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Bo J, Jennett S, Seidler RD. Differential working memory correlates for implicit sequence performance in young and older adults. Exp Brain Res 2012; 221:467-77. [PMID: 22836520 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3189-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Bo
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, 401 Washtenaw Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2214, USA.
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Anguera JA, Bernard JA, Jaeggi SM, Buschkuehl M, Benson BL, Jennett S, Humfleet J, Reuter-Lorenz PA, Jonides J, Seidler RD. The effects of working memory resource depletion and training on sensorimotor adaptation. Behav Brain Res 2011; 228:107-15. [PMID: 22155489 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that visuospatial working memory performance predicts the rate of motor skill learning, particularly during the early phase of visuomotor adaptation. Here, we follow up these correlational findings with direct manipulations of working memory resources to determine the impact on visuomotor adaptation, a form of motor learning. We conducted two separate experiments. In the first one, we used a resource depletion strategy to investigate whether the rate of early visuomotor adaptation would be negatively affected by fatigue of spatial working memory resources. In the second study, we employed a dual n-back task training paradigm that has been shown to result in transfer effects [1] over five weeks to determine whether training-related improvements would boost the rate of early visuomotor adaptation. The depletion of spatial working memory resources negatively affected the rate of early visuomotor adaptation. However, enhancing working memory capacity via training did not lead to improved rates of visuomotor adaptation, suggesting that working memory capacity may not be the factor limiting maximal rate of visuomotor adaptation in young adults. These findings are discussed from a resource limitation/capacity framework with respect to current views of motor learning.
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Vogiatzis I, Spurway NC, Jennett S, Wilson J, Sinclair J. Changes in ventilation related to changes in electromyograph activity during repetitive bouts of isometric exercise in simulated sailing. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1996; 72:195-203. [PMID: 8820885 DOI: 10.1007/bf00838638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the control of ventilation during repetitive bouts of isometric exercise in simulated sailing. Eight male sailors completed four successive 3-min bouts of similar isometric effort on a dinghy simulator; bouts were separated by 15-s rest intervals. Quadriceps muscle integrated electromyograph activity (iEMG) was recorded during each bout and expressed as a percentage of activity during maximal voluntary contraction (%iEMGmax). From the first to the fourth bout, the 3-min mean averages for ventilation and for %iEMGmax increased from 19.8 (SEM 1.1) to 37.5 (SEM 3.0) l.min-1 and from 31 (SEM 4) to 39 (SEM 4)% respectively; also, ventilation and %iEMGmax over each minute throughout the four bouts were significantly correlated (r = 0.85; P < 0.05). Progressive hyperventilation reduced the mean end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide from 5.0 (SEM 0.3) kPa during bout 1 to 4.3 (SEM 0.4) kPa during bout 4 [37.7 (SEM 2.0) to 32.4 (SEM 3.0) mmHg]. From the first to the fourth bout the end-of-bout blood lactate concentration did not increase significantly although the concentration from the third bout onwards was significantly greater than at rest. The results suggested that the development of muscle fatigue, which was enhanced by the insufficiency of recovery during the 15-s intervals and mirrored in the progressive increase in iEMG, was linked with stimuli causing progressive hyperventilation. Though these changes in ventilation and iEMG could not be associated with changes in blood lactate concentration, they could both have been related to accumulating metabolites within the muscles themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Vogiatzis
- Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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Jennett S, Lamb JF, Travis P. Sudden large and periodic changes in heart rate in healthy young men after short periods of exercise. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1982; 285:1154-6. [PMID: 6812784 PMCID: PMC1500160 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.285.6349.1154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The instantaneous heart rate and respiratory pattern were recorded immediately after brief periods of exercise in 41 healthy male students. Recordings were taken with the subjects both supine and standing. More than half of these subjects showed oscillatory heart changes when recovering supine but not when standing. During these oscillations the heart rate slowed suddenly by more than 30 beats/min; the oscillations had a period of 4 to 8 seconds, and they continued for half to two minutes. The P waves of the electrocardiogram were decreased during the slowing, consistent with increased vagal activity. When these oscillations occurred they each followed the start of an inspiration with the same latency as in respiratory sinus arrhythmia; unlike respiratory sinus arrhythmia, however, they did not occur after every inspiration but varied from 1:1 to 1:3 oscillations:breaths. They were not usually stopped by breath holding but were reduced or abolished by procedures which reduced venous return. This pattern of oscillations--"vagushalt"--seems to be different from respiratory sinus arrhythmias, and central venous pressure may contribute to the phenomenon. Although it is not widely recognised, vagushalt is probably very common and possibly its occurrence may change in disease.
