1
|
Proksch S, Reeves M, Gee K, Transtrum M, Kello C, Balasubramaniam R. Recurrence Quantification Analysis of Crowd Sound Dynamics. Cogn Sci 2023; 47:e13363. [PMID: 37867383 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
When multiple individuals interact in a conversation or as part of a large crowd, emergent structures and dynamics arise that are behavioral properties of the interacting group rather than of any individual member of that group. Recent work using traditional signal processing techniques and machine learning has demonstrated that global acoustic data recorded from a crowd at a basketball game can be used to classify emergent crowd behavior in terms of the crowd's purported emotional state. We propose that the description of crowd behavior from such global acoustic data could benefit from nonlinear analysis methods derived from dynamical systems theory. Such methods have been used in recent research applying nonlinear methods to audio data extracted from music and group musical interactions. In this work, we used nonlinear analyses to extract features that are relevant to the behavioral interactions that underlie acoustic signals produced by a crowd attending a sporting event. We propose that recurrence dynamics measured from these audio signals via recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) reflect information about the behavioral dynamics of the crowd itself. We analyze these dynamics from acoustic signals recorded from crowds attending basketball games, and that were manually labeled according to the crowds' emotional state across six categories: angry noise, applause, cheer, distraction noise, positive chant, and negative chant. We show that RQA measures are useful to differentiate the emergent acoustic behavioral dynamics between these categories, and can provide insight into the recurrence patterns that underlie crowd interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Proksch
- Department of Psychology, Augustana University
- Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced
| | - Majerle Reeves
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of California, Merced
| | - Kent Gee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University
| | - Mark Transtrum
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University
| | - Chris Kello
- Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rahimpour Jounghani A, Lanka P, Pollonini L, Proksch S, Balasubramaniam R, Bortfeld H. Multiple levels of contextual influence on action-based timing behavior and cortical activation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7154. [PMID: 37130838 PMCID: PMC10154340 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33780-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Procedures used to elicit both behavioral and neurophysiological data to address a particular cognitive question can impact the nature of the data collected. We used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to assess performance of a modified finger tapping task in which participants performed synchronized or syncopated tapping relative to a metronomic tone. Both versions of the tapping task included a pacing phase (tapping with the tone) followed by a continuation phase (tapping without the tone). Both behavioral and brain-based findings revealed two distinct timing mechanisms underlying the two forms of tapping. Here we investigate the impact of an additional-and extremely subtle-manipulation of the study's experimental design. We measured responses in 23 healthy adults as they performed the two versions of the finger-tapping tasks either blocked by tapping type or alternating from one to the other type during the course of the experiment. As in our previous study, behavioral tapping indices and cortical hemodynamics were monitored, allowing us to compare results across the two study designs. Consistent with previous findings, results reflected distinct, context-dependent parameters of the tapping. Moreover, our results demonstrated a significant impact of study design on rhythmic entrainment in the presence/absence of auditory stimuli. Tapping accuracy and hemodynamic responsivity collectively indicate that the block design context is preferable for studying action-based timing behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rahimpour Jounghani
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, C-Brain Lab, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Psychological Sciences & Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Pradyumna Lanka
- Psychological Sciences & Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Luca Pollonini
- Department of Engineering Technology, Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Basque Center On Cognition, Brain and Language, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Shannon Proksch
- Department of Psychology, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
- Cognitive & Information Sciences, University of California, 5200 N Lake Rd, School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Arts, Room SSM 247B, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Ramesh Balasubramaniam
- Cognitive & Information Sciences, University of California, 5200 N Lake Rd, School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Arts, Room SSM 247B, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Heather Bortfeld
- Psychological Sciences & Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, USA.
