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Bhat MA, Eraslan FN, Awad A, Malkoç S, Üzmez ÖÖ, Döğeroğlu T, Gaga EO. Investigation of indoor and outdoor air quality in a university campus during COVID-19 lock down period. Build Environ 2022; 219:109176. [PMID: 35599669 PMCID: PMC9116033 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic of COVID-19 currently shadows the world; the whole earth has been on an unprecedented lockdown. Social distancing among people interrupted domestic and international air traffic, suspended industrial productions and economic activities, and had various far-reaching and undetermined implications on air quality. Improvement in air quality has been reported in many cities during the lockdown. On March 22, 2020, the Turkish government enforced strict lockdown measures to reduce coronavirus disease transmission. This lockdown had a significant impact on the movement of people within the country, which resulted in a major drop in worldwide commercial activities. During this period, university campuses were emptied due to the transition to distance education. In this study, various air pollutants sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), total bacteria, and total fungi were measured in different indoor environments at Eskişehir Technical University Campus in Eskişehir, Turkey during COVID-19 lock down period. Also, to calculate the indoor and outdoor ratios (I/O) of the pollutants, simultaneous outdoor measurements were also carried out. The average indoor SO2, NO2, O3, and PM2.5 concentrations in different indoor environments ranged between 2.10 and 54.58, 1.36-30.89, 12.01-39.05, and 21-94 μg/m3, respectively. The total number of bacteria and fungi ranged between 21.83-514.15 and 13.10-83.36 CFU/m3, respectively. Our study intends to give a glimpse to quantify the impact of a pandemic on air quality in different indoor environments in a university campus in Eskişehir, Turkey and calls for follow-up studies. Indoor concentrations were evaluated together with outdoor concentrations. In general, it can be said that the calculated I/O ratios for SO2, NO2, O3, bacteria, and fungi were less than 1 in most indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoor Ahmad Bhat
- Eskişehir Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 26555, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Fatma Nur Eraslan
- Eskişehir Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 26555, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Alaa Awad
- Eskişehir Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 26555, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Semra Malkoç
- Eskişehir Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 26555, Eskişehir, Turkey
- Eskişehir Technical University, Environmental Research Center (ÇEVMER), 26555, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Özlem Özden Üzmez
- Eskişehir Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 26555, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Tuncay Döğeroğlu
- Eskişehir Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 26555, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Eftade O Gaga
- Eskişehir Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 26555, Eskişehir, Turkey
- Eskişehir Technical University, Environmental Research Center (ÇEVMER), 26555, Eskişehir, Turkey
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Kayalar Ö, Arı A, Babuççu G, Konyalılar N, Doğan Ö, Can F, Şahin ÜA, Gaga EO, Levent Kuzu S, Arı PE, Odabaşı M, Taşdemir Y, Sıddık Cindoruk S, Esen F, Sakın E, Çalışkan B, Tecer LH, Fıçıcı M, Altın A, Onat B, Ayvaz C, Uzun B, Saral A, Döğeroğlu T, Malkoç S, Üzmez ÖÖ, Kunt F, Aydın S, Kara M, Yaman B, Doğan G, Olgun B, Dokumacı EN, Güllü G, Uzunpınar ES, Bayram H. Existence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA on ambient particulate matter samples: A nationwide study in Turkey. Sci Total Environ 2021; 789:147976. [PMID: 34058581 PMCID: PMC8144095 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and has been affecting the world since the end of 2019. The disease led to significant mortality and morbidity in Turkey, since the first case was reported on March 11th, 2020. Studies suggest a positive association between air pollution and SARS-CoV-2 infection. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of ambient particulate matters (PM), as potential carriers for SARS-CoV-2. Ambient PM samples in various size ranges were collected from 13 sites including urban and urban-background locations and hospital gardens in 10 cities across Turkey between 13th of May and 14th of June 2020 to investigate the possible presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA on ambient PM. A total of 203 daily samples (TSP, n = 80; PM2.5, n = 33; PM2.5-10, n = 23; PM10μm, n = 19; and 6 size segregated PM, n = 48) were collected using various samplers. The N1 gene and RdRP gene expressions were analyzed for the presence of SARS-CoV-2, as suggested by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). According to real time (RT)-PCR and three-dimensional (3D) digital (d) PCR analysis, dual RdRP and N1 gene positivity were detected in 20 (9.8%) samples. Ambient PM-bound SARS-CoV-2 was analyzed quantitatively and the air concentrations of the virus ranged from 0.1 copies/m3 to 23 copies/m3. The highest percentages of virus detection on PM samples were from hospital gardens in Tekirdağ, Zonguldak, and Istanbul, especially in PM2.5 mode. Findings of this study have suggested that SARS-CoV-2 may be transported by ambient particles, especially at sites close to the infection hot-spots. However, whether this has an impact on the spread of the virus infection remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özgecan Kayalar
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Akif Arı
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Gölköy Campus, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Gizem Babuççu
- Koc University Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nur Konyalılar
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özlem Doğan
- Koc University Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Füsun Can
- Koc University Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ülkü A Şahin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcılar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Eftade O Gaga
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - S Levent Kuzu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Civil Engineering Faculty, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pelin Ertürk Arı
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Gölköy Campus, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Odabaşı
