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Minocha PK, Englund EK, Friesen RM, Fujiwara T, Smith SA, Meyers ML, Browne LP, Barker AJ. Reference Values for Fetal Cardiac Dimensions, Volumes, Ventricular Function and Left Ventricular Longitudinal Strain Using Doppler Ultrasound Gated Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Healthy Third Trimester Fetuses. J Magn Reson Imaging 2023:10.1002/jmri.29077. [PMID: 37855630 PMCID: PMC11026299 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.29077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advances in hardware and software permit the use of cardiac MRI of late gestation fetuses, however there is a paucity of MRI-based reference values. PURPOSE To provide initial data on fetal cardiac MRI-derived cardiac dimensions, volumes, ventricular function, and left ventricular longitudinal strain in healthy developing fetuses >30 weeks gestational age. STUDY TYPE Prospective. POPULATION Twenty-five third trimester (34 ± 1 weeks, range of 32-37 weeks gestation) women with healthy developing fetuses. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE Studies were performed at 1.5 T and 3 T. Cardiac synchronization was achieved with a Doppler ultrasound device. The protocol included T2 single shot turbo spin echo stacks for fetal weight and ultrasound probe positioning, and multiplanar multi-slice cine balanced steady state free precession gradient echo sequences. ASSESSMENT Primary analyses were performed by a single observer. Weight indexed right ventricular (RV) and left ventricular (LV) volumes and function were calculated from short axis (SAX) stacks. Cardiac dimensions were calculated from the four-chamber and SAX stacks. Single plane LV longitudinal strain was calculated from the four-chamber stack. Interobserver variability was assessed in 10 participants. Cardiac MRI values were compared against available published normative fetal echocardiogram data using z-scores. STATISTICAL TESTS Mean and SDs were calculated for baseline maternal/fetal demographics, cardiac dimensions, volumes, ventricular function, and left ventricular longitudinal strain. Bland-Altman and intraclass correlation coefficient analysis was performed to test interobserver variability. RESULTS The mean gestational age was 34 ± 1.4 weeks. The mean RV and LV end diastolic volumes were 3.1 ± 0.6 mL/kg and 2.4 ± 0.5 mL/kg respectively. The mean RV cardiac output was 198 ± 49 mL/min/kg while the mean LV cardiac output was 173 ± 43 mL/min/kg. DATA CONCLUSION This paper reports initial reference values obtained by cardiac MRI in healthy developing third trimester fetuses. MRI generally resulted in slightly larger indexed values (by z-score) compared to reports in literature using fetal echocardiography. EVIDENCE LEVEL 1 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant K. Minocha
- Division of Cardiology, Heart Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, USA
| | - Erin K. Englund
- Department of Radiology, Section of Pediatric Radiology, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA
| | - Richard M. Friesen
- Division of Cardiology, Heart Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, USA
| | - Takashi Fujiwara
- Department of Radiology, Section of Pediatric Radiology, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA
| | - Sarah A. Smith
- Department of Radiology, Section of Pediatric Radiology, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA
| | - Mariana L. Meyers
- Department of Radiology, Section of Pediatric Radiology, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA
| | - Lorna P. Browne
- Department of Radiology, Section of Pediatric Radiology, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA
| | - Alex J. Barker
- Department of Radiology, Section of Pediatric Radiology, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Lund PJ, Gates LA, Leboeuf M, Smith SA, Chau L, Lopes M, Friedman ES, Saiman Y, Kim MS, Shoffler CA, Petucci C, Allis CD, Wu GD, Garcia BA. Stable isotope tracing in vivo reveals a metabolic bridge linking the microbiota to host histone acetylation. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111809. [PMID: 36516747 PMCID: PMC9994635 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota influences acetylation on host histones by fermenting dietary fiber into butyrate. Although butyrate could promote histone acetylation by inhibiting histone deacetylases, it may also undergo oxidation to acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA), a necessary cofactor for histone acetyltransferases. Here, we find that epithelial cells from germ-free mice harbor a loss of histone H4 acetylation across the genome except at promoter regions. Using stable isotope tracing in vivo with 13C-labeled fiber, we demonstrate that the microbiota supplies carbon for histone acetylation. Subsequent metabolomic profiling revealed hundreds of labeled molecules and supported a microbial contribution to host fatty acid metabolism, which declined in response to colitis and correlated with reduced expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation. These results illuminate the flow of carbon from the diet to the host via the microbiota, disruptions to which may affect energy homeostasis in the distal gut and contribute to the development of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peder J Lund
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Penn Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Leah A Gates
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marylene Leboeuf
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sarah A Smith
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lillian Chau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mariana Lopes
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Penn Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elliot S Friedman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yedidya Saiman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Min Soo Kim
- Metabolomics Core, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Clarissa A Shoffler
- Metabolomics Core, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christopher Petucci
- Metabolomics Core, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - C David Allis
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gary D Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Benjamin A Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Penn Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Chen X, Li Z, Smith SA, Chen M, Liu H, Zhang J, Tang L, Li J, Liu Q, Wu X. Optimization of Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Moringa oleifera Seed Oil Using Response Surface Methodological Approach and Its Antioxidant Activity. Front Nutr 2022; 8:829146. [PMID: 35127800 PMCID: PMC8814622 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.829146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Moringa (Moringa oleifera) seed oil is an edible vegetable oil rich in unsaturated fatty acids. In this study, the supercritical CO2 fluid extraction method was employed to obtain the maximum yield of moringa seed oil. The effects of temperature, time, and pressure, three characteristics of extractions, on the extraction rate of Moringa seed oil were investigated by single factor test and response surface methodological approach. The optimal process conditions of supercritical CO2 fluid extraction of moringa seed oil were determined as extraction temperature of 45°C, extraction time of 2.5 h, extraction pressure of 50 MPa, and CO2 flow rate of 240 L/h, resulting in a maximum yield of 38.54%. Composition analysis shows that the extracted moringa seed oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, including oleic acid, octadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, eicosanoic acid, etc. Furthermore, we found that Moringa seed oil exerted potent antioxidant activities on DPPH and hydroxyl radicals, and its efficacy was comparable to commercial peanut oil and tea oil. Overall, this novel extraction method of moringa seed oil may increase its potential value and application in the food and nutraceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexiang Chen
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xuexiang Chen
| | - Zhuobin Li
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sarah A. Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Health, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States
| | - Mingxiu Chen
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanbin Liu
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lirong Tang
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qishan Liu
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xian Wu
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Health, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States
- Xian Wu
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Clarke MA, Archer D, Yoon K, Oguz I, Smith SA, Xu J, Cutter G, Bagnato F. White matter tracts that overlap with the thalamus and the putamen are protected against multiple sclerosis pathology. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 57:103430. [PMID: 34922252 PMCID: PMC10703593 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The thalamus and the putamen are highly connected hubs implicated in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathology. It remains unclear if white matter (WM) tracts, which pass through them, have a different susceptibility to MS pathology, and if so, if their impact on disability predominates over that exerted by disease in other WM tracts. We hypothesized that WM tracts connected to and passing through these hubs (subsequently termed hub+ tracts) would be more susceptible to MS-related pathology than tracts that do not pass through them (hub- tracts) due to retrograde and anterograde distant degeneration. Thus, we compared the lesion load and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) derived metrics between hub+ and hub- tracts and assessed the relationship between these MRI metrics and those of physical impairment. METHODS Eighteen patients (mean age of 45.5 years, 12 females) had 3 Tesla MRI consisting of T1-weighted and T2-weighted Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery (FLAIR), and NODDI from which the orientation dispersion index (ODI), neurite density index (NDI), and isotropic volume fraction (IVF) were derived. Forty-nine WM tracts, i.e., 12 hub+ and 37 hub- tracts, were segmented out. Exploratory analyses of the differences in lesion burden, whole tract and normal appearing WM (NAWM) NODDI metrics were carried out between the two types of tracts using a Mann-Whitney U test. Correlations with physical impairment, quantified using the expanded disability status scale (EDSS) and timed 25-foot walk (T25FW) test were assessed using Spearman correlation analyses. RESULTS Hub- tracts had larger T1- (p<0.001) and T2-lesion (p<0.001) volumes; lower ODI (p<0.001), NDI (p<0.001) and higher IVF (p = 0.020) in comparison to hub+ tracts. Measures of tissue injury in hub+ tracts correlated with those of clinical disability, though less strongly than in hub- tracts. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to our hypothesis, our exploratory pilot study results suggest that WM tracts that overlap with the thalamus and the putamen have a lower degree of lesional and non-lesional tissue injury, suggesting a protective role of the hubs against MS pathology or a higher degree of vulnerability of those not passing through hub stations. We also show a weaker association between disability impairment and hub+ pathology, compared to that in hub- tracts. Our findings point to a potential role of disease location in relation to hubs as guidance for treatment personalization in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Clarke
- Neuroimaging Unit, Neuro-immunology Division, Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN, USA.
| | - D Archer
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA
| | - K Yoon
- School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN, USA
| | - I Oguz
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN, USA
| | - S A Smith
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Sciences, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN, USA
| | - J Xu
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Sciences, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN, USA
| | - G Cutter
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - F Bagnato
- Neuroimaging Unit, Neuro-immunology Division, Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN, USA; Department of Neurology, VA Medical Center, TN Valley Healthcare System (TVHS) Nashville TN, USA
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Kim R, Kwon M, An M, Kim ST, Smith SA, Loembé AB, Mortimer PGS, Armenia J, Lukashchuk N, Shah N, Dean E, Park WY, Lee J. Phase II study of ceralasertib (AZD6738) in combination with durvalumab in patients with advanced/metastatic melanoma who have failed prior anti-PD-1 therapy. Ann Oncol 2021; 33:193-203. [PMID: 34710570 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modulating the DNA damage response and repair (DDR) pathways is a promising strategy for boosting cancer immunotherapy. Ceralasertib (AZD6738) is an oral inhibitor of the serine/threonine protein kinase ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein, which is crucial for DDR. PATIENTS AND METHODS This phase II trial evaluated ceralasertib plus durvalumab for the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma who had failed anti-programmed cell death protein 1 therapy. RESULTS Among the 30 patients, we observed an overall response rate of 31.0% and a disease control rate of 63.3%. Responses were evident across patients with acral, mucosal, and cutaneous melanoma. The median duration of response was 8.8 months (range, 3.8-11.7 months). The median progression-free survival was 7.1 months (95% confidence interval, 3.6-10.6 months), and the median overall survival was 14.2 months (95% confidence interval, 9.3-19.1 months). Common adverse events were largely hematologic and manageable with dose interruptions and reductions. Exploratory biomarker analysis suggested that tumors with an immune-enriched microenvironment or alterations in the DDR pathway were more likely to respond to the study treatment. CONCLUSION We conclude that ceralasertib in combination with durvalumab has promising antitumor activity among patients with metastatic melanoma who have failed anti-programmed cell death protein 1 therapy, and constitute a population with unmet needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - M Kwon
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - M An
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - S T Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - S A Smith
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - A B Loembé
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - J Armenia
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - N Shah
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - E Dean
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - W-Y Park
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea; Geninus Inc., Seoul, Korea
| | - J Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea.