- Cognitive & Information Sciences, University of California, 5200 N Lake Rd, School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Arts, Room SSM 247B, Merced, CA, 95343, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kaur J, Proksch S, Balasubramaniam R. The effect of elastic and viscous force fields on bimanual coordination. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:1117-1130. [PMID: 36914895 PMCID: PMC10081978 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06589-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Bimanual in-phase and anti-phase coordination modes represent two basic movement patterns with distinct characteristics-homologous muscle contraction and non-homologous muscle contraction, respectively. A method to understand the contribution of each limb to the overall coordination pattern involves detuning (Δω) the natural eigenfrequency of each limb. In the present experiment, we experimentally broke the symmetry between the two upper limbs by adding elastic and viscous force fields using a Kinarm robot exoskeleton. We measured the effect of this symmetry breaking on coordination stability as participants performed bimanual in-phase and anti-phase movements using their left and right hand in 1:1 frequency locking mode. Differences between uncoupled frequencies were manipulated via the application of viscous & elastic force fields and using fast and slow oscillation frequencies with a custom task developed using the Kinarm robotic exoskeleton. The effects of manipulating the asymmetry between the limbs were measured through the mean and variability of relative phase (ϕ) from the intended modes of 0 ° or 180 °. In general, participants deviated less from intended phase irrespective of coordination mode in all matched conditions, except for when elastic loads are applied to both arms in the anti-phase coordination. Second, we found that when force fields were mismatched participants exhibited a larger deviation from the intended phase. Overall, there was increased phase deviation during anti-phase coordination. Finally, participants exhibited higher variability in relative phase in mismatched force conditions compared to matched force conditions, with overall higher variability during anti-phase coordination mode. We extend previous research by demonstrating that symmetry breaking caused by force differences between the limbs disrupts stability in each coordination mode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaskanwaljeet Kaur
- Sensorimotor Neuroscience Laboratory, Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, 5200 N Lake Road Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA.
| | - Shannon Proksch
- Sensorimotor Neuroscience Laboratory, Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, 5200 N Lake Road Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA.,Department of Psychology, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, SD, 57197, USA
| | - Ramesh Balasubramaniam
- Sensorimotor Neuroscience Laboratory, Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, 5200 N Lake Road Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Novelli N, Proksch S. Am I (Deep) Blue? Music-Making AI and Emotional Awareness. Front Neurorobot 2022; 16:897110. [PMID: 35799944 PMCID: PMC9253538 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2022.897110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial Intelligence has shown paradigmatic success in defeating world champions in strategy games. However, the same programming tactics are not a reasonable approach to creative and ostensibly emotional artistic endeavors such as music composition. Here we review key examples of current creative music generating AIs, noting both their progress and limitations. We propose that these limitations are rooted in current AIs lack of thoroughly embodied, interoceptive processes associated with the emotional component of music perception and production. We examine some current music-generating machines that appear to be minimally addressing this issue by appealing to something akin to interoceptive processes. To conclude, we argue that a successful music-making AI requires both the generative capacities at which current AIs are constantly progressing, and thoroughly embodied, interoceptive processes which more closely resemble the processes underlying human emotions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Novelli
- Independent Researcher, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Nicholas Novelli
| | - Shannon Proksch
- Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pabst A, Proksch S, Médé B, Comstock DC, Ross JM, Balasubramaniam R. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) on cognitive enhancement. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 135:104587. [PMID: 35202646 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) has been used to focally regulate excitability of neural cortex over the past decade - however there is little consensus on the generalizability of effects reported in individual studies. Many studies use small sample sizes (N < 30), and there is a considerable amount of methodological heterogeneity in application of the stimulation itself. This systematic meta-analysis aims to consolidate the extant literature and determine if up-regulatory theta-burst stimulation reliably enhances cognition through measurable behavior. Results show that iTBS - when compared to suitable control conditions - may enhance cognition when outlier studies are removed, but also that there is a significant amount of heterogeneity across studies. Significant contributors to between-study heterogeneity include location of stimulation and method of navigation to the stimulation site. Surprisingly, the type of cognitive domain investigated was not a significant contributor of heterogeneity. The findings of this meta-analysis demonstrate that standardization of iTBS is urgent and necessary to determine if neuroenhancement of particular cognitive faculties are reliable and robust, and measurable through observable behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Pabst
- Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA; Accenture Labs, 415 Mission Street, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA.
| | - Shannon Proksch
- Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
| | - Butovens Médé
- Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
| | - Daniel C Comstock
- Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA; Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, 267 Cousteau Place, Davis, CA 95618, USA.
