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Hochmeister S, Aeinehband S, Dorris C, Berglund R, Haindl MT, Velikic V, Gustafsson SA, Olsson T, Piehl F, Jagodic M, Zeitelhofer M, Adzemovic MZ. Effect of Vitamin D on Experimental Autoimmune Neuroinflammation Is Dependent on Haplotypes Comprising Naturally Occurring Allelic Variants of CIITA ( Mhc2ta). Front Neurol 2020; 11:600401. [PMID: 33304315 PMCID: PMC7693436 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.600401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing body of evidence associates low vitamin D levels with increased risk of multiple sclerosis (MS), suggesting the possibility of a gene-environment interaction for this environmental factor in MS pathogenesis. Moreover, it has been shown that vitamin D downregulates major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. We here report about the impact of a dietary vitamin D supplementation on EAE in the rat strains having functionally relevant allelic variations in the CIITA (Mhc2ta) gene, a master regulator of MHC class II expression. Full length myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-EAE was induced in DA.PVGav1-Vra4 congenic rats harboring the Vra4 locus from PVG strain in the EAE- susceptible DA background, and compared to the parental strains. The congenic rats fed with either vitamin D supplemented, deprived or regular diet developed an intermediate clinical EAE phenotype, in contrast to DA and PVG strains. Immunopathological studies revealed vitamin D dose-dependent effect on demyelination and inflammatory infiltration of the central nervous system (CNS), expression of MHC class II and CIITA, as well as downregulation of a range of pro-inflammatory genes. Taken together, our findings demonstrate an impact of vitamin D on the target tissue pathology and peripheral immune response during EAE in DA.PVGav1-Vra4 congenic strain. Thereby, our data provide evidence of a modulatory effect of vitamin D in context of genetic variances in the Vra4 locus/Mhc2ta gene in MS-like neuroinflammation, with potential relevance for the human demyelinating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Hochmeister
- Department of General Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Shahin Aeinehband
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charles Dorris
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Rasmus Berglund
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michaela T Haindl
- Department of General Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Vid Velikic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Clinical Division of Social Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sven A Gustafsson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Clinical Chemistry and Blood Coagulation Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Piehl
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maja Jagodic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manuel Zeitelhofer
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Vascular Biology Unit, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Milena Z Adzemovic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Carlström KE, Ewing E, Granqvist M, Gyllenberg A, Aeinehband S, Enoksson SL, Checa A, Badam TVS, Huang J, Gomez-Cabrero D, Gustafsson M, Al Nimer F, Wheelock CE, Kockum I, Olsson T, Jagodic M, Piehl F. Therapeutic efficacy of dimethyl fumarate in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis associates with ROS pathway in monocytes. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3081. [PMID: 31300673 PMCID: PMC6626021 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11139-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is a first-line-treatment for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). The redox master regulator Nrf2, essential for redox balance, is a target of DMF, but its precise therapeutic mechanisms of action remain elusive. Here we show impact of DMF on circulating monocytes and T cells in a prospective longitudinal RRMS patient cohort. DMF increases the level of oxidized isoprostanes in peripheral blood. Other observed changes, including methylome and transcriptome profiles, occur in monocytes prior to T cells. Importantly, monocyte counts and monocytic ROS increase following DMF and distinguish patients with beneficial treatment-response from non-responders. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the ROS-generating NOX3 gene is associated with beneficial DMF treatment-response. Our data implicate monocyte-derived oxidative processes in autoimmune diseases and their treatment, and identify NOX3 genetic variant, monocyte counts and redox state as parameters potentially useful to inform clinical decisions on DMF therapy of RRMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl E Carlström
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Section of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ewoud Ewing
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Section of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mathias Granqvist
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Section of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Gyllenberg
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Section of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shahin Aeinehband
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Section of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Lind Enoksson
- Department of Clinical Immunology Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Checa
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tejaswi V S Badam
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden.,Department of Physics, Chemistry & Biology (IFM), Bioinformatics, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jesse Huang
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Section of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Gomez-Cabrero
- Translational Bioinformatics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Publica de Nevarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mika Gustafsson
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Faiez Al Nimer
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Section of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Craig E Wheelock
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Kockum
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Section of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Section of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maja Jagodic
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Section of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Piehl