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6
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Smith SA, Ogawa SA, Chau L, Whelan KA, Hamilton KE, Chen J, Tan L, Chen EZ, Keilbaugh S, Fogt F, Bewtra M, Braun J, Xavier RJ, Clish CB, Slaff B, Weljie AM, Bushman FD, Lewis JD, Li H, Master SR, Bennett MJ, Nakagawa H, Wu GD. Mitochondrial dysfunction in inflammatory bowel disease alters intestinal epithelial metabolism of hepatic acylcarnitines. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:133371. [PMID: 33141762 DOI: 10.1172/jci133371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As the interface between the gut microbiota and the mucosal immune system, there has been great interest in the maintenance of colonic epithelial integrity through mitochondrial oxidation of butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid produced by the gut microbiota. Herein, we showed that the intestinal epithelium could also oxidize long-chain fatty acids, and that luminally delivered acylcarnitines in bile could be consumed via apical absorption by the intestinal epithelium, resulting in mitochondrial oxidation. Finally, intestinal inflammation led to mitochondrial dysfunction in the apical domain of the surface epithelium that may reduce the consumption of fatty acids, contributing to higher concentrations of fecal acylcarnitines in murine Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis and human inflammatory bowel disease. These results emphasized the importance of both the gut microbiota and the liver in the delivery of energy substrates for mitochondrial metabolism by the intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Smith
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sayaka A Ogawa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lillian Chau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kelly A Whelan
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kathryn E Hamilton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lu Tan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eric Z Chen
- Department of Informatics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sue Keilbaugh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Franz Fogt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Meenakshi Bewtra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jonathan Braun
- Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Clary B Clish
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Barry Slaff
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aalim M Weljie
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Frederic D Bushman
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James D Lewis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hongzhe Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephen R Master
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael J Bennett
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gary D Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Smith SA, Castañeda H. Nonimmigrant Others: Belonging, Precarity and Imperial Citizenship for Chuukese Migrants in Guam. PoLAR 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/plar.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Guo S, Wu X, Zheng J, Smith SA, Dong P, Xiao H. Identification of 4'-Demethyltangeretin as a Major Urinary Metabolite of Tangeretin in Mice and Its Anti-inflammatory Activities. J Agric Food Chem 2021; 69:4381-4391. [PMID: 33787243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study showed that oral administration of tangeretin (TAN) in mice resulted in the production of 4'-demethyltangeretin (4DT) as a major urinary metabolite. The anti-inflammatory efficacy of TAN and 4DT was determined in RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS). 4DT produced considerably stronger inhibition on the overproduction of prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide than TAN did at the same concentrations. Western blot and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses indicated that 4DT exerted more potent suppressive activity on the over-expression of interleukin-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 than TAN. Treatments with TAN and 4DT diminished LPS-stimulated nuclear factor κB (NFκB) translocation via suppressing the degradation of inhibitor κB (IκBα). Furthermore, both compounds attenuated mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and Akt signaling upregulated by LPS. Overall, our findings showed that TAN and 4DT inhibited the LPS-stimulated inflammatory response in macrophages by suppressing Akt/MAPKs/NFκB proinflammatory pathways, while 4DT showed more potent activity than TAN, its parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Guo
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst 01003, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Xian Wu
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst 01003, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford 45056, Ohio, United States
| | - Jinkai Zheng
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst 01003, Massachusetts, United States
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sarah A Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford 45056, Ohio, United States
| | - Ping Dong
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst 01003, Massachusetts, United States
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, Shandong, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst 01003, Massachusetts, United States
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McNeill MC, Wray J, Sala-Newby GB, Hindmarch CCT, Smith SA, Ebrahimighaei R, Newby AC, Bond M. Nuclear actin regulates cell proliferation and migration via inhibition of SRF and TEAD. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2020; 1867:118691. [PMID: 32119877 PMCID: PMC7262588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Actin dynamics regulate cell behaviour in response to physiological signals. Here we demonstrate a novel role for nuclear actin in inhibiting cell proliferation and migration. We demonstrate that physiological signals that elevate cAMP, which is anti-mitogenic in vascular smooth muscle cells, increases nuclear actin monomer levels. Expression of a nuclear-targeted polymerisation-defective actin mutant (NLS-ActinR62D) inhibited proliferation and migration. Preventing nuclear actin monomer accumulation by enhancing its nuclear export or polymerisation reversed the anti-mitogenic and anti-migratory effects of cAMP. Transcriptomic analysis identified repression of proliferation and migration associated genes regulated by serum response factor (SRF) and TEA Domain (TEAD) transcription factors. Accordingly, NLS-ActinR62D inhibited SRF and TEAD activity and target gene expression, and these effects were reversed by constitutively-active mutants of the TEAD and SRF co-factors YAP, TAZ and MKL1. In summary, intranuclear actin inhibits proliferation and migration by inhibiting YAP-TEAD and MKL-SRF activity. This mechanism explains the anti-mitogenic and anti-migratory properties of physiological signals that elevate cAMP. SUMMARY: McNeill et al show that increased levels of intranuclear actin monomer inhibit cell proliferation and migration by inhibiting MKL1-SRF and YAP/TAZ-TEAD-dependent gene expression. This mechanism mediates the anti-mitogenic and anti-migratory effects of physiological signals that elevate cyclic-AMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine C McNeill
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Jason Wray
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Graciela B Sala-Newby
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Charles C T Hindmarch
- Queen's Cardiopulmonary Unit (QCPU), Translational Institute of Medicine (TIME), Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Sarah A Smith
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Reza Ebrahimighaei
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Andrew C Newby
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Mark Bond
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK.
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Smith SA, Katzman F. The collective power of women's organisations in Chuuk, FSM. Glob Public Health 2020; 15:1144-1156. [PMID: 32267212 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2020.1751231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Achieving gender equality is a key component for improving global health, but how to do so remains a complex undertaking. Each community's experiences with gender inequality and vision for equality are historically and culturally specific, while also fitting larger global patterns. This is the case in Chuuk, Federated States of Micronesia, a group of islands suffering from the impacts of a long history integrating coloniser and locally formed patriarchal values. Chuukese women often see their roles as powerless and silent except when acting through women's groups. In recent decades, Chuukese women created an umbrella organisation for all women's groups, yielding more power to effect change. Derived from an ethnographic study of the Chuuk Women's Council (CWC), 1 focus group and 12 individual interviews were conducted with CWC members to explore women's experiences advancing gender equality on their terms. Findings demonstrate how the CWC lobbied for legal change, replaced inadequate health and social services, and changed community conversations about gender. The CWC received national and international resources, which became both supportive and disruptive to their efforts. Findings from this study have implications for global support of grassroots efforts to achieve gender equality, with lasting implications for gender equity in health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Smith
- Department of Public Health, NSB, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | - Falyn Katzman
- Department of Public Health, NSB, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, USA
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11
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Smith SA, Newby AC, Bond M. Ending Restenosis: Inhibition of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation by cAMP. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111447. [PMID: 31744111 PMCID: PMC6912325 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation contributes towards restenosis after angioplasty, vein graft intimal thickening and atherogenesis. The second messenger 3′ 5′ cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) plays an important role in maintaining VSMC quiescence in healthy vessels and repressing VSMC proliferation during resolution of vascular injury. Although the anti-mitogenic properties of cAMP in VSMC have been recognised for many years, it is only recently that we gained a detailed understanding of the underlying signalling mechanisms. Stimuli that elevate cAMP in VSMC inhibit G1-S phase cell cycle progression by inhibiting expression of cyclins and preventing S-Phase Kinase Associated Protein-2 (Skp2-mediated degradation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Early studies implicated inhibition of MAPK signalling, although this does not fully explain the anti-mitogenic effects of cAMP. The cAMP effectors, Protein Kinase A (PKA) and Exchange Protein Activated by cAMP (EPAC) act together to inhibit VSMC proliferation by inducing Cyclic-AMP Response Element Binding protein (CREB) activity and inhibiting members of the RhoGTPases, which results in remodelling of the actin cytoskeleton. Cyclic-AMP induced actin remodelling controls proliferation by modulating the activity of Serum Response Factor (SRF) and TEA Domain Transcription Factors (TEAD), which regulate expression of genes required for proliferation. Here we review recent research characterising these mechanisms, highlighting novel drug targets that may allow the anti-mitogenic properties of cAMP to be harnessed therapeutically to limit restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark Bond
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-117-3423586
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12
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Lyons LJ, Smith SA, Diaz O, Diaz H, Vickers A, Prospero C, Lee AG. Percutaneous transorbital embolization of a carotid cavernous fistula. Proc AMIA Symp 2019; 32:382-384. [PMID: 31384192 DOI: 10.1080/08998280.2019.1596502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This case report highlights utilization of image-guided, percutaneous transorbital direct cavernous sinus puncture to embolize an anteriorly draining carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) when conventional transarterial and transvenous approaches were not feasible. An 86-year-old man with a known posterior draining CCF developed acute unilateral proptosis, pain, and vision loss ("red-eyed shunt"). Cerebral angiogram revealed the dural CCF to be draining anteriorly into partially thrombosed ophthalmic veins. After failed transarterial and transvenous attempts, a percutaneous transorbital approach was used to successfully embolize the fistula using the Onyx Liquid Embolic System according to the visual needle path generated by the Seimens Syngo iGuide. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of percutaneous transorbital direct embolization of a CCF utilizing the Seimens Syngo iGuide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance J Lyons
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
| | - Sarah A Smith
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
| | - Orlando Diaz
- Department of Radiology, Houston Methodist HospitalHoustonTexas
| | - Humberto Diaz
- Department of Radiology, Houston Methodist HospitalHoustonTexas
| | - Aroucha Vickers
- Blanton Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonTexas
| | - Claudia Prospero
- Blanton Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonTexas
| | - Andrew G Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas.,Blanton Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonTexas.,Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNew York.,Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNew York.,Department of Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNew York.,Section of Ophthalmology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexas.,Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and ClinicsIowa CityIowa
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13
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Ebrahimighaei R, McNeill MC, Smith SA, Wray JP, Ford KL, Newby AC, Bond M. Elevated cyclic-AMP represses expression of exchange protein activated by cAMP (EPAC1) by inhibiting YAP-TEAD activity and HDAC-mediated histone deacetylation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2019; 1866:1634-1649. [PMID: 31255721 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ligand-induced activation of Exchange Protein Activated by cAMP-1 (EPAC1) is implicated in numerous physiological and pathological processes, including cardiac fibrosis where changes in EPAC1 expression have been detected. However, little is known about how EPAC1 expression is regulated. Therefore, we investigated regulation of EPAC1 expression by cAMP in cardiac fibroblasts. Elevation of cAMP using forskolin, cAMP-analogues or adenosine A2B-receptor activation significantly reduced EPAC1 mRNA and protein levels and inhibited formation of F-actin stress fibres. Inhibition of actin polymerisation with cytochalasin-D, latrunculin-B or the ROCK inhibitor, Y-27632, mimicked effects of cAMP on EPAC1 mRNA and protein levels. Elevated cAMP also inhibited activity of an EPAC1 promoter-reporter gene, which contained a consensus binding element for TEAD, which is a target for inhibition by cAMP. Inhibition of TEAD activity using siRNA-silencing of its co-factors YAP and TAZ, expression of dominant-negative TEAD or treatment with YAP-TEAD inhibitors, significantly inhibited EPAC1 expression. However, whereas expression of constitutively-active YAP completely reversed forskolin inhibition of EPAC1-promoter activity it did not rescue EPAC1 mRNA levels. Chromatin-immunoprecipitation detected a significant reduction in histone3-lysine27-acetylation at the EPAC1 proximal promoter in response to forskolin stimulation. HDAC1/3 inhibition partially reversed forskolin inhibition of EPAC1 expression, which was completely rescued by simultaneously expressing constitutively active YAP. Taken together, these data demonstrate that cAMP downregulates EPAC1 gene expression via disrupting the actin cytoskeleton, which inhibits YAP/TAZ-TEAD activity in concert with HDAC-mediated histone deacetylation at the EPAC1 proximal promoter. This represents a novel negative feedback mechanism controlling EPAC1 levels in response to cAMP elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ebrahimighaei
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Madeleine C McNeill
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Sarah A Smith
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Jason P Wray
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Kerrie L Ford
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Andrew C Newby
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Mark Bond
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK.