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Abstract
In anaesthetized dogs, cats and rabbits, intracranial pressure was measured continuously during brief or transient hypoxia, induced by (a) lowering inspired O2 to 9--10% for 2--3 min, or (b) giving 2--3 breaths of nitrogen. In almost all instances there was an increase in i.c.p. which started in less than 20 s; this occurred with either spontaneous or controlled ventilation, and whether or not there was also a rise in arterial blood pressure; the time course was similar to that of the arterial chemoreceptor reflex responses of ventilation and blood pressure. Division bilaterally of the sinus and vagus nerves in six cats showed that the intracranial pressure response was not dependent on these chemoreceptor afferent pathways. The results suggest a rapid vasodilatation starting at a time when cerebral arterial oxygen tension is unlikely to be below 7 kPa (50 mmHg). The mechanism remains unexplained.
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Abstract
1. The detailed pattern of transient changes in breathing pattern has been studied following a brief hypoxic stimulus (three breaths of nitrogen) in nine healthy subjects. All showed an increase in ventilation of which the magnitude and relative contributions of volume and frequency varied between subjects. 2. Ventilation, tidal volume, inspiratory, expiratory and total breath time were recorded or derived breath-by-breath; for each of these variables, several test sequences were time-averaged at half-second intervals for each individual; similarly, time-averages were obtained for percentage changes from base line over all nine subjects. 3. There ws an increase in inspiratory time accompanying the increasing tidal volume, in all but two subjects. This was statistically significant over all subjects, and in five individuals. Frequency changes were the resultant of alterations in the two phases; when total breath duration decreased it was always linked to a decrease in expiratory time. 4. Further analysis of the initial part of the response suggests that an increase of the duration of an inspiration may be the first change allowing an increase in tidal volume, before the 'drive' increases; this may be a dynamic feature of the control system whatever the nature and site of action of the stimulus.
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Abstract
Pial arterial responses to reduction in arterial oxygen tension were studied in anaesthetised cats. In 12 cats under chloralose, dilatation occurred in vessels of all sizes between 20 and 200 micrometers, at variable levels of PaO2, and to a very variable extent. At PaO2 25-35 mm Hg, dilatation ranged from negligible to 175% above initial diameter. The variations in response were largely dependent on associated blood pressure (BP) changes. Increase in BP counteracted dilatation; dilatation was greater during hypoxia when the BP change was prevented. At the induction of hypoxia, the first response of the vessels was a constriction, which occurred about 5 s after the chemoreflex increase in BP. Dilatation was delayed a further 30-90 s, and this delay was similar when BP was prevented from rising. Vessels of all sizes responded in the appropriate manner when only BP was transiently changed within the autoregulatory range. In 3 cats in which similar procedures were compared under pentobarbitone anaesthesia, there were smaller and less consistent changes in responses to BP changes alone and to hypoxia and its associated BP changes. The findings were compatible with a local effect of lowered PO2. From the time course of the changes there was no indication of a chemoreflex component in the responses of these vessels at the induction of hypoxia.
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Abstract
The rapidity and extent of hypoxic relaxation of vascular smooth muscle (VSM) from different systemic vessels is relevant to the study of mechanisms of vasodilation in different vascular beds. Variations between sites may also assist understanding of the link between oxygen tension and mechanical activity, which has been shown not to be a simple deprivation of aerobic processes. Strips of rat portal vein (RPV), rabbit ear artery (REA) and rabbit common carotid artery (RCC) were studied under isotonic conditions, contracted by 10(-6) noradrenaline (NA). Reduction of Po2 to less than 3KPa during NA constraction led to relaxation which was rapid and 90% complete in RPV, rapid and 60% in REA: the relaxation began when tissue Po2 was decreasing and was not lower than 5.5 K Pa. RCC responded slowly and only some strips relaxed. The rapidity and magnitude of relaxation for each type of vessel was comparable to that produced by removal of external calcium. Also for any one type of VSM the response to NA was abolished or diminished to a similar extent by preliminary exposure to hypoxia, or by preliminary removal of calcium. Preliminary hypoxia diminished 50 mmol.1(-1) K+ contractions as much as it diminished NA contractions. Preliminary 1-2 hour exposure to hyperoxia diminished the subsequent relaxant effect of hypoxia. Inhibition of glycolysis (iodoacetic acid) had no effect on normoxic NA contraction or on hypoxic relaxation, but prevented or diminished the subsequent recovery on reoxygenation. Low oxygen tension appears to act in VSM as though it interferes with net influx or utilisation of external calcium.