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Section of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Habir K, Aeinehband S, Wermeling F, Malin S. A Role for the Transcription Factor Arid3a in Mouse B2 Lymphocyte Expansion and Peritoneal B1a Generation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1387. [PMID: 29114251 PMCID: PMC5660704 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The initiation, commitment, and terminal differentiation of the B cell lineage is stringently controlled by the coordinated action of various transcription factors. Among these, Arid3a has previously been implicated in regulating early B lymphopoiesis, humoral immune responses to phosphocholine, and furthermore to promote the B1 over the B2 cell lineage. We have now interrogated the function of Arid3a in the adult mouse using conditional mutagenesis. We demonstrate that loss of Arid3a does not affect early B cell development or lineage commitment but rather loss of this transcription factor results in a broad expansion of bone marrow B lymphopoiesis in a manner that reflects its developmental expression pattern. Furthermore, loss of Arid3a resulted in expanded splenic B cell numbers with the exception of the B1 lineage that was maintained at normal numbers. However, B1a lymphoyctes were reduced in the peritoneal cavity. In addition, antibody responses to phosphocholine were attenuated in the absence of Arid3a. Hence, functional Arid3a is required in mature B cells for specific immune responses and for generating normal numbers of B cells in a subset dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Habir
- Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shahin Aeinehband
- Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Wermeling
- Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephen Malin
- Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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Ruhrmann S, Ewing E, Piket E, Kular L, Cetrulo Lorenzi JC, Fernandes SJ, Morikawa H, Aeinehband S, Sayols-Baixeras S, Aslibekyan S, Absher DM, Arnett DK, Tegner J, Gomez-Cabrero D, Piehl F, Jagodic M. Hypermethylation of MIR21 in CD4+ T cells from patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis associates with lower miRNA-21 levels and concomitant up-regulation of its target genes. Mult Scler 2017. [PMID: 28766461 DOI: 10.1177/1352458517721356.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system caused by genetic and environmental factors. DNA methylation, an epigenetic mechanism that controls genome activity, may provide a link between genetic and environmental risk factors. OBJECTIVE We sought to identify DNA methylation changes in CD4+ T cells in patients with relapsing-remitting (RR-MS) and secondary-progressive (SP-MS) disease and healthy controls (HC). METHODS We performed DNA methylation analysis in CD4+ T cells from RR-MS, SP-MS, and HC and associated identified changes with the nearby risk allele, smoking, age, and gene expression. RESULTS We observed significant methylation differences in the VMP1/MIR21 locus, with RR-MS displaying higher methylation compared to SP-MS and HC. VMP1/MIR21 methylation did not correlate with a known MS risk variant in VMP1 or smoking but displayed a significant negative correlation with age and the levels of mature miR-21 in CD4+ T cells. Accordingly, RR-MS displayed lower levels of miR-21 compared to SP-MS, which might reflect differences in age between the groups, and healthy individuals and a significant enrichment of up-regulated miR-21 target genes. CONCLUSION Disease-related changes in epigenetic marking of MIR21 in RR-MS lead to differences in miR-21 expression with a consequence on miR-21 target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Ruhrmann
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ewoud Ewing
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eliane Piket
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lara Kular
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julio Cesar Cetrulo Lorenzi
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden/ Department of Genetics, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Sunjay Jude Fernandes
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden/ Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hiromasa Morikawa
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden/ Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shahin Aeinehband
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sergi Sayols-Baixeras
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain/ Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stella Aslibekyan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Devin M Absher
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Donna K Arnett
- College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jesper Tegner
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden/ Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden/ Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - David Gomez-Cabrero
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden/ Mucosal & Salivary Biology Division, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Fredrik Piehl
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maja Jagodic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Ruhrmann S, Ewing E, Piket E, Kular L, Cetrulo Lorenzi JC, Fernandes SJ, Morikawa H, Aeinehband S, Sayols-Baixeras S, Aslibekyan S, Absher DM, Arnett DK, Tegner J, Gomez-Cabrero D, Piehl F, Jagodic M. Hypermethylation of MIR21 in CD4+ T cells from patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis associates with lower miRNA-21 levels and concomitant up-regulation of its target genes. Mult Scler 2017; 24:1288-1300. [PMID: 28766461 PMCID: PMC5794671 DOI: 10.1177/1352458517721356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central
nervous system caused by genetic and environmental factors. DNA methylation,
an epigenetic mechanism that controls genome activity, may provide a link
between genetic and environmental risk factors. Objective: We sought to identify DNA methylation changes in CD4+ T cells in patients
with relapsing-remitting (RR-MS) and secondary-progressive (SP-MS) disease
and healthy controls (HC). Methods: We performed DNA methylation analysis in CD4+ T cells from RR-MS, SP-MS, and
HC and associated identified changes with the nearby risk allele, smoking,
age, and gene expression. Results: We observed significant methylation differences in the
VMP1/MIR21 locus, with RR-MS displaying higher
methylation compared to SP-MS and HC. VMP1/MIR21
methylation did not correlate with a known MS risk variant in
VMP1 or smoking but displayed a significant negative
correlation with age and the levels of mature miR-21 in CD4+ T cells.