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yücel Taşdemir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - S Sıddık Cindoruk
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Fatma Esen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Egemen Sakın
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Burak Çalışkan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Lokman H Tecer
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Çorlu Faculty of Engineering, Namık Kemal University, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Merve Fıçıcı
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Çorlu Faculty of Engineering, Namık Kemal University, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Altın
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Burcu Onat
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcılar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Coşkun Ayvaz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcılar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burcu Uzun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcılar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Arslan Saral
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Civil Engineering Faculty, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tuncay Döğeroğlu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Semra Malkoç
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Özlem Özden Üzmez
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Fatma Kunt
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Senar Aydın
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Melik Kara
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Barış Yaman
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Güray Doğan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Bihter Olgun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ebru N Dokumacı
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Gülen Güllü
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elif S Uzunpınar
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hasan Bayram
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Asutay F, Yolcu Ü, Geçör O, Acar AH, Öztürk SA, Malkoç S. An evaluation of effects of platelet-rich-fibrin on postoperative morbidities after lower third molar surgery. Niger J Clin Pract 2018; 20:1531-1536. [PMID: 29378982 DOI: 10.4103/1119-3077.181400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to assess whether the use of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) decreased the pain, swelling, and trismus levels of postoperative third molar surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a double-blinded, split-mouth randomized study, thirty patients (6 male/24 female, mean age 20.32 years) with bilateral symmetric impacted third molars were enrolled in this study to receive surgery. The PRF mass was randomly placed in one of the extraction sockets, whereas the other socket was left without treatment. The outcome variables were pain, maximum mouth opening (trismus), swelling (edema), and the presence of dry socket which were measured using a 10-point visual analog scale, manual calipers, and 3dMD facial imaging system which was used for the 1st time in the third molar surgery. RESULTS Statistical analyses revealed that there were no significant differences between the control and study groups regarding postoperative pain, swelling, and trismus (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that PRF was not observed to have a positive effect on postoperative discomfort, so even though, PRF is presumed to have positive effects on healing and recovery processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Asutay
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03030 Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Ü Yolcu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, İnönü University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - O Geçör
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, İnönü University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - A H Acar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Bezmialem Vakif University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - S A Öztürk
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Inönü University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - S Malkoç
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Inönü University, Malatya, Turkey
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of three different light-cured orthodontic composites. MATERIAL AND METHODS Light Bond (Reliance orthodontic products), Grengloo (Ormco corporation), and Kurasper F (Kuraray Europe GmbH) were selected for the experiment. Specimens were prepared according to the manufacturers' instructions, measuring 5 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness. Fibroblast cells were obtained from healthy gingival connective tissues. The composite cylinders were incubated in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's culture medium for 72 h according to ISO 10993-5 standards. The xCELLigence method was used to evaluate fibroblast cell vitality. After seeding 200 mL of the cell suspensions into the wells (20,000 cells/well) of the E-plate 96, gingival fibroblasts were treated with bioactive components released by the orthodontic composite materials and monitored every 15 min for 121 h. RESULTS There were no significant differences between the human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cell indexes of the control and all testing groups (p > 0.05) at 24 and 48 h. Light Bond demonstrated statistically significant decrease in HGF index (p < 0.05) at 72 h, but there was no significant difference among the Kurasper F, Grengloo, and untreated control groups (p > 0.05). Light Bond (p < 0.001) and Grengloo (p < 0.05) groups had lower HGF cell index values when compared to untreated control group, but Kurasper F demonstrated no significant differences between the control groups at 96 h (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Orthodontic composite materials include biologically active components and may change oral tissue. So, biocompatible orthodontic bonding composites should be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ersöz
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, İnönü, University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - S Malkoç
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, İnönü, University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - E B Küçük
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - B S Bozkurt
- Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - S S Hakki
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
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