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14
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Reynolds BB, By S, Weinberg QR, Witt AA, Newton AT, Feiler HR, Ramkorun B, Clayton DB, Couture P, Martus JE, Adams M, Wellons JC, Smith SA, Bhatia A. Quantification of DTI in the Pediatric Spinal Cord: Application to Clinical Evaluation in a Healthy Patient Population. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2019; 40:1236-1241. [PMID: 31196859 PMCID: PMC7048550 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a6104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The purpose of the study is to characterize diffusion tensor imaging indices in the developing spinal cord, evaluating differences based on age and cord region. Describing the progression of DTI indices in the pediatric cord increases our understanding of spinal cord development. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed on DTI acquired in 121 pediatric patients (mean, 8.6 years; range, 0.3-18.0 years) at Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt from 2017 to 2018. Diffusion-weighted images (15 directions; b = 750 s/mm2; slice thickness, 5 mm; in-plane resolution, 1.0 × 1.0 mm2) were acquired on a 3T scanner in the cervicothoracic and/or thoracolumbar cord. Manual whole-cord segmentation was performed. Images were masked and further segmented into cervical, upper thoracic, thoracolumbar, and conus regions. Analyses of covariance were performed for each DTI-derived index to investigate how age affects diffusion across cord regions, and 95% confidence intervals were calculated across age for each derived index and region. Post hoc testing was performed to analyze regional differences. RESULTS Analyses of covariance revealed significant correlations of age with axial diffusivity, mean diffusivity, and fractional anisotropy (all, P < .001). There were also significant differences among cord regions for axial diffusivity, radial diffusivity, mean diffusivity, and fractional anisotropy (all, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS This research demonstrates that diffusion evolves in the pediatric spinal cord during development, dependent on both cord region and the diffusion index of interest. Future research could investigate how diffusion may be affected by common pediatric spinal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Reynolds
- Institute of Imaging Science (B.B.R., S.B., Q.R.W., A.A.W., A.T.N., H.R.F., B.R., S.A.S., A.B.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - S By
- Institute of Imaging Science (B.B.R., S.B., Q.R.W., A.A.W., A.T.N., H.R.F., B.R., S.A.S., A.B.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Q R Weinberg
- Institute of Imaging Science (B.B.R., S.B., Q.R.W., A.A.W., A.T.N., H.R.F., B.R., S.A.S., A.B.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - A A Witt
- Institute of Imaging Science (B.B.R., S.B., Q.R.W., A.A.W., A.T.N., H.R.F., B.R., S.A.S., A.B.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - A T Newton
- From the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (A.T.N., P.C., S.A.S., A.B.).,Pediatrics (A.T.N.).,Institute of Imaging Science (B.B.R., S.B., Q.R.W., A.A.W., A.T.N., H.R.F., B.R., S.A.S., A.B.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - H R Feiler
- Institute of Imaging Science (B.B.R., S.B., Q.R.W., A.A.W., A.T.N., H.R.F., B.R., S.A.S., A.B.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - B Ramkorun
- Institute of Imaging Science (B.B.R., S.B., Q.R.W., A.A.W., A.T.N., H.R.F., B.R., S.A.S., A.B.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - P Couture
- From the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (A.T.N., P.C., S.A.S., A.B.)
| | - J E Martus
- Division of Pediatric Orthopaedics (J.E.M.), Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - J C Wellons
- From the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (A.T.N., P.C., S.A.S., A.B.).,Department of Ophthalmology (S.A.S., J.C.W. III), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - S A Smith
- From the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (A.T.N., P.C., S.A.S., A.B.).,Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.A.S.).,Institute of Imaging Science (B.B.R., S.B., Q.R.W., A.A.W., A.T.N., H.R.F., B.R., S.A.S., A.B.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Ophthalmology (S.A.S., J.C.W. III), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - A Bhatia
- From the Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (A.T.N., P.C., S.A.S., A.B.) .,Institute of Imaging Science (B.B.R., S.B., Q.R.W., A.A.W., A.T.N., H.R.F., B.R., S.A.S., A.B.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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15
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Deen SS, Riemer F, McLean MA, Gill AB, Kaggie JD, Grist JT, Crawford R, Latimer J, Baldwin P, Earl HM, Parkinson CA, Smith SA, Hodgkin C, Moore E, Jimenez-Linan M, Brodie CR, Addley HC, Freeman SJ, Moyle PL, Sala E, Graves MJ, Brenton JD, Gallagher FA. Sodium MRI with 3D-cones as a measure of tumour cellularity in high grade serous ovarian cancer. Eur J Radiol Open 2019; 6:156-162. [PMID: 31032385 PMCID: PMC6477161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejro.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of rapid sodium MRI (23Na-MRI) for the imaging of peritoneal cancer deposits in high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) and to evaluate the relationship of 23Na-MRI with tumour cellularity. 23Na-MRI was performed at 3 T on twelve HGSOC patients using a 3D-cones acquisition technique. Tumour biopsies specimens were collected after imaging and cellularity was measured from histology. Total 23Na-MRI scan time for each patient was approximately 11 min. At an isotropic resolution of 5.6 mm, signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of 82.2 ± 15.3 and 15.1 ± 7.1 (mean ± standard deviation) were achieved for imaging of tumour tissue sodium concentration (TSC) and intracellular weighted sodium concentration (IWS) respectively. Tumour TSC and IWS concentrations were: 56.8 ± 19.1 mM and 30.8 ± 9.2 mM respectively and skeletal muscle TSC and IWS concentrations were 33.2 ± 16.3 mM and 20.5 ± 9.9 mM respectively. There were significant sodium concentration differences between cancer and skeletal muscle, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, P < 0.001 for TSC and P = 0.01 for IWS imaging. Tumour cellularity displayed a strong negative correlation with TSC, Spearman's rho = -0.92, P < 0.001, but did not correlate with IWS. This study demonstrates that 23Na-MRI using 3D-cones can rapidly assess sodium concentration in peritoneal deposits of HGSOC and that TSC may serve as a biomarker of tumour cellularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surrin S. Deen
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Riemer
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Mary A. McLean
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew B. Gill
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua D. Kaggie
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - James T. Grist
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Crawford
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - John Latimer
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Baldwin
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Helena M. Earl
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Christine A. Parkinson
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah A. Smith
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Hodgkin
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Moore
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Mercedes Jimenez-Linan
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Cara R. Brodie
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Helen C. Addley
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Susan J. Freeman
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Penelope L. Moyle
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Evis Sala
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J. Graves
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - James D. Brenton
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Ferdia A. Gallagher
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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16
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Mudri M, Smith SA, Vander Tuin C, Davidson J, Regnault TRH, Bütter A. Surgical technique for developing a rabbit model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia and tracheal occlusion. MethodsX 2019; 6:594-600. [PMID: 30976533 PMCID: PMC6441759 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The surgical model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) has been utilized in exploring treatments and innovative therapies, such as tracheal occlusion (TO). The rabbit is an excellent surgical model compared to others due to lower cost, ease of care, short gestational period, and large litter size. This model is also ideal in studying lung hypoplasia of CDH because rabbit lung development is most similar to humans as alveolarization begins prior to birth and continues post-natally. However, the surgical technique in creating a rabbit model of CDH is quite difficult and information is lacking on how to establish this model. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to describe: Surgical technique in establishing a rabbit model of CDH and TO Perioperative care for pregnant rabbit does
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mudri
- Division of General Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - S A Smith
- Division of General Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - C Vander Tuin
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Physiology & Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - J Davidson
- Division of Paediatric General Surgery, Children's Hospital London Health Science Centre, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - T R H Regnault
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Physiology & Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - A Bütter
- Division of Paediatric General Surgery, Children's Hospital London Health Science Centre, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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17
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Abstract
When a new biomedical hospital was built in Chuuk, women were encouraged to forgo home births and seek obstetric care. Chuuk's infrastructure deteriorated over time, however, and the hospital became known as the place of death. Women maintained faith in obstetric technology despite these conditions; they simply sought better technology in Guam or a US state. Yet, even upon migrating, women continued to suffer disproportionately poor birth outcomes. In this article, I explore how Chuukese women maintained faith in obstetric technology, elucidating the power of the "obstetric imaginary" in the context of neocolonial development, migration, and stratified reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Smith
- a Public Health Department , State University of New York College at Old Westbury , Old Westbury , New York , USA
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18
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Smith SA, Sessions RB, Shoemark DK, Williams C, Ebrahimighaei R, McNeill MC, Crump MP, McKay TR, Harris G, Newby AC, Bond M. Antiproliferative and Antimigratory Effects of a Novel YAP-TEAD Interaction Inhibitor Identified Using in Silico Molecular Docking. J Med Chem 2019; 62:1291-1305. [PMID: 30640473 PMCID: PMC6701825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The Hippo pathway is an important
regulator of cell growth, proliferation,
and migration. TEAD transcription factors, which lie at the core of
the Hippo pathway, are essential for regulation of organ growth and
wound repair. Dysregulation of TEAD and its regulatory cofactor Yes-associated
protein (YAP) have been implicated in numerous human cancers and hyperproliferative
pathological processes. Hence, the YAP–TEAD complex is a promising
therapeutic target. Here, we use in silico molecular docking using
Bristol University Docking Engine to screen a library of more than
8 million druglike molecules for novel disrupters of the YAP–TEAD
interaction. We report the identification of a novel compound (CPD3.1)
with the ability to disrupt YAP–TEAD protein–protein
interaction and inhibit TEAD activity, cell proliferation, and cell
migration. The YAP–TEAD complex is a viable drug target, and
CPD3.1 is a lead compound for the development of more potent TEAD
inhibitors for treating cancer and other hyperproliferative pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Smith
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Bristol , Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary , Bristol BS2 8HW , U.K
| | - Richard B Sessions