Accordingly, RR-MS displayed lower levels of miR-21 compared to SP-MS, which
might reflect differences in age between the groups, and healthy individuals
and a significant enrichment of up-regulated miR-21 target genes. Conclusion: Disease-related changes in epigenetic marking of MIR21 in
RR-MS lead to differences in miR-21 expression with a consequence on miR-21
target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Ruhrmann
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ewoud Ewing
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eliane Piket
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lara Kular
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julio Cesar Cetrulo Lorenzi
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden/ Department of Genetics, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Sunjay Jude Fernandes
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden/ Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hiromasa Morikawa
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden/ Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shahin Aeinehband
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sergi Sayols-Baixeras
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain/ Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stella Aslibekyan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Devin M Absher
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Donna K Arnett
- College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jesper Tegner
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden/ Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden/ Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - David Gomez-Cabrero
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden/ Mucosal & Salivary Biology Division, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Fredrik Piehl
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maja Jagodic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Al Nimer F, Elliott C, Bergman J, Khademi M, Dring AM, Aeinehband S, Bergenheim T, Romme Christensen J, Sellebjerg F, Svenningsson A, Linington C, Olsson T, Piehl F. Lipocalin-2 is increased in progressive multiple sclerosis and inhibits remyelination. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2016; 3:e191. [PMID: 26770997 PMCID: PMC4708925 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: We aimed to examine the regulation of lipocalin-2 (LCN2) in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its potential functional relevance with regard to myelination and neurodegeneration. Methods: We determined LCN2 levels in 3 different studies: (1) in CSF and plasma from a case-control study comparing patients with MS (n = 147) with controls (n = 50) and patients with relapsing-remitting MS (n = 75) with patients with progressive MS (n = 72); (2) in CSF and brain tissue microdialysates from a case series of 7 patients with progressive MS; and (3) in CSF at baseline and 60 weeks after natalizumab treatment in a cohort study of 17 patients with progressive MS. Correlation to neurofilament light, a marker of neuroaxonal injury, was tested. The effect of LCN2 on myelination and neurodegeneration was studied in a rat in vitro neuroglial cell coculture model. Results: Intrathecal production of LCN2 was increased predominantly in patients with progressive MS (p < 0.005 vs relapsing-remitting MS) and displayed a positive correlation to neurofilament light (p = 0.005). Levels of LCN2 in brain microdialysates were severalfold higher than in the CSF, suggesting local production in progressive MS. Treatment with natalizumab in progressive MS reduced LCN2 levels an average of 13% (p < 0.0001). LCN2 was found to inhibit remyelination in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. Conclusions: LCN2 production is predominantly increased in progressive MS. Although this moderate increase does not support the use of LCN2 as a biomarker, the correlation to neurofilament light and the inhibitory effect on remyelination suggest that LCN2 might contribute to neurodegeneration through myelination-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiez Al Nimer
- Neuroimmunology Unit (F.A.N., M.K., S.A., T.O., F.P.), Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (C.E., C.L.), University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience (J.B., A.M.D., A.S.) and Neurosurgery (T.B.), Umeå University, Sweden; and Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.R.C., F.S.), Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Elliott
- Neuroimmunology Unit (F.A.N., M.K., S.A., T.O., F.P.), Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (C.E., C.L.), University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience (J.B., A.M.D., A.S.) and Neurosurgery (T.B.), Umeå University, Sweden; and Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.R.C., F.S.), Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joakim Bergman
- Neuroimmunology Unit (F.A.N., M.K., S.A., T.O., F.P.), Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (C.E., C.L.), University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience (J.B., A.M.D., A.S.) and Neurosurgery (T.B.), Umeå University, Sweden; and Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.R.C., F.S.), Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mohsen Khademi
- Neuroimmunology Unit (F.A.N., M.K., S.A., T.O., F.P.), Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (C.E., C.L.), University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience (J.B., A.M.D., A.S.) and Neurosurgery (T.B.), Umeå University, Sweden; and Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.R.C., F.S.), Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ann M Dring
- Neuroimmunology Unit (F.A.N., M.K., S.A., T.O., F.P.), Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (C.E., C.L.), University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience (J.B., A.M.D., A.S.) and Neurosurgery (T.B.), Umeå University, Sweden; and Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.R.C., F.S.), Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shahin Aeinehband
- Neuroimmunology Unit (F.A.N., M.K., S.A., T.O., F.P.), Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (C.E., C.L.), University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience (J.B., A.M.D., A.S.) and Neurosurgery (T.B.), Umeå University, Sweden; and Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.R.C., F.S.), Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tommy Bergenheim
- Neuroimmunology Unit (F.A.N., M.K., S.A., T.O., F.P.), Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (C.E., C.L.), University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience (J.B., A.M.D., A.S.) and Neurosurgery (T.B.), Umeå University, Sweden; and Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.R.C., F.S.), Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Romme Christensen
