventions (BMIs) reduce problematic drinking for some, but not all, college students. Identifying those students who are less responsive can help to guide intervention refinement. Therefore, we examined demographic, personality, and cognitive factors hypothesized to influence change after a BMI. METHOD Students mandated for intervention following a campus alcohol violation (N=568; 28% female, 38% freshmen) completed a baseline assessment, then received a BMI, and then completed a 1-month follow-up. At both assessments, alcohol use (i.e., drinks per week, typical BAC, binge frequency) and alcohol-related problems were measured. RESULTS Latent change score analyses revealed significant decrease in both alcohol use and problems 1month after the BMI. In the final model that predicted change in alcohol use, four factors (male sex, a "fun seeking" disposition, more perceived costs and fewer perceived benefits of change) predicted smaller decreases in alcohol use over time. In the final model that predicted change in alcohol-related problems, three factors (stronger beliefs about the centrality of alcohol to college life, more perceived costs and fewer perceived benefits of change) predicted smaller decreases in problems over time. CONCLUSIONS Participation in a BMI reduced alcohol use and problems among mandated college students at 1-month follow-up. We identified predictors of these outcomes, which suggest the need to tailor the BMI to improve its efficacy among males and those students expressing motives (pro and cons, and fun seeking) and beliefs about the centrality of drinking in college.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate B Carey
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, United States; Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, United States.
| | - Jennifer E Merrill
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, United States; Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Jennifer L Walsh
- Center for AIDS Intervention Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Sarah A Lust
- Department of Social Sciences, Maryville University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Seth C Kalichman
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States; Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Michael P Carey
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Centers for Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
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Miller MB, DiBello AM, Lust SA, Meisel MK, Carey KB. Impulsive personality traits and alcohol use: Does sleeping help with thinking? Psychol Addict Behav 2017; 31:46-53. [PMID: 28094998 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Both impulsivity and sleep disturbance have been associated with heavy alcohol use among young adults; yet studies to date have not examined their interactive effects. The current study aimed to determine if adequate sleep moderates the association between impulsive personality traits and alcohol use among young adults. College students (N = 568) who had been mandated to alcohol treatment following violation of campus alcohol policy provided information regarding alcohol use and related consequences, impulsive personality traits (measured using the UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale), and perception of sleep adequacy as part of a larger intervention trial. Higher urgency, lower premeditation, and higher sensation-seeking predicted greater levels of alcohol consumption, while higher urgency predicted more alcohol-related consequences. As hypothesized, there was a significant interaction between premeditation and sleep adequacy in the prediction of drinks per week; in contrast to hypotheses, however, premeditation was associated with drinking only among those reporting adequate (rather than inadequate) sleep. Specifically, the tendency to premeditate was associated with less drinking among those who reported adequate sleep and was not associated with drinking among those reporting inadequate sleep. Sensation-seeking and urgency are associated with greater alcohol involvement among young adults, regardless of sleep adequacy. Conversely, the ability to plan ahead and anticipate the consequences of one's behaviors (premeditation) is only protective against heavy drinking among individuals receiving adequate sleep. With replication, these findings may inform alcohol prevention and intervention efforts. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Beth Miller
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health
| | - Angelo M DiBello
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health
| | | | - Matthew K Meisel
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health
| | - Kate B Carey
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health
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Miller MB, DiBello AM, Lust SA, Carey MP, Carey KB. Adequate sleep moderates the prospective association between alcohol use and consequences. Addict Behav 2016; 63:23-8. [PMID: 27395437 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inadequate sleep and heavy alcohol use have been associated with negative outcomes among college students; however, few studies have examined the interactive effects of sleep and drinking quantity in predicting alcohol-related consequences. This study aimed to determine if adequate sleep moderates the prospective association between weekly drinking quantity and consequences. METHOD College students (N=568) who were mandated to an alcohol prevention intervention reported drinks consumed per week, typical sleep quantity (calculated from sleep/wake times), and perceptions of sleep adequacy as part of a larger research trial. Assessments were completed at baseline and one-, three-, and five-month follow-ups. RESULTS Higher baseline quantities of weekly drinking and inadequate sleep predicted alcohol-related consequences at baseline and one-month follow-up. Significant interactions emerged between baseline weekly drinking quantity and adequate sleep in the prediction of alcohol-related consequences at baseline, one-, three-, and five-month assessments. Simple slopes analyses revealed that weekly drinking quantity was positively associated with alcohol-related consequences for those reporting both adequate and inadequate sleep, but this association was consistently stronger among those who reported inadequate sleep. CONCLUSION Subjective evaluation of sleep adequacy moderates both the concurrent and prospective associations between weekly drinking quantity and consequences, such that heavy-drinking college students reporting inadequate sleep experience more consequences as a result of drinking. Research needs to examine the mechanism(s) by which inadequate sleep affects alcohol risk among young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Beth Miller
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912, United States; Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912, United States.