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Jennett S, Teasdale G. Pulmonary shunt as a prognostic indicator in head injury. J Neurosurg 1980; 52:436-8. [PMID: 7359204 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1980.52.3.0436a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Ebeigbe AB, Elder HY, Jennett S. Vascular smooth muscle ultrastructure in hypoxia [proceedings]. J Physiol 1979; 293:22P. [PMID: 501592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Ebeigbe AB, Jennett S. Variations in responses of isolated blood vessels to hypoxia [proceedings]. J Physiol 1978; 285:16P-17P. [PMID: 745064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Jennett S. Breathing pattern during transient chemoreflex responses in anaesthetized cats [proceedings]. J Physiol 1978; 280:63P-64P. [PMID: 690926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Abstract
✓ In anesthetized paralyzed cats ventilated with air, blood gases were analyzed repeatedly before and during episodes of raised intracranial pressure (ICP). The ICP was raised by infusion via the lumbar subarachnoid or intraventricular route, and increases were maintained for at least 30 minutes. A minor degree of hypoxemia commonly developed, but was always associated with hypercapnia; normoxia was restored by increasing the ventilation sufficiently to restore normocapnia. Relative under-ventilation is thus liable to develop if the minute volume is maintained constant when ICP is raised, probably because of increased metabolic rate which may be associated with a rise in temperature; there is no evidence to implicate more obscure causes of hypoxemia in this circumstance. Pulmonary hemorrhage and edema were found post mortem in nine of 20 animals, but only two of these had developed greater hypoxemia than could be accounted for by under-ventilation. Phrenic electroneurograms were recorded, and respiratory activity was shown to persist during prolonged periods of cerebral ischemia.
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Abstract
This paper presents a simple method of maintaining good donor organ oxygenation during a prolonged test of apnea used to determine brain death prior to cadaver transplantation. Apneic diffusion oxygenation can maintain arterial pO2 above 200 torr for periods exceeding 15 minutes, thereby allowing a more definitive determination of brain death without concomitant tissue hypoxia and possible damage to donor organs.
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Jennett S, Pitts LH. Increase in intracranial pressure with transient hypoxia before and after chemodenervation [proceedings]. J Physiol 1977; 266:51P-52P. [PMID: 558331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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North JB, Jennett S. Response of ventilation and of intracranial pressure during rebreathing of carbon dioxide in patients with acute brain damage. Brain 1976; 99:169-82. [PMID: 990896 DOI: 10.1093/brain/99.2.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A study of the ventilatory response to rising CO2 in 43 patients with acute brain damage, using a rebreathing method, has revealed several instances of abnormally low responsiveness. The increased responsiveness previously reported in chronic brain damage was not observed in these patients by this method. The incidence of a very low response to CO2 tended to be associated with hyperventilation and brain-stem damage, but the numbers were insufficient to define a statistical relationship. There was no association between responsiveness to CO2 and either bilateral forebrain damage or periodic breathing. Studies of changes in intracranial pressure with rising CO2 suggest that such a rebreathing test might provide a simple means of confirming the presence or absence of cerebrovascular response to changing CO2.
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Jennett S, North JB. Effect of intermittently raised intracranial pressure on breathing pattern, ventilatory response to CO2, and blood gases in anesthetized cats. J Neurosurg 1976; 44:156-67. [PMID: 1245858 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1976.44.2.0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In anesthetised cats, breathing pattern, blood gases, and ventilatory response to CO2 were recorded before and during intermittent 10-minute episodes of hydrostatically raised intracranial pressure. The first effect on breathing was a stimulation which was followed at higher pressures by irregularity, depression, and periods of apnea; hyperventilation at high intracranial pressure (ICP was rare. Raised ICP did not consistently depress the ventilatory response to CO2 until ventilation during airbreathing was already depressed; therefore, we cannot experimentally justify applying this test clinically to detect incipient ventilatory depression. When hypoxemia developed during raised ICP, it was compatible with the degree of hypoventilation due to central depression of breathing; thus, there was no evidence of a neurally mediated effect on the lungs, causing defective gas exchange.