- Neuroimmunology Unit (F.A.N., M.K., S.A., T.O., F.P.), Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (C.E., C.L.), University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience (J.B., A.M.D., A.S.) and Neurosurgery (T.B.), Umeå University, Sweden; and Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.R.C., F.S.), Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Finn Sellebjerg
- Neuroimmunology Unit (F.A.N., M.K., S.A., T.O., F.P.), Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (C.E., C.L.), University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience (J.B., A.M.D., A.S.) and Neurosurgery (T.B.), Umeå University, Sweden; and Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.R.C., F.S.), Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Svenningsson
- Neuroimmunology Unit (F.A.N., M.K., S.A., T.O., F.P.), Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (C.E., C.L.), University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience (J.B., A.M.D., A.S.) and Neurosurgery (T.B.), Umeå University, Sweden; and Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.R.C., F.S.), Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christopher Linington
- Neuroimmunology Unit (F.A.N., M.K., S.A., T.O., F.P.), Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (C.E., C.L.), University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience (J.B., A.M.D., A.S.) and Neurosurgery (T.B.), Umeå University, Sweden; and Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.R.C., F.S.), Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Neuroimmunology Unit (F.A.N., M.K., S.A., T.O., F.P.), Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (C.E., C.L.), University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience (J.B., A.M.D., A.S.) and Neurosurgery (T.B.), Umeå University, Sweden; and Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.R.C., F.S.), Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fredrik Piehl
- Neuroimmunology Unit (F.A.N., M.K., S.A., T.O., F.P.), Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (C.E., C.L.), University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience (J.B., A.M.D., A.S.) and Neurosurgery (T.B.), Umeå University, Sweden; and Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.R.C., F.S.), Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Aeinehband S, Brenner P, Ståhl S, Bhat M, Fidock MD, Khademi M, Olsson T, Engberg G, Jokinen J, Erhardt S, Piehl F. Cerebrospinal fluid kynurenines in multiple sclerosis; relation to disease course and neurocognitive symptoms. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 51:47-55. [PMID: 26189678 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system, with a high rate of neurocognitive symptoms for which the molecular background is still uncertain. There is accumulating evidence for dysregulation of the kynurenine pathway (KP) in different psychiatric and neurodegenerative conditions. We here report the first comprehensive analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) kynurenine metabolites in MS patients of different disease stages and in relation to neurocognitive symptoms. Levels of tryptophan (TRP), kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KYNA) and quinolinic acid (QUIN) were determined with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry in cell-free CSF. At the group level MS patients (cohort 1; n=71) did not differ in absolute levels of TRP, KYN, KYNA or QUIN as compared to non-inflammatory neurological disease controls (n=20). Stratification of patients into different disease courses revealed that both absolute QUIN levels and the QUIN/KYN ratio were increased in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients in relapse. Interestingly, secondary progressive MS (SPMS) displayed a trend for lower TRP and KYNA, while primary progressive (PPMS) patients displayed increased levels of all metabolites, similar to a group of inflammatory neurological disease controls (n=13). In the second cohort (n=48), MS patients with active disease and short disease duration were prospectively evaluated for neuropsychiatric symptoms. In a supervised multivariate analysis using orthogonal projection to latent structures (OPLS-DA) depressed patients displayed higher KYNA/TRP and KYN/TRP ratios, mainly due to low TRP levels. Still, this model had low predictive value and could not completely separate the clinically depressed patients from the non-depressed MS patients. No correlation was evident for other neurocognitive measures. Taken together these results demonstrate that clinical disease activity and differences in disease courses are reflected by changes in KP metabolites. Increased QUIN levels of RRMS patients in relapse and generally decreased levels of TRP in SPMS may relate to neurotoxicity and failure of remyelination, respectively. In contrast, PPMS patients displayed a more divergent pattern more resembling inflammatory conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus. The pattern of KP metabolites in RRMS patients could not predict neurocognitive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Aeinehband
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Philip Brenner
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Ståhl
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Bhat
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; AstraZeneca, Research & Development, Innovative Medicines, Personalized Healthcare & Biomarkers, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark D Fidock
- AstraZeneca, Research & Development, Innovative Medicines, Personalized Healthcare & Biomarkers, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mohsen Khademi
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Engberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jussi Jokinen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sophie Erhardt
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Piehl