| | - Angelo M DiBello
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912, United States; Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Sarah A Lust
- College of Arts and Sciences, Maryville University, St. Louis, MO 63141, United States
| | - Michael P Carey
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912, United States; Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI 02906, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Kate B Carey
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912, United States; Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912, United States
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Carey KB, Lust SA, Reid AE, Kalichman SC, Carey MP. How Mandated College Students Talk About Alcohol: Peer Communication Factors Associated with Drinking. Health Commun 2016; 31:1127-34. [PMID: 26861808 PMCID: PMC4927376 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2015.1045238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Relatively little research has examined how peer communication influences alcohol consumption. In a sample of mandated college students, we differentiate conversations about drinking from conversations about harm prevention and provide evidence for the validity of these communication constructs. Students who violated campus alcohol policies and were referred for alcohol sanctions (N = 345) reported on drinking patterns, use of protective behavioral strategies, perceived descriptive norms for close friends, and serving as social leader among their friends; they also reported on the frequency of conversations about drinking, about drinking safety, and about risk reduction efforts. Predicted correlations were found among types of communication and conceptually related variables. General communication was related to consumption but not protective behavioral strategies, whereas safety/risk reduction conversations correlated positively with all protective behavioral strategies. Both types of communication were associated with social leadership. Safety communication moderated the relationship between peer descriptive norms and drinks per week; more frequent talking about safety attenuated the norms-consumption relationship. Peer communication about both drinking and safety may serve as targets for change in risk reduction interventions for mandated college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate B. Carey
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health
| | - Sarah A. Lust
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health
- Center for Health Intervention and Prevention, University of Connecticut
| | - Allecia E. Reid
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health
- Department of Psychology, Colby College
| | - Seth C. Kalichman
- Center for Health Intervention and Prevention, University of Connecticut
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut
| | - Michael P. Carey
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School
- Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital
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Bailey K, Bartholow BD, Saults JS, Lust SA. Give me just a little more time: effects of alcohol on the failure and recovery of cognitive control. J Abnorm Psychol 2015; 123:152-67. [PMID: 24661167 DOI: 10.1037/a0035662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Numerous externalizing behaviors, from aggression to risk taking to drug abuse, stem from impaired cognitive control, including that brought about by the acute effects of alcohol. Although research generally indicates that alcohol impairs cognitive abilities, a close examination of the literature suggests that alcohol's effects are quite variable and likely depend on a number of contextual factors. The purpose of the current study was to characterize the effects of alcohol on cognitive control in terms of neural and behavioral responses to successful and unsuccessful control attempts. Participants were randomly assigned to consume an alcohol (0.80 g/kg ETOH), placebo, or nonalcoholic control beverage prior to completing a cognitive control (flanker) task while event-related brain potentials were recorded. Alcohol reduced the amplitude of the error-related negativity on error trials and increased the posterror compatibility effect in response time. Of particular interest, neural indices of conflict monitoring and performance adjustment (frontal slow wave) were attenuated by alcohol, but only on trials following errors. These functions had recovered, however, by 2 trials after an error. These findings suggest that alcohol's effects on cognitive control are best characterized as impaired (or delayed) recovery following control failures. Implications of these findings for understanding alcohol's effects on behavioral undercontrol are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Bailey
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri
| | | | - J Scott Saults
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri
| | - Sarah A Lust
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri
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Merrill JE, Carey KB, Lust SA, Kalichman SC, Carey MP. Do students mandated to intervention for campus alcohol-related violations drink more than nonmandated students? Psychol Addict Behav 2014; 28:1265-70. [PMID: 25180559 DOI: 10.1037/a0037710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It is often assumed that "mandated students" (i.e., those who violate campus alcohol policies and are mandated to receive an alcohol intervention) drink more than students from the general population. To test this assumption empirically, we compared alcohol-use levels of a sample of students mandated for alcohol violations (n = 435) with a representative sample of nonmandated students from the same university (n = 1,876). As expected, mandated students were more likely to be male, younger, first-year students, and living in on-campus dorms, and they reported poorer academic performance (i.e., grade point averages). With respect to alcohol use, after controlling for demographic differences, they reported more drinks per week than those in the general university sample but they did not report drinking heavily more frequently than nonmandated students. Within the mandated student sample, there was considerable variability in drinking level; that is, the frequency of heavy drinking covered the full range from never to 10+ times in the past month, and there was a larger standard deviation for drinks per week among mandated students than among those in the general sample. These results challenge the assumption that mandated students drink heavily more often but do provide empirical support for the assumption that students who violate alcohol policies drink at higher quantities, justifying the need for an alcohol use reduction intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kate B Carey
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | - Sarah A Lust
- Center for Health, Intervention, and Prevention, University of Connecticut
| | - Seth C Kalichman
- Center for Health, Intervention, and Prevention, University of Connecticut
| | - Michael P Carey
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University
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Bartholow BD, Henry EA, Lust SA, Saults JS, Wood PK. Alcohol effects on performance monitoring and adjustment: affect modulation and impairment of evaluative cognitive control. J Abnorm Psychol 2011; 121:173-86. [PMID: 21604824 DOI: 10.1037/a0023664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol is known to impair self-regulatory control of behavior, though mechanisms for this effect remain unclear. Here, we tested the hypothesis that alcohol's reduction of negative affect (NA) is a key mechanism for such impairment. This hypothesis was tested by measuring the amplitude of the error-related negativity (ERN), a component of the event-related brain potential (ERP) posited to reflect the extent to which behavioral control failures are experienced as distressing, while participants completed a laboratory task requiring self-regulatory control. Alcohol reduced both the ERN and error positivity (Pe) components of the ERP following errors and impaired typical posterror behavioral adjustment. Structural equation modeling indicated that effects of alcohol on both the ERN and posterror adjustment were significantly mediated by reductions in NA. Effects of alcohol on Pe amplitude were unrelated to posterror adjustment, however. These findings indicate a role for affect modulation in understanding alcohol's effects on self-regulatory impairment and more generally support theories linking the ERN with a distress-related response to control failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce D Bartholow
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Bartholow BD, Lust SA, Tragesser SL. Specificity of P3 event-related potential reactivity to alcohol cues in individuals low in alcohol sensitivity. Psychol Addict Behav 2010; 24:220-228. [PMID: 20565148 DOI: 10.1037/a0017705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent research using event-related potentials (ERPs) has shown that individuals low in alcohol sensitivity show increased P3 reactivity to alcohol cues (Bartholow, Henry, & Lust, 2007). The current research sought to test the specificity of this effect by including other arousing cues in addition to alcohol, and by controlling for individual differences in trait impulsivity. Forty-seven participants varying in self-reported alcohol sensitivity completed a visual oddball task including neutral, arousing (erotic and adventure-related), and beverage-related images while ERPs were recorded. Low-sensitivity participants showed increased P3 reactivity to alcohol cues relative to their high-sensitivity peers. However, P3 amplitude elicited by all other targets did not differ as a function of alcohol sensitivity levels. Differences in impulsivity and recent alcohol consumption did not account for sensitivity group differences in alcohol cue reactivity. These results point to the specific motivational salience of alcohol cues to individuals at risk for alcohol problems because of low alcohol sensitivity and suggest that P3 reactivity to alcohol cues could be a new endophenotype for alcohol use disorder risk.