- School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences , University of Bristol , Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk , Bristol BS8 1TD , U.K
| | - Deborah K Shoemark
- School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences , University of Bristol , Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk , Bristol BS8 1TD , U.K
| | - Christopher Williams
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , U.K
| | - Reza Ebrahimighaei
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Bristol , Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary , Bristol BS2 8HW , U.K
| | - Madeleine C McNeill
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Bristol , Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary , Bristol BS2 8HW , U.K
| | - Matthew P Crump
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , U.K
| | - Tristan R McKay
- Centre for Bioscience , Manchester Metropolitan University , John Dalton Building , Manchester M1 5GD , U.K
| | - Gemma Harris
- Research Complex at Harwell , Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , Harwell Campus , Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA , U.K
| | - Andrew C Newby
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Bristol , Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary , Bristol BS2 8HW , U.K
| | - Mark Bond
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Bristol , Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary , Bristol BS2 8HW , U.K
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19
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Thomas R, Williams M, Cauchi M, Berkovitz S, Smith SA. A double-blind, randomised trial of a polyphenolic-rich nail bed balm for chemotherapy-induced onycholysis: the UK polybalm study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2018; 171:103-110. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-018-4788-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Abstract
The isolation of genes that predispose to familial disease is an important goal in cancer research. The identification of such genes « opens up » the possibility of genetic diagnosis in families so that individuals who are at risk of cancer through inheriting a predisposing mutation can be Identified. Genes that are involved in familial cancer syndromes may also be important in the pathogenesis of sporadic forms of the disease, which are often more common. In the search for genes that predispose to familial breast and ovarian cancer much recent progress has been made. A locus on the long arm of chromosome 17, in the interval 17q12-21, has been identified by genetic linkage, and appears to be responsible for disease in approximately 40 % of breast cancer families and most families that contain breast and ovarian cancer. The region containing this locus, which has been called BRCA1, has been narrowed to a 3-4 cM interval defined by THRA1, the thyroid hormone receptor locus alpha, and D17S183, an anonymous microsatellite polymorphism. Loci other than BRCA1 that have been identified appear not only to predispose to breast and/or ovarian tumors, but to tumors at other sites too. A new locus has been identified on chromosome 2 which is linked to hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). Families with HNPCC are also at risk of endometrial cancer and tumors of the ovary, amongst other cancer sites. Finally, mutations in the p53 gene are inherited in families with Li-Fraumeni syndrome, a rare cancer syndrome predisposing to breast tumors, sarcomas, leukemia and other cancers. Li-Fraumeni syndrome is also the only inherited cancer syndrome that predisposes at least in part to breast cancer where the actual predisposing gene is known. For the other cancer syndromes, the cloning of the predisposing genes is eagerly awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
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21
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Smith SA. Chuukese Patients, Dual Role Interpreters, and Confidentiality: Exploring Clinic Interpretation Services for Reproductive Health Patients. Hawaii J Med Public Health 2018; 77:83-88. [PMID: 29637014 PMCID: PMC5883252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This exploratory study analyzes limited English proficient (LEP) Chuukese patients' perspectives on dual-role interpreters in Guam and Chuuk. Methods included ethnographic observations of encounters with health care workers (HCWs) and 225 female Chuukese patients seeking reproductive healthcare in community health clinics: 126 women in Guam and 99 women in Chuuk. Ethnographic observations were supplemented by semi-structured interviews with 26 HCWs, and life history interviews with 15 Chuukese transnational migrant women. Notes from interview transcripts and observations were analyzed using critical interpretive and grounded theory. Findings demonstrated that Chuukese LEP patients need and at times want interpreters in order to understand their healthcare visits. In the absence of professional interpreters, ad-hoc interpreters (family interpreters and employees of the clinic) are an important resource. However, social and cultural concerns with community confidentiality influenced patient trust of staff interpreters. This lack of trust can limit access to health care overall, as some patients may avoid seeking care to prevent their confidential health information being disclosed. These complexities in interpretation must be considered in order for clinics to provide optimal care for the communities they serve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Smith
- State University of New York Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY
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22
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Walladbegi J, Smith SA, Grayson AK, Murdoch C, Jontell M, Colley HE. Cooling of the oral mucosa to prevent adverse effects of chemotherapeutic agents: An in vitro study. J Oral Pathol Med 2018; 47:477-483. [PMID: 29469972 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cytotoxic effect of chemotherapeutic agents to the oral mucosa, as a side effect of cancer treatment, is a major problem. Cooling the oral mucosa using ice chips in conjunction with chemotherapy is known to reduce the severity of oral mucositis. However, although the use of ice chips is of clinical value, this method of cooling has inherent problems including discomfort for the patient, non-uniformity and fluctuations in cooling temperature throughout the oral cavity. Furthermore, despite being used clinically, it is not known what reduction in temperature is required to prevent oral mucositis. The aim of this study was therefore to determine in vitro if the cytotoxic effect of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on the oral mucosa could be reduced by lowering the temperature during chemotherapeutic treatment. METHODS Tissue-engineered oral mucosal (TEOM) models were incubated at 20, 25, 30 or 35°C for 30 minutes followed by exposure to a clinically relevant concentration of 5-FU (162 μg/mL) for 2 hours and compared with untreated models (35°C). Cell viability and inflammatory cytokine production (IL-6 and TNF-α) were measured using PrestoBlue® and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS TEOM models incubated at 20°C showed an increased cell viability and had a reduced IL-6 and TNF-α production compared to models treated with 5-FU incubated at 35°C. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates a reduced cytotoxic effect to the TEOM by reducing the temperature of the tissue during chemotherapy treatment and suggests that decreasing the temperature to 20°C could have clinical advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Java Walladbegi
- Department of Oral Medicine & Pathology, Institute of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sarah A Smith
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Amy K Grayson
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Craig Murdoch
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Mats Jontell
- Department of Oral Medicine & Pathology, Institute of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helen E Colley
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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23
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Smith SA, Colley HE, Sharma P, Slowik KM, Sison-Young R, Sneddon A, Webb SD, Murdoch C. Expression and enzyme activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 in human skin and tissue-engineered skin equivalents. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:473-475. [PMID: 29227563 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
CYP3A4 and CYP4A5 share specificity for a wide range of xenobiotics with the CYP3 subfamily collectively involved in the biotransformation of approximately 30% of all drugs. CYP3A4/5 mRNA transcripts have been reported in the skin, yet knowledge of their protein expression and function is lacking. In this study, we observed gene and protein expression of CYP3A4/5 in both human skin and tissue-engineered skin equivalents (TESEs), and enzyme activity was detected using the model substrate benzyl-O-methyl-cyanocoumarin. Mass spectrometric analysis of TESE lysates following testosterone application revealed a time-dependent increase in metabolite production, confirming the functional expression of these enzymes in skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Smith
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Helen E Colley
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Parveen Sharma
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Klaudia M Slowik
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Rowena Sison-Young
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew Sneddon
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Steven D Webb
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Craig Murdoch
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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24
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Lawson C, Smith SA, O'Brien M, McMichael M. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Plasma from Dogs with Immune-mediated Hemolytic Anemia. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 32:128-134. [PMID: 29214674 PMCID: PMC5787156 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are part of the innate immune response and are essential in local pathogen control, but are associated with pathological inflammation, organ damage, autoimmunity, and thrombosis. Immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is a pro‐inflammatory, prothrombotic disease associated with high mortality. Hypothesis/Objectives Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are a feature of the inflammatory process in dogs with IMHA. The objective of the study was to evaluate plasma from dogs with IMHA for the presence of 2 indirect markers and 1 direct marker of NETs. Animals Healthy client‐owned dogs (56) and hospitalized dogs with IMHA (n = 35). Methods Prospective study. Plasma samples for all dogs were evaluated for cell‐free DNA using a fluorescence assay, histone‐DNA (hisDNA) complex using an ELISA, and citrullinated histone H3 (specific for NETosis) using Western blot. Reference intervals were generated using plasma from healthy dogs. Results In dogs with IMHA, cell‐free DNA concentration was above the reference interval in 17% of samples with a median (range) of 1.0 μg/mL (0.1–17.3), and hisDNA concentration was above the reference interval in 94% of samples with a median (range) of 30.7 × pooled normal plasma (PNP; 0.6–372.1). Western blot for citrullinated histone H3 identified detectable bands in 84% samples from dogs with IMHA. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The assay for cell‐free DNA detected evidence of NETs in fewer dogs than did the other approaches. Excessive NETs appears to be a feature of IMHA in dogs and contributions to the prothrombotic state deserve further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lawson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL
| | - S A Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL
| | - M O'Brien
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL
| | - M McMichael
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL
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Smith SA, Visram S, O’Malley C, Summerbell C, Araujo-Soares V, Hillier-Brown F, Lake AA. Designing equitable workplace dietary interventions: perceptions of intervention deliverers. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:808. [PMID: 29037187 PMCID: PMC5644102 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4810-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Workplaces are a good setting for interventions that aim to support workers in achieving a healthier diet and body weight. However, little is known about the factors that impact on the feasibility and implementation of these interventions, and how these might vary by type of workplace and type of worker. The aim of this study was to explore the views of those involved in commissioning and delivering the Better Health at Work Award, an established and evidence-based workplace health improvement programme. METHODS One-to-one semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 individuals in North East England who had some level of responsibility for delivering workplace dietary interventions. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic framework analysis. RESULTS A number of factors were felt to promote the feasibility and implementation of interventions. These included interventions that were cost-neutral (to employee and employer), unstructured, involved colleagues for support, took place at lunchtimes, and were well-advertised and communicated via a variety of media. Offering incentives, not necessarily monetary, was perceived to increase recruitment rates. Factors that militate against feasibility and implementation of interventions included worksites that were large in size and remote, working patterns including shifts and working outside of normal working hours that were not conducive to workers being able to access intervention sessions, workplaces without appropriate provision for healthy food on site, and a lack of support from management. CONCLUSIONS Intervention deliverers perceived that workplace dietary interventions should be equally and easily accessible (in terms of cost and timing of sessions) for all staff, regardless of their job role. Additional effort should be taken to ensure those staff working outside normal working hours, and those working off-site, can easily engage with any intervention, to avoid the risk of intervention-generated inequalities (IGIs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Smith
- Fuse, UKCRC Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, Newcastle, UK
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University Queen’s Campus, Stockton-On-Tees, UK
| | - Shelina Visram
- Fuse, UKCRC Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, Newcastle, UK
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Claire O’Malley
- Fuse, UKCRC Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, Newcastle, UK
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University Queen’s Campus, Stockton-On-Tees, UK
| | - Carolyn Summerbell
- Fuse, UKCRC Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, Newcastle, UK
- School of Applied Social Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Vera Araujo-Soares
- Fuse, UKCRC Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, Newcastle, UK
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Frances Hillier-Brown
- Fuse, UKCRC Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, Newcastle, UK
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Amelia A. Lake
- Fuse, UKCRC Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, Newcastle, UK
- Department of Science, School of Science, Engineering and Design, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
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26
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Chandramohan A, Thrower A, Smith SA, Shah N, Moran B. "PAUSE": a method for communicating radiological extent of peritoneal malignancy. Clin Radiol 2017; 72:972-980. [PMID: 28778454 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Radiology reports of diffuse peritoneal disease should address key findings pertinent to the management of these patients. The reporting of radiology findings in patients with peritoneal malignancy is currently variable and poorly standardised. Using the acronym "PAUSE" we emphasise the key imaging features that a radiology report should include in a patient with peritoneal malignancy, focussing on the key elements determining feasibility and likely prognosis of surgery and potential benefits from cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). The term "PAUSE" incorporates the following: P, primary tumour and peritoneal carcinomatosis index (PCI) as estimated by imaging; A, ascites and abdominal wall involvement; U, unfavourable sites of involvement; S, small bowel and mesenteric disease; E, extra peritoneal metastases. Thus, "PAUSE" has the potential to standardise radiology reporting in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chandramohan
- Department of Radiology, Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, RG24 9NA, UK; Department of Radiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.
| | - A Thrower
- Department of Radiology, Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, RG24 9NA, UK
| | - S A Smith
- Department of Radiology, Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, RG24 9NA, UK
| | - N Shah
- Department of Radiology, Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, RG24 9NA, UK
| | - B Moran
- Department of Surgery, Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, RG24 9NA, UK
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27
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Lake AA, Smith SA, Bryant CE, Alinia S, Brandt K, Seal CJ, Tetens I. Exploring the dynamics of a free fruit at work intervention. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:839. [PMID: 27542384 PMCID: PMC4992262 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3500-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The workplace has been identified as an ideal setting for health interventions. However, few UK-based workplace intervention studies have been published. Fewer still focus on the practicalities and implications when running an intervention within the workplace setting. The objective of this paper was to qualitatively determine the perceived behaviour changes of participants in a free fruit at work intervention. Understanding the dynamics of a workplace intervention and establishing any limitations of conducting an intervention in a workplace setting were also explored. Methods Twenty-three face-to-face interviews were conducted with individuals receiving free fruit at work for 18 weeks (74 % female). The worksite was the offices of a regional local government in the North East of England. Analysis was guided theoretically by Grounded Theory research and the data were subjected to content analysis. The transcripts were read repeatedly and cross-compared to develop a coding framework and derive dominant themes. Results Topics explored included: the workplace food environment; the effect of the intervention on participants and on other related health behaviours; the effect of the intervention on others; participant’s fruit consumption; reasons for not taking part in the intervention; expectations and sustainability post-intervention; and how to make the workplace healthier. Five emergent themes included: the office relationship with food; desk based eating; males and peer support; guilt around consumption of unhealthy foods; and the type of workplace influencing the acceptability of future interventions. Conclusion Exploring the perceptions of participants offered valued insights into the dynamics of a free fruit workplace intervention. Findings suggest that access and availability are both barriers and facilitators to encouraging healthy eating in the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia A Lake
- Centre for Public Policy & Health, School of Medicine & Health, Wolfson Research Institute, Durham University, Queen's Campus, Thornaby, Stockton-on-Tees, TS17 6BH, UK. .,Department of Nutrition, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, Søborg, DK-2860, Denmark. .,Fuse-The UKCRC Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
| | - Sarah A Smith
- Centre for Public Policy & Health, School of Medicine & Health, Wolfson Research Institute, Durham University, Queen's Campus, Thornaby, Stockton-on-Tees, TS17 6BH, UK.,Department of Nutrition, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, Søborg, DK-2860, Denmark
| | - Charlotte E Bryant
- Department of Nutrition, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, Søborg, DK-2860, Denmark
| | - Sevil Alinia
- Department of Nutrition, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, Søborg, DK-2860, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Brandt
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Chris J Seal
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.,Fuse-The UKCRC Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Inge Tetens
- Department of Nutrition, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, Søborg, DK-2860, Denmark
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28
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Abstract
While we have understood the basic outline of the enzymes and reactions that make up the traditional blood coagulation cascade for many years, recently our appreciation of the complexity of these interactions has greatly increased. This has resulted in unofficial 'revisions' of the coagulation cascade to include new amplification pathways and connections between the standard coagulation cascade enzymes, as well as the identification of extensive connections between the immune system and the coagulation cascade. The discovery that polyphosphate is stored in platelet dense granules and is secreted during platelet activation has resulted in a recent burst of interest in the role of this ancient molecule in human biology. Here we review the increasingly complex role of platelet polyphosphate in hemostasis, thrombosis, and inflammation that has been uncovered in recent years, as well as novel therapeutics centered on modulating polyphosphate's roles in coagulation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Travers
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - S A Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - J H Morrissey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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29
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Smith SA, Lake AA, Summerbell C, Araujo-Soares V, Hillier-Brown F. The effectiveness of workplace dietary interventions: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev 2016; 5:20. [PMID: 26842069 PMCID: PMC4740991 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-016-0200-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lack of evidence of the role of workplaces as settings for behaviour change delivery and the failure to recognise and address the complexity of the work environment has been acknowledged. This systematic review and meta-analysis will identify the effectiveness of dietary interventions in the workplace facilitating an understanding of what works, why and how by identifying key components of and examining the theoretical models of behaviour change underpinning successful dietary interventions in the workplace. METHODS/DESIGN We will conduct searches in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, CENTRAL and PubMed for studies that assess dietary interventions based within workplace settings in any country, of any length of time or duration of follow-up. We will include all randomised controlled trials (RCTs), non-randomised controlled trials (NRCTs), controlled before-after studies (CBAs) and interrupted time series (ITS) studies with a control group. Risk of bias of included studies will be assessed using a tool adapted from the Cochrane Public Health Review Group's recommended Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. Meta-analysis will be conducted if appropriate, or a narrative synthesis will be conducted following the ESRC Narrative Synthesis Guidance. DISCUSSION This paper outlines the study protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis that will identify, critically appraise, and summarise the relevant evidence on the effectiveness and implications of interventions to promote healthier dietary behaviours in the workplace. This review will give an overview of the evidence and provide a guide for development of interventions promoting dietary behaviour change in workplaces. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42015015175.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Smith
- Fuse, UKCRC Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, Newcastle, UK. .,School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, Queen's Campus, Stockton-On-Tees, UK.
| | - Amelia A Lake
- Fuse, UKCRC Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, Newcastle, UK. .,School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, Queen's Campus, Stockton-On-Tees, UK.
| | - Carolyn Summerbell
- Fuse, UKCRC Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, Newcastle, UK. .,School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, Queen's Campus, Stockton-On-Tees, UK.
| | - Vera Araujo-Soares
- Fuse, UKCRC Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, Newcastle, UK. .,Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
| | - Frances Hillier-Brown
- Fuse, UKCRC Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, Newcastle, UK. .,School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, Queen's Campus, Stockton-On-Tees, UK.