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Jennett S. Proceedings: Changes in intracranial pressure during brief exposure to hypoxia in anesthetized cats. J Physiol 1975; 251:41P-42P. [PMID: 1185635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Jennett S, Hoff JT. Proceedings: arterial blood-gases during increased intracranial pressure in anaesthetized cats. Br J Anaesth 1975; 47:633. [PMID: 237525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Abstract
Apparently new information about a metabolic abnormality has been obtained by measuring biochemical and respiratory responses to controlled exercise in a patient with abnormal mitochondria in muscle fibres. A male patient (49 years old) presented with bilateral ptosis of 15 to 20 years' duration and weakness for one to two years. Biopsies from the deltoid and triceps muscles were subjected to histological, histochemical, and electron microscopical examination. Routine histology showed only minor changes; 2-5% of muscle fibres had pale borders in which there were aggregates of mitochondria and 1-5% of fibres showed atrophy. Histochemical examination showed increased activity of succinic dehydrogenase in mitochondria and lactate dehydrogenase in cytoplasm. Electron microscopy showed crystalline inclusions in many subsarcolemmal mitochondria. Metabolites were studied during and after exercise on an ergometer and revealed remarkable differences from normal. Blood lactate rose to 12·5 μmol/ml and pyruvate to 0·39 μmol/ml compared with up to 4·0 and 0·16 μmol/ml respectively in controls exercising to a comparable percentage of capacity. Concentrations of ketone-bodies and free fatty acids fell during and after exercise, while they rose in the controls. These observations imply a major mitochondrial defect which causes dramatic biochemical changes in fuel supply in blood during exercise. The changes suggest that fat metabolism was accelerated (in this patient) and was related to a block of carbohydrate utilization as fuel.
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Rennie MJ, Jennett S, Johnson RH. The metabolic effects of strenuous exercise: a comparison between untrained subjects and racing cyclists. Q J Exp Physiol Cogn Med Sci 1974; 59:201-12. [PMID: 4495154 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.1974.sp002262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Jennett S, Russell T, Warnock KA. Proceedings: The duration of inspiration during changing states of ventilation in man. J Physiol 1974; 238:54P-55P. [PMID: 4838836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Abstract
A study of 100 subjects has confirmed that brief voluntary hyperventilation commonly causes apnoea in patients with supramedullary lesions, but not in healthy people. Apnoea was related to drowsiness rather than to the extent of the lesion; it was unrelated to the measured reduction in end-tidal carbon dioxide tension.
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Ashbridge KM, Jennett S, North JB. The absence of post-hyperventilation apnoea in the wakeful state. J Physiol 1973; 230:52P-53P. [PMID: 4702446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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North JB, Jennett S. Measurements of breathing in brain-damaged patients. Br J Surg 1973; 60:315-6. [PMID: 4700263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Jennett S, Short HH. Assessment of respiratory chemosensitivity by a rebreathing method. Br J Anaesth 1973; 45:119. [PMID: 4696425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Jennett S, Johnson RH, Rennie MJ. Ketosis in untrained subjects and racing cyclists after strenuous exercise. J Physiol 1972; 225:47P-48P. [PMID: 5074407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Jennett S, Forrest JB, Herd DJ. Cardiovascular effects of sodium bicarbonate injections. Br J Anaesth 1972; 44:223-4. [PMID: 5016894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Jennett S, McKillop JH. Observations on the incidence and mechanism of sinus arrhythmia in man at rest. J Physiol 1971; 213:58P-59P. [PMID: 5574860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Herd DJ, Jennett S. An arrangement for investigating the relationship between the cardiovascular and ventilatory responses of the cat to moderate hypoxia. J Physiol 1970; 211:Suppl:13P+. [PMID: 5501014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Jennett S. The effect of brief moderate hypoxia and abrupt re-oxygenation on the heart rate in human subjects with cervical spinal transection. J Physiol 1969; 205:35P-36P. [PMID: 5357243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Greer JR, Jennett S. An integrated pneumotachograph system including breath-by-breath measurement of ventilation rate (minute volume). J Physiol 1969; 200:92P-94P. [PMID: 5764416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Jennett S. Changes in ventilation and heart rate during and after brief moderate hypoxia in resting man. J Physiol 1969; 200:106P-107P. [PMID: 5764379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Jennett S, Barker JG, Forrest JB. A double-blind controlled study of the effects on respiration of pentazocine, phenoperidine and morphine in normal man. Br J Anaesth 1968; 40:864-75. [PMID: 4883646 DOI: 10.1093/bja/40.11.864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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