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Lindblom RPF, Berg A, Ström M, Aeinehband S, Dominguez CA, Al Nimer F, Abdelmagid N, Heinig M, Zelano J, Harnesk K, Hübner N, Nilsson B, Ekdahl KN, Diez M, Cullheim S, Piehl F. Complement receptor 2 is up regulated in the spinal cord following nerve root injury and modulates the spinal cord response. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:192. [PMID: 26502875 PMCID: PMC4624364 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0413-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of the complement system has been implicated in both acute and chronic states of neurodegeneration. However, a detailed understanding of this complex network of interacting components is still lacking. METHODS Large-scale global expression profiling in a rat F2(DAxPVG) intercross identified a strong cis-regulatory influence on the local expression of complement receptor 2 (Cr2) in the spinal cord after ventral root avulsion (VRA). Expression of Cr2 in the spinal cord was studied in a separate cohort of DA and PVG rats at different time-points after VRA, and also following sciatic nerve transection (SNT) in the same strains. Consequently, Cr2 (-/-) mice and Wt controls were used to further explore the role of Cr2 in the spinal cord following SNT. The in vivo experiments were complemented by astrocyte and microglia cell cultures. RESULTS Expression of Cr2 in naïve spinal cord was low but strongly up regulated at 5-7 days after both VRA and SNT. Levels of Cr2 expression, as well as astrocyte activation, was higher in PVG rats than DA rats following both VRA and SNT. Subsequent in vitro studies proposed astrocytes as the main source of Cr2 expression. A functional role for Cr2 is suggested by the finding that transgenic mice lacking Cr2 displayed increased loss of synaptic nerve terminals following nerve injury. We also detected increased levels of soluble CR2 (sCR2) in the cerebrospinal fluid of rats following VRA. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that local expression of Cr2 in the central nervous system is part of the axotomy reaction and is suggested to modulate subsequent complement mediated effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rickard P F Lindblom
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anaesthesia, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. .,Neuroimmunology Unit L8:04 CMM, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Alexander Berg
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Neuronal Regeneration, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Ström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shahin Aeinehband
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia A Dominguez
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Faiez Al Nimer
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nada Abdelmagid
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthias Heinig
- Experimental Genetics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johan Zelano
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Neuronal Regeneration, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Harnesk
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Norbert Hübner
- Experimental Genetics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bo Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristina Nilsson Ekdahl
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Margarita Diez
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Staffan Cullheim
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Neuronal Regeneration, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Piehl
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Collste K, Forsberg A, Varrone A, Amini N, Aeinehband S, Yakushev I, Halldin C, Farde L, Cervenka S. Test-retest reproducibility of [(11)C]PBR28 binding to TSPO in healthy control subjects. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2015; 43:173-183. [PMID: 26293827 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-015-3149-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The PET radioligand [(11)C]PBR28 binds to the translocator protein (TSPO), a marker of brain immune activation. We examined the reproducibility of [(11)C]PBR28 binding in healthy subjects with quantification on a regional and voxel-by-voxel basis. In addition, we performed a preliminary analysis of diurnal changes in TSPO availability. METHODS Twelve subjects were examined using a high-resolution research tomograph and [(11)C]PBR28, six in the morning and afternoon of the same day, and six in the morning on two separate days. Regional volumes of distribution (V T) were derived using a region-of-interest based two-tissue compartmental analysis (2TCM), as well as a parametric approach. Metabolite-corrected arterial plasma was used as input function. RESULTS For the whole sample, the mean absolute variability in V T in the grey matter (GM) was 18.3 ± 12.7 %. Intraclass correlation coefficients in GM regions ranged from 0.90 to 0.94. Reducing the time of analysis from 91 to 63 min yielded a variability of 16.9 ± 14.9 %. There was a strong correlation between the parametric and 2TCM-derived GM values (r = 0.99). A significant increase in GM V T was observed between the morning and afternoon examinations when using secondary methods of quantification (p = 0.028). In the subjects examined at the same time of the day, the absolute variability was 15.9 ± 12.2 % for the 91-min 2TCM data. CONCLUSION V T of [(11)C]PBR28 binding showed medium reproducibility and high reliability in GM regions. Our findings support the use of parametric approaches for determining [(11)C]PBR28 V T values, and indicate that the acquisition time could be shortened. Diurnal changes in TSPO binding in the brain may be a potential confounder in clinical studies and should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Collste
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - A Forsberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Varrone
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - N Amini
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Aeinehband
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I Yakushev
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and TUM Neuroimaging Center (TUM-NIC), Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - C Halldin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Farde
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Cervenka
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Aeinehband S, Lindblom RPF, Al Nimer F, Vijayaraghavan S, Sandholm K, Khademi M, Olsson T, Nilsson B, Ekdahl KN, Darreh-Shori T, Piehl F. Complement component C3 and butyrylcholinesterase activity are associated with neurodegeneration and clinical disability in multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122048. [PMID: 25835709 PMCID: PMC4383591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the complement system is evident in many CNS diseases but mechanisms regulating complement activation in the CNS remain unclear. In a recent large rat genome-wide expression profiling and linkage analysis we found co-regulation of complement C3 immediately downstream of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), an enzyme hydrolyzing acetylcholine (ACh), a classical neurotransmitter with immunoregulatory effects. We here determined levels of neurofilament-light (NFL), a marker for ongoing nerve injury, C3 and activity of the two main ACh hydrolyzing enzymes, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and BuChE, in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with MS (n = 48) and non-inflammatory controls (n = 18). C3 levels were elevated in MS patients compared to controls and correlated both to disability and NFL. C3 levels were not induced by relapses, but were increased in patients with ≥9 cerebral lesions on magnetic resonance imaging and in patients with progressive disease. BuChE activity did not differ at the group level, but was correlated to both C3 and NFL levels in individual samples. In conclusion, we show that CSF C3 correlates both to a marker for ongoing nerve injury and degree of disease disability. Moreover, our results also suggest a potential link between intrathecal cholinergic activity and complement activation. These results motivate further efforts directed at elucidating the regulation and effector functions of the complement system in MS, and its relation to cholinergic tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Aeinehband