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30
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Wu GD, Compher C, Chen EZ, Smith SA, Shah RD, Bittinger K, Chehoud C, Albenberg LG, Nessel L, Gilroy E, Star J, Weljie AM, Flint HJ, Metz DC, Bennett MJ, Li H, Bushman FD, Lewis JD. Comparative metabolomics in vegans and omnivores reveal constraints on diet-dependent gut microbiota metabolite production. Gut 2016; 65:63-72. [PMID: 25431456 PMCID: PMC4583329 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The consumption of an agrarian diet is associated with a reduced risk for many diseases associated with a 'Westernised' lifestyle. Studies suggest that diet affects the gut microbiota, which subsequently influences the metabolome, thereby connecting diet, microbiota and health. However, the degree to which diet influences the composition of the gut microbiota is controversial. Murine models and studies comparing the gut microbiota in humans residing in agrarian versus Western societies suggest that the influence is large. To separate global environmental influences from dietary influences, we characterised the gut microbiota and the host metabolome of individuals consuming an agrarian diet in Western society. DESIGN AND RESULTS Using 16S rRNA-tagged sequencing as well as plasma and urinary metabolomic platforms, we compared measures of dietary intake, gut microbiota composition and the plasma metabolome between healthy human vegans and omnivores, sampled in an urban USA environment. Plasma metabolome of vegans differed markedly from omnivores but the gut microbiota was surprisingly similar. Unlike prior studies of individuals living in agrarian societies, higher consumption of fermentable substrate in vegans was not associated with higher levels of faecal short chain fatty acids, a finding confirmed in a 10-day controlled feeding experiment. Similarly, the proportion of vegans capable of producing equol, a soy-based gut microbiota metabolite, was less than that was reported in Asian societies despite the high consumption of soy-based products. CONCLUSIONS Evidently, residence in globally distinct societies helps determine the composition of the gut microbiota that, in turn, influences the production of diet-dependent gut microbial metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary D Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charlene Compher
- School of Nursing, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eric Z Chen
- Departments of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sarah A Smith
- Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rachana D Shah
- Divisions of Endocrinolgy, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kyle Bittinger
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christel Chehoud
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lindsey G Albenberg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lisa Nessel
- Departments of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Erin Gilroy
- Departments of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Julie Star
- Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aalim M Weljie
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Harry J Flint
- Microbiology Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - David C Metz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael J Bennett
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hongzhe Li
- Departments of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Frederic D Bushman
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James D Lewis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Departments of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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31
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McMichael MA, O'Brien M, Smith SA. Hypercoagulability in dogs with blastomycosis. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:499-504. [PMID: 25818206 PMCID: PMC4895520 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blastomycosis is a potentially fatal fungal disease that most commonly affects humans and dogs. The organism causes systemic inflammation and has a predilection for the lungs. The inflammation might lead to a hypercoagulable state with microemboli in the pulmonary circulation which could contribute to inadequate oxygen exchange in infected dogs. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Dogs with blastomycosis will be hypercoagulable compared with healthy case-matched controls. ANIMALS Client-owned dogs with a diagnosis of blastomycosis (n = 23) and healthy case-matched controls (n = 23). METHODS Prospective case-controlled study of client-owned dogs presented to a veterinary teaching hospital with clinical signs compatible with blastomycosis. Complete blood counts, fibrinogen, PT, aPTT, thromboelastometry (TE), thrombin antithrombin complexes (TAT), and thrombin generation were evaluated. RESULTS Cases had a leukocytosis compared with controls [mean (SD) 16.6 (7.6) × 10(3)/μL versus 8.2 (1.8) × 10(3)/μL, P < .001], hyperfibrinogenemia [median 784 mg/dL, range 329-1,443 versus median 178 mg/dL, range 82-257, P < .001], and increased TAT concentrations [mean (SD) 9.0 (5.7) μg/L versus 2.0 (2.8) μg/L, P < .001]. As compared to controls, cases were also hypercoagulable as evaluated by thromboelastometry and had increased in vitro thrombin generation on calibrated automated thrombography. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Hypercoagulability occurs in dogs with systemic blastomycosis. Additional studies are needed to explore a possible contribution of thrombogenicity to the clinical manifestations of systemic blastomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A McMichael
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
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Fogelson SB, Yanong RPE, Kane A, Teal CN, Berzins IK, Smith SA, Brown C, Camus A. Gross, histological and ultrastructural morphology of the aglomerular kidney in the lined seahorse Hippocampus erectus. J Fish Biol 2015; 87:805-813. [PMID: 26333141 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Histologic evaluation of the renal system in the lined seahorse Hippocampus erectus reveals a cranial kidney with low to moderate cellularity, composed of a central dorsal aorta, endothelial lined capillary sinusoids, haematopoietic tissue, fine fibrovascular stroma, ganglia and no nephrons. In comparison, the caudal kidney is moderately to highly cellular with numerous highly convoluted epithelial lined tubules separated by interlacing haematopoietic tissue, no glomeruli, fine fibrovascular stroma, numerous capillary sinusoids, corpuscles of Stannius and clusters of endocrine cells adjacent to large calibre vessels. Ultrastructural evaluation of the renal tubules reveals minimal variability of the tubule epithelium throughout the length of the nephron and the majority of tubules are characterized by epithelial cells with few apical microvilli, elaborate basal membrane infolding, rare electron dense granules and abundant supporting collagenous matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Fogelson
- University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 501 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A
| | - R P E Yanong
- University of Florida School of Forest Resources & Conservation, Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory, 1408 24th St Southeast, Ruskin, FL 33570, U.S.A
| | - A Kane
- University of Florida, Aquatic Pathobiology Laboratory, 1379 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, FL 32608, U.S.A
| | - C N Teal
- University of Florida, Aquatic Pathobiology Laboratory, 1379 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, FL 32608, U.S.A
| | - I K Berzins
- One Water, One Health, LLC, 8214 Golden Valley Rd, Golden Valley, MN 55427, U.S.A
| | - S A Smith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, U.S.A
| | - C Brown
- University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 501 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A
| | - A Camus
- University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 501 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A
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Rhodes DM, Smith SA, Holcombe M, Qwarnstrom EE. Computational Modelling of NF-κB Activation by IL-1RI and Its Co-Receptor TILRR, Predicts a Role for Cytoskeletal Sequestration of IκBα in Inflammatory Signalling. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129888. [PMID: 26110282 PMCID: PMC4482363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B) is activated by Toll-like receptors and controlled by mechanotransduction and changes in the cytoskeleton. In this study we combine 3-D predictive protein modelling and in vitro experiments with in silico simulations to determine the role of the cytoskeleton in regulation of NF-κB. Simulations used a comprehensive agent-based model of the NF-κB pathway, which includes the type 1 IL-1 receptor (IL-1R1) complex and signalling intermediates, as well as cytoskeletal components. Agent based modelling relies on in silico reproductions of systems through the interactions of its components, and provides a reliable tool in investigations of biological processes, which require spatial considerations and involve complex formation and translocation of regulatory components. We show that our model faithfully reproduces the multiple steps comprising the NF-κB pathway, and provides a framework from which we can explore novel aspects of the system. The analysis, using 3-D predictive protein modelling and in vitro assays, demonstrated that the NF-κB inhibitor, IκBα is sequestered to the actin/spectrin complex within the cytoskeleton of the resting cell, and released during IL-1 stimulation, through a process controlled by the IL-1RI co-receptor TILRR (Toll-like and IL-1 receptor regulator). In silico simulations using the agent-based model predict that the cytoskeletal pool of IκBα is released to adjust signal amplification in relation to input levels. The results suggest that the process provides a mechanism for signal calibration and enables efficient, activation-sensitive regulation of NF-κB and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Rhodes
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, Medical School, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah A. Smith
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, Medical School, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Holcombe
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Eva E. Qwarnstrom
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, Medical School, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP), a linear polymer of phosphates, is present in many infectious microorganisms and is secreted by mast cells and platelets. PolyP has recently been shown to accelerate blood clotting and slow fibrinolysis, in a manner that is highly dependent on polymer length. Very long-chain polyP (of the type present in microorganisms) is an especially potent trigger of the contact pathway, enhances the proinflammatory activity of histones, and may participate in host responses to pathogens. PolyP also inhibits complement, providing another link between polyP and inflammation/innate immunity. Platelet-size polyP (which is considerably shorter) accelerates factor V activation, opposes the anticoagulant action of tissue factor pathway inhibitor, modulates fibrin clot structure, and promotes factor XI activation. PolyP may have utility in treating bleeding. It is also a potential target for the development of antithrombotic drugs with a novel mechanism of action and potentially fewer bleeding side effects compared with conventional anticoagulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Morrissey
- Biochemistry Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - S A Smith
