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Ostendorf T, Zillinger T, Andryka K, Schlee-Guimaraes TM, Schmitz S, Marx S, Bayrak K, Linke R, Salgert S, Wegner J, Grasser T, Bauersachs S, Soltesz L, Hübner MP, Nastaly M, Coch C, Kettwig M, Roehl I, Henneke M, Hoerauf A, Barchet W, Gärtner J, Schlee M, Hartmann G, Bartok E. Immune Sensing of Synthetic, Bacterial, and Protozoan RNA by Toll-like Receptor 8 Requires Coordinated Processing by RNase T2 and RNase 2. Immunity 2020; 52:591-605.e6. [PMID: 32294405 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Human toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) activation induces a potent T helper-1 (Th1) cell response critical for defense against intracellular pathogens, including protozoa. The receptor harbors two distinct binding sites, uridine and di- and/or trinucleotides, but the RNases upstream of TLR8 remain poorly characterized. We identified two endolysosomal endoribonucleases, RNase T2 and RNase 2, that act synergistically to release uridine from oligoribonucleotides. RNase T2 cleaves preferentially before, and RNase 2 after, uridines. Live bacteria, P. falciparum-infected red blood cells, purified pathogen RNA, and synthetic oligoribonucleotides all required RNase 2 and T2 processing to activate TLR8. Uridine supplementation restored RNA recognition in RNASE2-/- or RNASET2-/- but not RNASE2-/-RNASET2-/- cells. Primary immune cells from RNase T2-hypomorphic patients lacked a response to bacterial RNA but responded robustly to small-molecule TLR8 ligands. Our data identify an essential function of RNase T2 and RNase 2 upstream of TLR8 and provide insight into TLR8 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ostendorf
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Zillinger
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Andryka
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Saskia Schmitz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Samira Marx
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kübra Bayrak
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rebecca Linke
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sarah Salgert
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia Wegner
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tatjana Grasser
- Axolabs GmbH, Fritz-Hornschuch-Strasse 9, 95326 Kulmbach, Germany
| | - Sonja Bauersachs
- Axolabs GmbH, Fritz-Hornschuch-Strasse 9, 95326 Kulmbach, Germany
| | - Leon Soltesz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc P Hübner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maximilian Nastaly
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Coch
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Miltenyi Biotech, Biomedicine Division, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Matthias Kettwig
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ingo Roehl
- Axolabs GmbH, Fritz-Hornschuch-Strasse 9, 95326 Kulmbach, Germany
| | - Marco Henneke
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Winfried Barchet
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jutta Gärtner
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Schlee
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gunther Hartmann
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eva Bartok
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Bartok ES, Ostendorf T, Zillinger T, Andryka K, Guimaraes TM, Schmitz S, Marx S, Bayrak K, Linke R, Salgert S, Grasser T, Baersachs S, Hübner M, Soltesz L, Kettwig M, Nastaly M, Roehl I, Henneke M, Barchet W, Gärtner J, Schlee M, Hartmann G. Immune sensing of synthetic, bacterial and protozoan RNA by TLR8 requires coordinated processing of RNA substrates by RNaseT2 and RNase2. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.226.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Human TLR8 is an essential sensor of bacterial RNA which induces proinflammatory and Th1 cytokines. Crystallography revealed that TLR8 binds both uridine and short single-stranded RNA, but the RNases that process the RNA are still unknown. Herein, we demonstrate that two endosomal endoribonucleases, RNaseT2 and RNase2, can process RNA for TLR8 recognition. In the endosome, RNase2 and -T2 act synergistically to release uridine from oligoribonucleotides, with RNaseT2 cleaving preferentially before and RNase2 after uridines. Live bacteria, P. falciparum-infected red blood cells, purified pathogen RNA, and synthetic ligands all required RNase processing for TLR8 activation, and uridine supplementation restored RNA recognition in RNASE2−/− or RNASET2−/− but not double knockout cells. Strikingly, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from RNaseT2 hypomorphic patients did not respond to bacterial RNA but did to small-molecule TLR8 agonists. Our data provide a novel insight into TLR8 activation and its differences between cell types and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Sarah Bartok
- 1Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Ostendorf
- 1Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Zillinger
- 1Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Andryka
- 1Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Saskia Schmitz
- 1Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Samira Marx
- 1Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Kübra Bayrak
- 1Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Rebecca Linke
- 1Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Sarah Salgert
- 1Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Marc Hübner
- 3Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - Leon Soltesz
- 1Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Kettwig
- 4Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Nastaly
- 1Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Marco Henneke
- 4Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University Göttingen, Germany
| | - Winfried Barchet
- 1Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Jutta Gärtner
- 4Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Schlee
- 1Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Gunther Hartmann
- 1Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Germany
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