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Rickard P. F. Lindblom
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Faiez Al Nimer
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Swetha Vijayaraghavan
- Division of Alzheimer Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Mohsen Khademi
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo Nilsson
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristina Nilsson Ekdahl
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- School of Natural Sciences, Linnæus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Taher Darreh-Shori
- Division of Alzheimer Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Piehl
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Ruhrmann S, Piket E, Bergman P, Kular L, Lorenzi JCC, Aeinehband S, Parsa R, Gomez-cabrero D, Tegnér J, Piehl F, Jagodic M. Methylome characterization of CD4+ T cells in multiple sclerosis — Establishing a role for miR-21 in autoimmune disease. J Neuroimmunol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.08.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Isung J, Aeinehband S, Mobarrez F, Nordström P, Runeson B, Åsberg M, Piehl F, Jokinen J. High interleukin-6 and impulsivity: determining the role of endophenotypes in attempted suicide. Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e470. [PMID: 25335166 PMCID: PMC4350519 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The dysregulation of inflammation has been associated with depression and, more recently, with suicidal behaviors. The reports regarding the relationship between interleukin-6 (IL-6) and suicide attempts are inconsistent. Personality traits such as impulsivity and aggression are considered endophenotypes and important factors that underlie suicidal behaviors. The aim of the current study was to assess whether plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of IL-6 are associated with personality traits among suicide attempters. We assessed the relationships among personality traits, IL-6 and violent suicide attempts. The plasma and CSF levels of IL-6 were measured in suicide attempters (plasma=58, CSF=39) using antibody-based immunoassay systems. Personality domains were assessed using the Karolinska Scale of Personality (KSP). IL-6 levels in plasma and CSF were used to predict personality domains via regression models. Plasma IL-6 was significantly and positively correlated with extraversion as well as the KSP subscales impulsivity and monotony avoidance. CSF IL-6 was positively correlated with monotony avoidance. Violent suicide attempts tended to be associated with high plasma IL-6 levels. Plasma and CSF levels of IL-6 were not significantly associated with each other. These results indicate that impulsivity and the choice of a violent suicide attempt method might be related to higher levels of IL-6 in individuals who attempt suicide. The neuroinflammation hypothesis of suicidal behavior on the basis of elevated IL-6 levels might be partly explained by the positive association between IL-6 and impulsivity, which is a key element of the suicidal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Isung
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet R5, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm 17176, Sweden. E-mail:
| | - S Aeinehband
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Mobarrez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Nordström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B Runeson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Åsberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Piehl
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Jokinen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Clinical Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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13
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Lindblom RPF, Ström M, Heinig M, Al Nimer F, Aeinehband S, Berg A, Dominguez CA, Vijayaraghavan S, Zhang XM, Harnesk K, Zelano J, Hübner N, Cullheim S, Darreh-Shori T, Diez M, Piehl F. Unbiased expression mapping identifies a link between the complement and cholinergic systems in the rat central nervous system. J Immunol 2013; 192:1138-53. [PMID: 24353269 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is activated in a wide spectrum of CNS diseases and is suggested to play a role in degenerative phenomena such as elimination of synaptic terminals. Still, little is known of mechanisms regulating complement activation in the CNS. Loss of synaptic terminals in the spinal cord after an experimental nerve injury is increased in the inbred DA strain compared with the PVG strain and is associated with expression of the upstream complement components C1q and C3, in the absence of membrane attack complex activation and neutrophil infiltration. To further dissect pathways regulating complement expression, we performed genome-wide expression profiling and linkage analysis in a large F2(DA × PVG) intercross, which identified quantitative trait loci regulating expression of C1qa, C1qb, C3, and C9. Unlike C1qa, C1qb, and C9, which all displayed distinct coregulation with different cis-regulated C-type lectins, C3 was regulated in a coexpression network immediately downstream of butyrylcholinesterase. Butyrylcholinesterase hydrolyses acetylcholine, which exerts immunoregulatory effects partly through TNF-α pathways. Accordingly, increased C3, but not C1q, expression was demonstrated in rat and mouse glia following TNF-α stimulation, which was abrogated in a dose-dependent manner by acetylcholine. These findings demonstrate new pathways regulating CNS complement expression using unbiased mapping in an experimental in vivo system. A direct link between cholinergic activity and complement activation is supported by in vitro experiments. The identification of distinct pathways subjected to regulation by naturally occurring genetic variability is of relevance for the understanding of disease mechanisms in neurologic conditions characterized by neuronal injury and complement activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rickard P F Lindblom