- Biochemistry Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Omlin A, Jones RJ, van der Noll R, Satoh T, Niwakawa M, Smith SA, Graham J, Ong M, Finkelman RD, Schellens JHM, Zivi A, Crespo M, Riisnaes R, Nava-Rodrigues D, Malone MD, Dive C, Sloane R, Moore D, Alumkal JJ, Dymond A, Dickinson PA, Ranson M, Clack G, de Bono J, Elliott T. AZD3514, an oral selective androgen receptor down-regulator in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer - results of two parallel first-in-human phase I studies. Invest New Drugs 2015; 33:679-90. [PMID: 25920479 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-015-0235-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AZD3514 is a first-in-class, orally bio-available, androgen-dependent and -independent androgen receptor inhibitor and selective androgen-receptor down-regulator (SARD). METHODS In study 1 and 2, castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients (pts) were initially recruited into a once daily (QD) oral schedule (A). In study 1, pharmacokinetic assessments led to twice daily (BID) dosing (schedule B) to increase exposure. Study 2 explored a once daily schedule. RESULTS In study 1, 49 pts were treated with escalating doses of AZD3514 (A 35 pts, B 14 pts). Starting doses were 100 mg (A) and 1000 mg (B). The AZD3514 formulation was switched from capsules to tablets at 1000 mg QD. 2000 mg BID was considered non-tolerable due to grade (G) 2 toxicities (nausea [N], vomiting [V]). No adverse events (AEs) met the dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) definition. Thirteen pts received AZD3514 in study 2, with starting doses of 250 mg QD. The most frequent drug-related AEs were N: G1/2 in 55/70 pts (79 %); G3 in 1 pt (1.4 %); & V: G1/2 in 34/70 pts (49 %) & G3 in 1 pt (1.4 %). PSA declines (≥50 %) were documented in 9/70 patients (13 %). Objective soft tissue responses per RECIST1.1 were observed in 4/24 (17 %) pts in study 1. CONCLUSION AZD3514 has moderate anti-tumour activity in pts with advanced CRPC but with significant levels of nausea and vomiting. However, anti-tumour activity as judged by significant PSA declines, objective responses and durable disease stabilisations, provides the rationale for future development of SARD compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Omlin
- Prostate Targeted Therapy Group and Drug Development Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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Rideout RM, Smith SA, Morgan MJ. High-density aggregations of rodlet cells in the gonads of Greenland halibut Reinhardtius hippoglossoides, a deep-water marine flatfish. J Fish Biol 2015; 86:1630-1637. [PMID: 25943150 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Large aggregations of rodlet cells in the gonads of male and female Greenland halibut Reinhardtius hippoglossoides are reported for the first time. These rodlet cells were not arranged epithelially but rather were found throughout the connective tissue between oocytes (females) or within lymphatic spaces between testicular lobules (males). The reason for large aggregations of rodlet cells in the gonads and not other tissues of this species is uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Rideout
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, P. O. Box 5667, St John's, NL, A1C 5X1, Canada
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37
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Smith SA, McCarthy DT. Ultrasound and central venous catheterization: platelets and pennies. Br J Anaesth 2015; 114:852. [PMID: 25904615 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aev085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Hauptmann M, Fossa SD, Stovall M, van Leeuwen FE, Johannesen TB, Rajaraman P, Gilbert ES, Smith SA, Weathers RE, Aleman BMP, Andersson M, Curtis RE, Dores GM, Fraumeni JF, Hall P, Holowaty EJ, Joensuu H, Kaijser M, Kleinerman RA, Langmark F, Lynch CF, Pukkala E, Storm HH, Vaalavirta L, van den Belt-Dusebout AW, Travis LB, Morton LM. Increased stomach cancer risk following radiotherapy for testicular cancer. Br J Cancer 2015; 112:44-51. [PMID: 25349972 PMCID: PMC4453604 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abdominal radiotherapy for testicular cancer (TC) increases risk for second stomach cancer, although data on the radiation dose-response relationship are sparse. METHODS In a cohort of 22,269 5-year TC survivors diagnosed during 1959-1987, doses to stomach subsites were estimated for 92 patients who developed stomach cancer and 180 matched controls. Chemotherapy details were recorded. Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated using logistic regression. RESULTS Cumulative incidence of second primary stomach cancer was 1.45% at 30 years after TC diagnosis. The TC survivors who received radiotherapy (87 (95%) cases, 151 (84%) controls) had a 5.9-fold (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.7-20.7) increased risk of stomach cancer. Risk increased with increasing stomach dose (P-trend<0.001), with an OR of 20.5 (3.7-114.3) for ⩾50.0 Gy compared with <10 Gy. Radiation-related risks remained elevated ⩾20 years after exposure (P<0.001). Risk after any chemotherapy was not elevated (OR=1.1; 95% CI 0.5-2.5; 14 cases and 23 controls). CONCLUSIONS Radiotherapy for TC involving parts of the stomach increased gastric cancer risk for several decades, with the highest risks after stomach doses of ⩾30 Gy. Clinicians should be aware of these excesses when previously irradiated TC survivors present with gastrointestinal symptoms and when any radiotherapy is considered in newly diagnosed TC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hauptmann
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S D Fossa
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Stovall
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - F E van Leeuwen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - P Rajaraman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - E S Gilbert
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S A Smith
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R E Weathers
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - B M P Aleman
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Andersson
- Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R E Curtis
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - G M Dores
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - J F Fraumeni
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - P Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E J Holowaty
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - H Joensuu
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Kaijser
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R A Kleinerman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - C F Lynch
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - E Pukkala
- Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki, Finland
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - H H Storm
- Cancer Prevention and Documentation, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L Vaalavirta
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A W van den Belt-Dusebout
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L B Travis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - L M Morton
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Dores GM, Curtis RE, van Leeuwen FE, Stovall M, Hall P, Lynch CF, Smith SA, Weathers RE, Storm HH, Hodgson DC, Kleinerman RA, Joensuu H, Johannesen TB, Andersson M, Holowaty EJ, Kaijser M, Pukkala E, Vaalavirta L, Fossa SD, Langmark F, Travis LB, Fraumeni JF, Aleman BM, Morton LM, Gilbert ES. Pancreatic cancer risk after treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma. Ann Oncol 2014; 25:2073-2079. [PMID: 25185241 PMCID: PMC4176454 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although elevated risks of pancreatic cancer have been observed in long-term survivors of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), no prior study has assessed the risk of second pancreatic cancer in relation to radiation dose and specific chemotherapeutic agents. PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted an international case-control study within a cohort of 19 882 HL survivors diagnosed from 1953 to 2003 including 36 cases and 70 matched controls. RESULTS Median ages at HL and pancreatic cancer diagnoses were 47 and 60.5 years, respectively; median time to pancreatic cancer was 19 years. Pancreatic cancer risk increased with increasing radiation dose to the pancreatic tumor location (Ptrend = 0.005) and increasing number of alkylating agent (AA)-containing cycles of chemotherapy (Ptrend = 0.008). The odds ratio (OR) for patients treated with both subdiaphragmatic radiation (≥10 Gy) and ≥6 AA-containing chemotherapy cycles (13 cases, 6 controls) compared with patients with neither treatment was 17.9 (95% confidence interval 3.5-158). The joint effect of these two treatments was significantly greater than additive (P = 0.041) and nonsignificantly greater than multiplicative (P = 0.29). Especially high risks were observed among patients receiving ≥8400 mg/m(2) of procarbazine with nitrogen mustard or ≥3900 mg/m(2) of cyclophosphamide. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates for the first time that both radiotherapy and chemotherapy substantially increase pancreatic cancer risks among HL survivors treated in the past. These findings extend the range of nonhematologic cancers associated with chemotherapy and add to the evidence that the combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy can lead to especially large risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Dores
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, USA.
| | - R E Curtis
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda
| | - F E van Leeuwen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Stovall
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston,USA
| | - P Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C F Lynch
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - S A Smith
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston,USA
| | - R E Weathers
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston,USA
| | - H H Storm
- Cancer Prevention and Documentation, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - D C Hodgson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto,Canada
| | - R A Kleinerman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda
| | - H Joensuu
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - M Andersson
- Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - E J Holowaty
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto,Canada
| | - M Kaijser
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Pukkala
- Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki and School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - L Vaalavirta
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S D Fossa
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - L B Travis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester,USA
| | - J F Fraumeni
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda
| | - B M Aleman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L M Morton
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda
| | - E S Gilbert
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda
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Smith SA. Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction: An Intervention to Enhance the Effectiveness of Nurses' Coping With Work-Related Stress. Int J Nurs Knowl 2014; 25:119-30. [DOI: 10.1111/2047-3095.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Smith
- School of Nursing; University of Hawaii Hilo; Hilo Hawaii
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Smith SA, Haig D, Emes RD. Novel ovine polymorphisms and adaptive evolution in mammalian TLR2 suggest existence of multiple pathogen binding regions. Gene 2014; 540:217-25. [PMID: 24582976 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors initiate inflammatory responses following the recognition of a wide repertoire of pathogens including bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. They are composed of an extracellular leucine-rich repeat domain responsible for detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns, a membrane spanning region and an intracellular Toll/Interleukin 1 receptor domain which invokes signal transduction. Toll-like receptor 2 is the most diverse of these receptors as it recognises infectious agents from a range of pathogenic groups. Over 1400 breeds of sheep exist worldwide that inhabit a diverse range of environments, which leads to the potential contact with a wide variety of pathogens likely detected by Toll-like receptor 2. In this study, we evaluated the extent of both long term evolutionary changes, across the mammalian phylogeny of the TLR2 gene, and recent divergence of this same gene in sheep breeds. Evolutionary analyses identified positive selective pressure across the mammalian phylogeny, and differential selection pressure within the artiodactyl and primate lineage. Finally, we identified localised positively-selected sites within two regions of the extracellular domain which suggest that multiple binding regions in TLR2 may be involved in pathogen detection. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that competition between host and pathogen is driving adaptation of Toll-like receptor 2 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Smith
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - D Haig
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - R D Emes
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK.
