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Ogunleye SC, Akinsulie OC, Aborode AT, Olorunshola MM, Gbore D, Oladoye M, Adesola RO, Gbadegoye JO, Olatoye BJ, Lawal MA, Bakare AB, Adekanye O, Chinyere EC. The re-emergence and transmission of Monkeypox virus in Nigeria: the role of one health. Front Public Health 2024; 11:1334238. [PMID: 38249416 PMCID: PMC10797020 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1334238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The Monkeypox virus, commonly abbreviated as mpox, is a viral zoonosis that is experiencing a resurgence in prevalence. It is endemic to regions of West and Central Africa that are characterized by dense forested areas. Various measures pertaining to animals, humans, and the environment have been recognized as potential factors and catalysts for the spread of the disease throughout the impacted regions of Africa. This study examines the various factors contributing to the transmission of the virus in Nigeria, with a particular focus on the animal-human and inter-human modes of transmission in rural communities and healthcare facilities. The One Health approach was emphasized as crucial in the prevention and management of this issue. Literature suggests that preventing repeated zoonotic introductions could potentially halt the transmission of the mpox virus from animal to human hosts, leading to a potential decrease in human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seto C. Ogunleye
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibada, Nigeria
| | - Olalekan C. Akinsulie
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Nigeria College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibada, Nigeria
| | | | - Mercy M. Olorunshola
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibada, Nigeria
| | - Damilola Gbore
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibada, Nigeria
| | | | - Ridwan O. Adesola
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibada, Nigeria
| | - Joy O. Gbadegoye
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Nigeria College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibada, Nigeria
- Healthy Africans Platform, Research and Development, Ibada, Nigeria
| | | | - Mariam A. Lawal
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Akeem B. Bakare
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibada, Nigeria
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Happi AN, Olumade TJ, Ogunsanya OA, Sijuwola AE, Ogunleye SC, Oguzie JU, Nwofoke C, Ugwu CA, Okoro SJ, Otuh PI, Ngele LN, Ojo OO, Adelabu A, Adeleye RF, Oyejide NE, Njaka CS, Heeney JL, Happi CT. Increased Prevalence of Lassa Fever Virus-Positive Rodents and Diversity of Infected Species Found during Human Lassa Fever Epidemics in Nigeria. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0036622. [PMID: 35913205 PMCID: PMC9430508 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00366-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of Lassa virus (LASV) infections in rodent reservoirs and their endemic human caseloads remain poorly understood. During the endemic period, human infections are believed to be associated with the seasonal migration of Mastomys natalensis, thought to be the primary reservoir that triggers multiple spillovers of LASV to humans. It has become imperative to improve LASV diagnosis in rodents while updating their prevalence in two regions of Lassa fever endemicity in Nigeria. Rodents (total, 942) were trapped in Ondo (531) and Ebonyi (411) states between October 2018 and April 2020 for detection of LASV using various tissues. Overall, the LASV prevalence was 53.6%. The outbreak area sampled in Ondo had three and two times higher capture success and LASV prevalence, respectively, than Ebonyi State. This correlated with the higher number of annual cases of Lassa fever (LF) in Ondo State versus Ebonyi State. All rodent genera (Mastomys, Rattus, Crocidura, Mus, and Tatera) captured in both states showed slightly variable LASV positivity, with Rattus spp. being the most predominantly infected (77.3%) rodents in Ondo State versus Mastomys spp. (41.6%) in Ebonyi State. The tissues with the highest LASV positivity were the kidneys, spleen, and testes. The finding of a relatively high LASV prevalence in all of the rodent genera captured highlights the complex interspecies transmission dynamics of LASV infections in the reservoirs and their potential association with increased environmental contact, as well as the risk of zoonotic spillover in these communities, which have the highest prevalence of Lassa fever in Nigeria. IMPORTANCE Our findings show the highest LASV positivity in small rodents ever recorded and the first direct detection of LASV in Tatera spp. Our findings also indicate the abundance of LASV-infected small rodents in houses, with probable interspecies transmission through vertical and horizontal coitus routes. Consequently, we suggest that the abundance of different reservoir species for LASV may fuel the epizootic outbreaks of LF in affected human communities. The high prevalence of LASV with the diversity of affected rodents has direct implications for our understanding of the transmission risk, mitigation, and ultimately, the prevention of LF in humans. Optimal tissues for LASV detection in rodents are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anise N. Happi
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Disease, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| | - Testimony J. Olumade
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Disease, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
- Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| | - Olusola A. Ogunsanya
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Disease, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| | - Ayotunde E. Sijuwola
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Disease, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| | | | - Judith U. Oguzie
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Disease, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
- Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| | - Cecilia Nwofoke
- Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi, Nigeria
| | - Chinedu A. Ugwu
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Disease, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
- Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| | - Samuel J. Okoro
- Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi, Nigeria
| | - Patricia I. Otuh
- Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia, Nigeria
| | - Louis N. Ngele
- Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Nicholas E. Oyejide
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Disease, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| | | | - Jonathan L. Heeney
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christian T. Happi
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Disease, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
- Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
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