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Vijayaraghavan S, Karami A, Aeinehband S, Behbahani H, Grandien A, Nilsson B, Ekdahl KN, Lindblom RPF, Piehl F, Darreh-Shori T. Regulated Extracellular Choline Acetyltransferase Activity- The Plausible Missing Link of the Distant Action of Acetylcholine in the Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65936. [PMID: 23840379 PMCID: PMC3686815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh), the classical neurotransmitter, also affects a variety of nonexcitable cells, such as endothelia, microglia, astrocytes and lymphocytes in both the nervous system and secondary lymphoid organs. Most of these cells are very distant from cholinergic synapses. The action of ACh on these distant cells is unlikely to occur through diffusion, given that ACh is very short-lived in the presence of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), two extremely efficient ACh-degrading enzymes abundantly present in extracellular fluids. In this study, we show compelling evidence for presence of a high concentration and activity of the ACh-synthesizing enzyme, choline-acetyltransferase (ChAT) in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma. We show that ChAT levels are physiologically balanced to the levels of its counteracting enzymes, AChE and BuChE in the human plasma and CSF. Equilibrium analyses show that soluble ChAT maintains a steady-state ACh level in the presence of physiological levels of fully active ACh-degrading enzymes. We show that ChAT is secreted by cultured human-brain astrocytes, and that activated spleen lymphocytes release ChAT itself rather than ACh. We further report differential CSF levels of ChAT in relation to Alzheimer's disease risk genotypes, as well as in patients with multiple sclerosis, a chronic neuroinflammatory disease, compared to controls. Interestingly, soluble CSF ChAT levels show strong correlation with soluble complement factor levels, supporting a role in inflammatory regulation. This study provides a plausible explanation for the long-distance action of ACh through continuous renewal of ACh in extracellular fluids by the soluble ChAT and thereby maintenance of steady-state equilibrium between hydrolysis and synthesis of this ubiquitous cholinergic signal substance in the brain and peripheral compartments. These findings may have important implications for the role of cholinergic signaling in states of inflammation in general and in neurodegenerative disease, such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Vijayaraghavan
- Division of Alzheimer Neurobiology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Azadeh Karami
- Division of Alzheimer Neurobiology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shahin Aeinehband
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Unit for Neuroimmunology, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Homira Behbahani
- Division of Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alf Grandien
- Department of Medicine, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Division of Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristina N. Ekdahl
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Division of Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Linnæus Center of Biomaterials Chemistry, Linnæus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | | | - Fredrik Piehl
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Unit for Neuroimmunology, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Taher Darreh-Shori
- Division of Alzheimer Neurobiology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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15
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Darreh-Shori T, Vijayaraghavan S, Aeinehband S, Piehl F, Lindblom RPF, Nilsson B, Ekdahl KN, Långström B, Almkvist O, Nordberg A. Functional variability in butyrylcholinesterase activity regulates intrathecal cytokine and astroglial biomarker profiles in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2465-81. [PMID: 23759148 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity is associated with activated astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease brain. The BuChE-K variant exhibits 30%-60% reduced acetylcholine (ACh) hydrolyzing capacity. Considering the increasing evidence of an immune-regulatory role of ACh, we investigated if genetic heterogeneity in BuChE affects cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of inflammation and cholinoceptive glial function. Alzheimer's disease patients (n = 179) were BCHE-K-genotyped. Proteomic and enzymatic analyses were performed on CSF and/or plasma. BuChE genotype was linked with differential CSF levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein, S100B, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. BCHE-K noncarriers displayed 100%-150% higher glial fibrillary acidic protein and 64%-110% higher S100B than BCHE-K carriers, who, in contrast, had 40%-80% higher interleukin-1β and 21%-27% higher TNF-α compared with noncarriers. A high level of CSF BuChE enzymatic phenotype also significantly correlated with higher CSF levels of astroglial markers and several factors of the innate complement system, but lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines. These individuals also displayed beneficial paraclinical and clinical findings, such as high cerebral glucose utilization, low β-amyloid load, and less severe progression of clinical symptoms. In vitro analysis on human astrocytes confirmed the involvement of a regulated BuChE status in the astroglial responses to TNF-α and ACh. Histochemical analysis in a rat model of nerve injury-induced neuroinflammation, showed focal assembly of astroglial cells in proximity of BuChE-immunolabeled sites. In conclusion, these results suggest that BuChE enzymatic activity plays an important role in regulating intrinsic inflammation and activity of cholinoceptive glial cells and that this might be of clinical relevance. The dissociation between astroglial markers and inflammatory cytokines indicates that a proper activation and maintenance of astroglial function is a beneficial response, rather than a disease-driving mechanism. Further studies are needed to explore the therapeutic potential of manipulating BuChE activity or astroglial functional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taher Darreh-Shori