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Abstract
Patient satisfaction with care is an important indicator of quality of care. As of 2013-2014, 30% of the Value-Based Purchasing score Medicare is using to determine hospital reimbursement is based on patient reports of care. This study determined whether significant relationships exists between Magnet (N = 160), Magnet-in-progress (N = 99), and non-Magnet hospital (N = 1,742) status and the highest ratings on the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) survey questions related to patient satisfaction with care. This study was a secondary analysis of data collected and compiled from three sources (the American Hospital Association, American Nurses Credentialing Center, and HCAHPS databases). Analysis revealed that Magnet and Magnet-in-progress hospitals have significantly (p < .007) higher scores than non-Magnet hospitals on six of the seven questions regarding patient-reported satisfaction with care. The implications of these results for nursing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Smith
- School of Nursing, University of Hawaii Hilo, HI, USA
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Abstract
Cell-based splicing of minigenes is used extensively in the analysis of alternative splicing events. In particular, such assays are critical for identifying or confirming the in vivo relevance of cis- and trans-acting factors in the regulation of particular splicing patterns. Here we provide detailed information on the methods specific to the cell-based analysis of minigene splicing. In addition, we discuss some of the theoretical considerations that must be given to the design of the minigene and subsequent experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Smith SA, Ray D, Cook KB, Mallory MJ, Hughes TR, Lynch KW. Paralogs hnRNP L and hnRNP LL exhibit overlapping but distinct RNA binding constraints. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80701. [PMID: 24244709 PMCID: PMC3823766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
HnRNP (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein) proteins are a large family of RNA-binding proteins that regulate numerous aspects of RNA processing. Interestingly, several paralogous pairs of hnRNPs exist that exhibit similar RNA-binding specificity to one another, yet have non-redundant functional targets in vivo. In this study we systematically investigate the possibility that the paralogs hnRNP L and hnRNP LL have distinct RNA binding determinants that may underlie their lack of functional redundancy. Using a combination of RNAcompete and native gel analysis we find that while both hnRNP L and hnRNP LL preferentially bind sequences that contain repeated CA dinucleotides, these proteins differ in their requirement for the spacing of the CAs. Specifically, hnRNP LL has a more stringent requirement for a two nucleotide space between CA repeats than does hnRNP L, resulting in hnRNP L binding more promiscuously than does hnRNP LL. Importantly, this differential requirement for the spacing of CA dinucleotides explains the previously observed differences in the sensitivity of hnRNP L and LL to mutations within the CD45 gene. We suggest that overlapping but divergent RNA-binding preferences, as we show here for hnRNP L and hnRNP LL, may be commonplace among other hnRNP paralogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Debashish Ray
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kate B. Cook
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael J. Mallory
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Timothy R. Hughes
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kristen W. Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Puy C, Tucker EI, Wong ZC, Gailani D, Smith SA, Choi SH, Morrissey JH, Gruber A, McCarty OJT. Factor XII promotes blood coagulation independent of factor XI in the presence of long-chain polyphosphates. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11:1341-52. [PMID: 23659638 PMCID: PMC3714337 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inorganic polyphosphates (polyP), which are secreted by activated platelets (short-chain polyP) and accumulate in some bacteria (long-chain polyP), support the contact activation of factor XII (FXII) and accelerate the activation of FXI. OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of FXI in polyP-mediated coagulation activation and experimental thrombus formation. METHODS AND RESULTS Pretreatment of plasma with antibodies that selectively inhibit FXI activation by activated FXII (FXIIa) or FIX) activation by activated FXI (FXIa) were not able to inhibit the procoagulant effect of long or short-chain polyP in plasma. In contrast, the FXIIa inhibitor, corn trypsin inhibitor, blocked the procoagulant effect of long and short polyP in plasma. In a purified system, long polyP significantly enhanced the rate of FXII and prekallikrein activation and the activation of FXI by thrombin but not by FXIIa. In FXI-deficient plasma, long polyP promoted clotting of plasma in an FIX-dependent manner. In a purified system, the activation of FXII and prekallikrein by long polyP promoted FIX activation and prothombin activation. In an ex vivo model of occlusive thrombus formation, inhibition of FXIIa with corn trypsin inhibitor but not of FXI with a neutralizing antibodies abolished the prothrombotic effect of long polyP. CONCLUSIONS We propose that long polyP promotes FXII-mediated blood coagulation bypassing FXI. Accordingly, some polyp-containing pathogens may have evolved strategies to exploit polyP-initiated FXII activation for virulence, and selective inhibition of FXII may improve the host response to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Puy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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46
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Herring JM, McMichael MA, Smith SA. Microparticles in health and disease. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:1020-33. [PMID: 23815149 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microparticles (MPs), small membrane-derived vesicles, are derived from many cell types and released into the circulation. Microparticles can express antigens, and contain cell surface proteins, cytoplasmic contents, and nuclear components from their cell of origin that determines their composition, characterization, and transfer of biologic information. Certain prompts for this release include shear stress, complement activation, proapoptotic stimulation, cellular damage, or agonist interaction with cell surface receptors. Release can be physiologic or pathologic and is associated with proinflammatory and procoagulant effects and has been implicated in thrombotic states. Microparticles also contribute to systemic inflammation and cardiovascular, hematologic, and oncologic disease states. The study of MPs in human medicine is rapidly advancing and extends into the physiology of health, the pathophysiology of disease, and the role of MPs in transfusion medicine. In veterinary medicine, published work on MPs has been limited to the area of inherited disorders, blood storage, and leukoreduction (LR). Microparticle research is still in its infancy, and this review should be seen as a snapshot of what is currently known. As research continues important limitations, including variations in preanalytic variables such as collection, storage, or centrifugation, and limitations of quantitation are coming to the forefront. Correlation of quantitation of MPs with assays of activity will hopefully shed light on the true nature of MPs in health and disease. This review will focus on the role of cellular exocytic vesiculation in health, disease, and transfusion medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Herring
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL
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Vu NT, Park MA, Shultz JC, Goehe RW, Hoeferlin LA, Shultz MD, Smith SA, Lynch KW, Chalfant CE. hnRNP U enhances caspase-9 splicing and is modulated by AKT-dependent phosphorylation of hnRNP L. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:8575-8584. [PMID: 23396972 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.443333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-9 has two splice variants, pro-apoptotic caspase-9a and anti-apoptotic caspase-9b, which are regulated by RNA trans-factors associated with exon 3 of caspase-9 pre-mRNA (C9/E3). In this study, we identified hnRNP U as an RNA trans-factor associated with C9/E3. Down-regulation of hnRNP U led to a decrease in the caspase-9a/9b mRNA ratio, demonstrating a novel enhancing function. Importantly, hnRNP U bound specifically to C9/E3 at an RNA cis-element previously reported as the binding site for the splicing repressor, hnRNP L. Phosphorylated hnRNP L interfered with hnRNP U binding to C9/E3, and our results demonstrate the importance of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT pathway in modulating the association of hnRNP U to C9/E3. Taken together, these findings show that hnRNP U competes with hnRNP L for binding to C9/E3 to enhance the inclusion of the four-exon cassette, and this splice-enhancing function is blocked by the AKT pathway via phosphorylation of hnRNP L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc T Vu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298; Vietnam Education Foundation, Arlington, Virginia 22201
| | - Margaret A Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Jacqueline C Shultz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Rachel W Goehe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - L Alexis Hoeferlin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Michael D Shultz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Sarah A Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Kristen W Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Charles E Chalfant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298; Research and Development, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia 23249; The Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298.
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48
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Sadlier RA, Bauer AM, Wood PL, Smith SA, Jackman TR. A new species of lizard in the genus Caledoniscincus (Reptilia: Scincidae) from southern New Caledonia and a review of Caledoniscincus atropunctatus (Roux). Zootaxa 2013; 3694:501-24. [PMID: 26312308 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3694.6.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A new species of skink, Caledoniscincus notialis sp. nov., is described from the ultramafic ranges in southern New Caledonia. It is most similar to, and has previously been referred to Caledoniscincus atropunctatus (Roux), a species with a widespread distribution throughout the Grand Terre and Loyalty Islands. The new species is distinct genetically from all other Caledoniscincus and can be distinguished by a unique pattern of dorsal coloration in males. Its range extends over much of the extensive ultramafic block in the south of the island, including the Goro Plateau and the mountain ranges at the southern edge of the Chaine Centrale north to Mt. Humboldt. It occurs mainly in humid forest habitat, much of which is now present only as isolated fragments in southern New Caledonia. Its preference for a habitat that has undergone a significant reduction in area of extent in a region under pressure from a range of anthropogenic threats suggests this new species is of conservation concern, and could be ranked as Vulnerable under IUCN listing. The genetic relationships of a redefined Caledoniscincus atropunctatus identifies two major subgroups, one located mainly in the northern and central-east regions of Grand Terre and the other in the southern and central-west regions and also including the population on the Loyalty Islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross A Sadlier
- Section of Herpetology, Australian Museum, 6 College Street, Sydney 2000, NSW Australia
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49
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Morton LM, Gilbert ES, Hall P, Andersson M, Joensuu H, Vaalavirta L, Dores GM, Stovall M, Holowaty EJ, Lynch CF, Curtis RE, Smith SA, Kleinerman RA, Kaijser M, Storm HH, Pukkala E, Weathers RE, Linet MS, Rajaraman P, Fraumeni JF, Brown LM, van Leeuwen FE, Fossa SD, Johannesen TB, Langmark F, Lamart S, Travis LB, Aleman BMP. Risk of treatment-related esophageal cancer among breast cancer survivors. Ann Oncol 2012; 23:3081-3091. [PMID: 22745217 PMCID: PMC3501231 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mds144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy for breast cancer may expose the esophagus to ionizing radiation, but no study has evaluated esophageal cancer risk after breast cancer associated with radiation dose or systemic therapy use. DESIGN Nested case-control study of esophageal cancer among 289 748 ≥5-year survivors of female breast cancer from five population-based cancer registries (252 cases, 488 individually matched controls), with individualized radiation dosimetry and information abstracted from medical records. RESULTS The largest contributors to esophageal radiation exposure were supraclavicular and internal mammary chain treatments. Esophageal cancer risk increased with increasing radiation dose to the esophageal tumor location (P(trend )< 0.001), with doses of ≥35 Gy associated with an odds ratio (OR) of 8.3 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.7-28]. Patients with hormonal therapy ≤5 years preceding esophageal cancer diagnosis had lower risk (OR = 0.4, 95% CI 0.2-0.8). Based on few cases, alkylating agent chemotherapy did not appear to affect risk. Our data were consistent with a multiplicative effect of radiation and other esophageal cancer risk factors (e.g. smoking). CONCLUSIONS Esophageal cancer is a radiation dose-related complication of radiotherapy for breast cancer, but absolute risk is low. At higher esophageal doses, the risk warrants consideration in radiotherapy risk assessment and long-term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Morton
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, USA.
| | - E S Gilbert
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, USA
| | - P Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Andersson
- Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H Joensuu
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - L Vaalavirta
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - G M Dores
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, USA; US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City
| | - M Stovall
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - E J Holowaty
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - C F Lynch
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - R E Curtis
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, USA
| | - S A Smith
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - R A Kleinerman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, USA
| | - M Kaijser
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H H Storm
- Cancer Prevention and Documentation, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - E Pukkala
- Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R E Weathers
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - M S Linet
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, USA
| | - P Rajaraman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, USA
| | - J F Fraumeni
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, USA
| | - L M Brown
- Statistics & Epidemiology, RTI International, Rockville, USA
| | - F E van Leeuwen
- Department of Epidemiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S D Fossa
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - S Lamart
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, USA
| | - L B Travis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, USA
| | - B M P Aleman
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this analysis was to explore the concept of nurse competence. DATA SOURCES Data sources include EBSCOhost, Gale PowerSearch, ProQuest, PubMed Medline, Google Scholar, and Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. DATA SYNTHESIS This paper utilizes Rodgers' evolutionary method to analyze the concept of nurse competence. CONCLUSION Antecedents to nurse competence include personal and external motivations. Attributes include integrating knowledge into practice, experience, critical thinking, proficient skills, caring, communication, environment, motivation, and professionalism. Consequences include confidence, safe practice, and holistic care. Implications for nursing responsibility regarding defining nurse competence and ensuring nurse competence need to be identified. More research is needed to determine the best evaluation methods for the different facets of nurse competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Smith
- University of Hawaii Manoa School of Nursing and Dental Hygiene, HI, USA.
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