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Shin E, Hopfinger JB, Lust SA, Henry EA, Bartholow BD. Electrophysiological evidence of alcohol-related attentional bias in social drinkers low in alcohol sensitivity. Psychol Addict Behav 2010; 24:508-515. [PMID: 20853936 PMCID: PMC2946204 DOI: 10.1037/a0019663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Low sensitivity to the acute effects of alcohol is a known risk factor for alcoholism. However, little is known concerning potential information-processing routes by which this risk factor might contribute to increased drinking. We tested the hypothesis that low-sensitivity (LS) participants would show biased attention to alcohol cues, compared with their high-sensitivity (HS) counterparts. Participants performed a task in which alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverage cues were presented bilaterally followed by a target that required categorization by color. Response times were faster for targets appearing in alcohol-cued than non-alcohol-cued locations for LS but not for HS participants. Event-related potential markers of early attention orienting (P1 amplitude) and subsequent attention reorienting (ipsilateral invalid negativity amplitude) indicated preferential selective attention to alcohol-cued locations among LS individuals. Controlling for recent drinking and family history of alcoholism did not affect these patterns, except that among HS participants, relatively heavy recent drinking was associated with difficulty reorienting attention away from alcohol-cued locations. These findings suggest a potential information-processing bias through which low sensitivity could lead to heavy alcohol involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsam Shin
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri
| | | | - Sarah A Lust
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri
| | - Erika A Henry
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri
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Bartholow BD, Schepers Riordan MA, Saults JS, Lust SA. Psychophysiological Evidence of Response Conflict and Strategic Control of Responses in Affective Priming. J Exp Soc Psychol 2009; 45:655-666. [PMID: 33981119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This experiment investigated the role of conflict in the response and evaluative categorization systems in the affective congruency effect using event-related brain potentials (ERPs). Participants completed a primed evaluative decision task in which the proportion of congruent to incongruent trials was manipulated. The size of the affective congruency effect increased along with the proportion of congruent trials. ERP data identified the locus of this effect in the response system: the lateralized readiness potential (LRP) showed that preferential response activation occurred in motor cortex following prime onset, and the fronto-central N2 (conflict monitoring) component indicated that conflict occurred when the response activated by the prime differed from the target response, irrespective of the affective congruency of the prime and target. The extent of this conflict covaried with strategic processing of primes, as participants directed less attention to primes that were likely to elicit conflict. These data support a response conflict account of affective congruency effects in the evaluative decision task and indicate that strategic control of attention is important in determining the extent to which conflict occurs.
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Abstract
Research consistently reveals positive self-reported condom evaluations, yet such evaluations often do not predict condom use. Whereas positive self-reports likely reflect social norms regarding prevention of diseases and pregnancy, psychophysiological measures might better assess spontaneous condom evaluations. Here, participants completed a visual oddball task in which condoms and alcoholic beverages were infrequent targets among neutral, positive, and negative context images. Although self-reported condom evaluations were very positive, condom images presented in a negative context produced a smaller P3 than condom images presented in a neutral or positive context, suggesting that spontaneous condom evaluations were more negative than positive. The P3 elicited by alcohol images indicated positive evaluations. The findings underscore the multifaceted nature of evaluations and point to the utility of ERPs for assessing health-related attitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Lust
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.
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Bartholow BD, Henry EA, Lust SA. Effects of alcohol sensitivity on P3 event-related potential reactivity to alcohol cues. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2007; 21:555-63. [DOI: 10.1037/0893-164x.21.4.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Scott-Sheldon LAJ, Glasford DE, Marsh KL, Lust SA. Barriers to condom purchasing: Effects of product positioning on reactions to condoms. Soc Sci Med 2006; 63:2755-69. [PMID: 16962220 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Correct and consistent condom use has been promoted as a method to prevent sexually transmitted infections including HIV. Yet research has repeatedly shown that people fail to use condoms consistently. One influence on the pervasive lack of condom use that has received relatively little attention is the context in which consumers are exposed to condoms (i.e., how condoms are displayed in retail settings). In this paper we present two studies explored variations in condom shelf placement and its effects on people's condom attitudes and acquisition. Study 1 explored the shelf placement of condoms in 59 retail outlets in Connecticut, USA and found that condoms were typically located in areas of high visibility (e.g., next to the pharmacy counter) and on shelves adjacent to feminine hygiene and disease treatment products. In Study 2, 120 heterosexual undergraduate students at the University of Connecticut were randomly assigned to evaluate condoms adjacent to sensual, positive, neutral, or negative products and found that overall men reported more positive attitudes and acquired more condoms when exposed to condoms in a sensual context compared to women in the same condition. Among women, condom attitudes were more positive in the context of neutral products; condom acquisition was strongest for women exposed to condoms in the positive aisles. These results suggest a gender-specific approach to condom promotion. Implications of these studies for HIV prevention, public health, and condom marketing strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori A J Scott-Sheldon
- Center for Health/HIV Intervention and Prevention, University of Connecticut Storrs, CT, USA.
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