- Division of Alzheimer Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Lindblom RPF, Aeinehband S, Parsa R, Ström M, Al Nimer F, Zhang XM, Dominguez CA, Flytzani S, Diez M, Piehl F. Genetic variability in the rat Aplec C-type lectin gene cluster regulates lymphocyte trafficking and motor neuron survival after traumatic nerve root injury. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:60. [PMID: 23656637 PMCID: PMC3661385 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-type lectin (CLEC) receptors are important for initiating and shaping immune responses; however, their role in inflammatory reactions in the central nervous system after traumatic injuries is not known. The antigen-presenting lectin-like receptor gene complex (Aplec) contains a few CLEC genes, which differ genetically among inbred rat strains. It was originally thought to be a region that regulates susceptibility to autoimmune arthritis, autoimmune neuroinflammation and infection. METHODS The inbred rat strains DA and PVG differ substantially in degree of spinal cord motor neuron death following ventral root avulsion (VRA), which is a reproducible model of localized nerve root injury. A large F2 (DAxPVG) intercross was bred and genotyped after which global expressional profiling was performed on spinal cords from F2 rats subjected to VRA. A congenic strain, Aplec, created by transferring a small PVG segment containing only seven genes, all C-type lectins, ontoDA background, was used for further experiments together with the parental strains. RESULTS Global expressional profiling of F2 (DAxPVG) spinal cords after VRA and genome-wide eQTL mapping identified a strong cis-regulated difference in the expression of Clec4a3 (Dcir3), a C-type lectin gene that is a part of the Aplec cluster. Second, we demonstrate significantly improved motor neuron survival and also increased T-cell infiltration into the spinal cord of congenic rats carrying Aplec from PVG on DA background compared to the parental DA strain. In vitro studies demonstrate that the Aplec genes are expressed on microglia and upregulated upon inflammatory stimuli. However, there were no differences in expression of general microglial activation markers between Aplec and parental DA rats, suggesting that the Aplec genes are involved in the signaling events rather than the primary activation of microglia occurring upon nerve root injury. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we demonstrate that a genetic variation in Aplec occurring among inbred strains regulates both survival of axotomized motor neurons and the degree of lymphocyte infiltration. These results demonstrate a hitherto unknown role for CLECs for intercellular communication that occurs after damage to the nervous system, which is relevant for neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rickard P F Lindblom
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Unit for Neuroimmunology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Al Nimer F, Ström M, Lindblom R, Aeinehband S, Bellander BM, Nyengaard JR, Lidman O, Piehl F. Naturally occurring variation in the Glutathione-S-Transferase 4 gene determines neurodegeneration after traumatic brain injury. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:784-94. [PMID: 22881716 PMCID: PMC3555113 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM Genetic factors are important for outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI), although exact knowledge of relevant genes/pathways is still lacking. We here used an unbiased approach to define differentially activated pathways between the inbred DA and PVG rat strains. The results prompted us to study further if a naturally occurring genetic variation in glutathione-S-transferase alpha 4 (Gsta4) affects the outcome after TBI. RESULTS Survival of neurons after experimental TBI is increased in PVG compared to the DA strain. Global expression profiling analysis shows the glutathione metabolism pathway to be the most regulated between the strains, with increased Gsta4 in PVG among top regulated transcripts. A congenic strain (R5) with a PVG genomic insert containing the Gsta4 gene on DA background displays a reversal of the strain pattern for Gsta4 expression and increased survival of neurons compared to DA. Gsta4 is known to effectively reduce 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), a noxious by-product of lipid peroxidation. Immunostaining of 4-HNE was evident in both rat and human TBI. Intracerebral injection of 4-HNE resulted in neurodegeneration with increased levels of a marker for nerve injury in cerebrospinal fluid of DA compared to R5. INNOVATION These findings provide strong support for the notion that the inherent capability of coping with increased 4-HNE after TBI affects outcome in terms of nerve cell loss. CONCLUSION A naturally occurring variation in Gsta4 expression in rats affects neurodegeneration after TBI. Further studies are needed to explore if genetic variability in Gsta4 can be associated to outcome also in human TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiez Al Nimer
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Isung J, Aeinehband S, Mobarrez F, Mårtensson B, Nordström P, Åsberg M, Piehl F, Jokinen J. 2158 – Low vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-8 in cerebrospinal fluid of suicide attempters. Eur Psychiatry 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(13)77039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Al Nimer F, Beyeen AD, Lindblom R, Ström M, Aeinehband S, Lidman O, Piehl F. Both MHC and non-MHC genes regulate inflammation and T-cell response after traumatic brain injury. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:981-90. [PMID: 20974248 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic regulation of autoimmune neuroinflammation is a well known phenomenon, but genetic influences on inflammation following traumatic nerve injuries have received little attention. In this study we examined the inflammatory response in a rat traumatic brain injury (TBI) model, with a particular focus on major histocompatibility class II (MHC II) presentation, in two inbred rat strains that have been extensively characterized in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE); DA and PVG. In addition, MHC and Vra4 congenic strains on these backgrounds were studied to give information on MHC and non-MHC gene contribution. Thus, allelic differences in Vra4, harboring the Ciita gene, was found to regulate expression of the invariant chain at the mRNA level, with a much smaller effect exerted by the MHC locus itself. Notably, however, at the protein level the MHC congenic PVG-RT1(av1) strain displayed much stronger MHCII(+) presentation, as shown both by immunolabeling and flow cytometry, than the PVG strain, dwarfing the effect of Ciita. The PVG-RT1(av1) strain had significantly more T-cell influx than both DA and PVG, suggesting regulation both by MHC and non-MHC genes. Finally, in terms of outcome, the EAE susceptible DA strain displayed a significantly smaller resulting lesion volume than the resistant PVG-RT1(av1) strain. These results provide additional support for a role of adaptive immune response after neurotrauma and demonstrate that outcome is significantly affected by host genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiez Al Nimer
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska University Hospital, S171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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