| | - Jessica Marie Ross
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Stanford University, 3801 Miranda Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Ramesh Balasubramaniam
- Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Proksch S, Reeves M, Spivey M, Balasubramaniam R. Coordination dynamics of multi-agent interaction in a musical ensemble. Sci Rep 2022; 12:421. [PMID: 35013620 PMCID: PMC8748883 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04463-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans interact with other humans at a variety of timescales and in a variety of social contexts. We exhibit patterns of coordination that may differ depending on whether we are genuinely interacting as part of a coordinated group of individuals vs merely co-existing within the same physical space. Moreover, the local coordination dynamics of an interacting pair of individuals in an otherwise non-interacting group may spread, propagating change in the global coordination dynamics and interaction of an entire crowd. Dynamical systems analyses, such as Recurrence Quantification Analysis (RQA), can shed light on some of the underlying coordination dynamics of multi-agent human interaction. We used RQA to examine the coordination dynamics of a performance of "Welcome to the Imagination World", composed for wind orchestra. This performance enacts a real-life simulation of the transition from uncoordinated, non-interacting individuals to a coordinated, interacting multi-agent group. Unlike previous studies of social interaction in musical performance which rely on different aspects of video and/or acoustic data recorded from each individual, this project analyzes group-level coordination patterns solely from the group-level acoustic data of an audio recording of the performance. Recurrence and stability measures extracted from the audio recording increased when musicians coordinated as an interacting group. Variability in these measures also increased, indicating that the interacting ensemble of musicians were able to explore a greater variety of behavior than when they performed as non-interacting individuals. As an orchestrated (non-emergent) example of coordination, we believe these analyses provide an indication of approximate expected distributions for recurrence patterns that may be measurable before and after truly emergent coordination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Proksch
- Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California-Merced, Merced, USA.
| | - Majerle Reeves
- Applied Mathematics, University of California-Merced, Merced, USA
| | - Michael Spivey
- Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California-Merced, Merced, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pouw W, Proksch S, Drijvers L, Gamba M, Holler J, Kello C, Schaefer RS, Wiggins GA. Multilevel rhythms in multimodal communication. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200334. [PMID: 34420378 PMCID: PMC8380971 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that the brunt of animal communication is conducted via several modalities, e.g. acoustic and visual, either simultaneously or sequentially. This is a laudable multimodal turn relative to traditional accounts of temporal aspects of animal communication which have focused on a single modality at a time. However, the fields that are currently contributing to the study of multimodal communication are highly varied, and still largely disconnected given their sole focus on a particular level of description or their particular concern with human or non-human animals. Here, we provide an integrative overview of converging findings that show how multimodal processes occurring at neural, bodily, as well as social interactional levels each contribute uniquely to the complex rhythms that characterize communication in human and non-human animals. Though we address findings for each of these levels independently, we conclude that the most important challenge in this field is to identify how processes at these different levels connect. This article is part of the theme issue 'Synchrony and rhythm interaction: from the brain to behavioural ecology'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wim Pouw
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Shannon Proksch
- Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Linda Drijvers
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Gamba
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Judith Holler
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher Kello
- Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca S. Schaefer
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology unit, Institute for Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Academy for Creative and Performing Arts, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Geraint A. Wiggins
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium and Queen Mary University of London, UK
- Queen Mary University, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Harm to some elicits greater sympathy than harm to others. Here, we examine the role of posterior medial frontal cortex (PMFC) in regulating sympathy, and explore the potential role of PMFC in the related phenomena of mentalizing and representing others as connected with oneself. We down-regulated either PMFC or a control region (middle temporal visual area), then assessed feelings of sympathy for and self-other overlap with two characters described as having suffered physical harm, and who were framed as adversarial or affiliative, respectively. We also measured mentalizing performance with regard to inferring the cognitive and affective states of the adversarial character. As hypothesized, down-regulating PMFC increased sympathy for both characters. Whereas we had predicted that down-regulating PMFC would decrease mentalizing ability given the postulated role of PMFC in the mentalizing network, participants in the PMFC down-regulation condition evinced greater second-order cognitive inference ability relative to controls. We observed no effect of the TMS manipulation on self-other overlap, although sympathy and self-other overlap were positively correlated. These findings are discussed as they may inform understanding of the functional role(s) of PMFC in regulating responses broadly linked with empathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin Holbrook
- Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Marco Iacoboni
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chelsea Gordon
- Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Shannon Proksch
- Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Harmony Makhfi
- Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Ramesh Balasubramaniam
- Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Holbrook C, Iacoboni M, Gordon C, Proksch S, Balasubramaniam R. Posterior medial frontal cortex and threat-enhanced religious belief: a replication and extension. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 15:1361-1367. [PMID: 33180108 PMCID: PMC7759203 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Research indicates that the posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) functions as a 'neural alarm' complex broadly involved in registering threats and helping to muster relevant responses. Holbrook and colleagues investigated whether pMFC similarly mediates ideological threat responses, finding that downregulating pMFC via transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) caused (i) less avowed religious belief despite being reminded of death and (ii) less group bias despite encountering a sharp critique of the national in-group. While suggestive, these findings were limited by the absence of a non-threat comparison condition and reliance on sham rather than control TMS. Here, in a pre-registered replication and extension, we downregulated pMFC or a control region (MT/V5) and then primed participants with either a reminder of death or a threat-neutral topic. As mentioned previously, participants reminded of death reported less religious belief when pMFC was downregulated. No such effect of pMFC downregulation was observed in the neutral condition, consistent with construing pMFC as monitoring for salient threats (e.g. death) and helping to recruit ideological responses (e.g. enhanced religious belief). However, no effect of downregulating pMFC on group bias was observed, possibly due to reliance on a collegiate in-group framing rather than a national framing as in the prior study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin Holbrook
- Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Marco Iacoboni
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Chelsea Gordon
- Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Shannon Proksch
- Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Ramesh Balasubramaniam
- Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Proksch S, Comstock DC, Médé B, Pabst A, Balasubramaniam R. Motor and Predictive Processes in Auditory Beat and Rhythm Perception. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:578546. [PMID: 33061902 PMCID: PMC7518112 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.578546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we review recent advances in research on rhythm and musical beat perception, focusing on the role of predictive processes in auditory motor interactions. We suggest that experimental evidence of the motor system's role in beat perception, including in passive listening, may be explained by the generation and maintenance of internal predictive models, concordant with the Active Inference framework of sensory processing. We highlight two complementary hypotheses for the neural underpinnings of rhythm perception: The Action Simulation for Auditory Prediction hypothesis (Patel and Iversen, 2014) and the Gradual Audiomotor Evolution hypothesis (Merchant and Honing, 2014) and review recent experimental progress supporting each of these hypotheses. While initial formulations of ASAP and GAE explain different aspects of beat-based timing-the involvement of motor structures in the absence of movement, and physical entrainment to an auditory beat respectively-we suggest that work under both hypotheses provide converging evidence toward understanding the predictive role of the motor system in the perception of rhythm, and the specific neural mechanisms involved. We discuss future experimental work necessary to further evaluate the causal neural mechanisms underlying beat and rhythm perception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Proksch
- Sensorimotor Neuroscience Laboratory, Cognitive & Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
| | - Daniel C Comstock
- Sensorimotor Neuroscience Laboratory, Cognitive & Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
| | - Butovens Médé
- Sensorimotor Neuroscience Laboratory, Cognitive & Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
| | - Alexandria Pabst
- Sensorimotor Neuroscience Laboratory, Cognitive & Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
| | - Ramesh Balasubramaniam
- Sensorimotor Neuroscience Laboratory, Cognitive & Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Proksch S, Brossart J, Vach K, Hellwig E, Altenburger MJ, Karygianni L. Evaluation of the bioactivity of fluoride-enriched mineral trioxide aggregate on osteoblasts. Int Endod J 2018; 51:912-923. [PMID: 29397012 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether a combination of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and fluoride compounds affects bone cells. METHODOLOGY Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) discs (ProRoot® , Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland) with and without the addition of 0.1%, 0.25% and 0.5% sodium fluoride were characterized for their surface roughness by laser scanning microscopy and for the adhesion of human alveolar osteoblasts by scanning electron microscopy. Using eluates from fluoride-enriched MTA discs, the cell proliferation was measured by monitoring the DNA incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine. Further, gene expression was evaluated by qPCR arrays, extracellular matrix mineralization was quantified by absorption measurement of Alizarin red stains, and effects were calculated with repeated measures analysis and post hoc P-value adjustment. RESULTS Irrespective of fluoride addition, cell adhesion was similar on MTA discs, of which the surface roughness was comparable. Control osteoblasts had a curvilinear proliferation pattern peaking at d5, which was levelled out by incubation with MTA. The addition of fluoride partly restored the MTA-related reduction in the cellular proliferation rate in a dose-dependent manner. At the mRNA level, both fluoride and MTA modulated a number of genes involved in osteogenesis, bone mineral metabolism and extracellular matrix formation. Although MTA significantly impaired extracellular matrix mineralization, the addition of fluoride supported the formation of mineralized nodules in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION The addition of fluoride modulated the biocompatibility of MTA in terms of supporting bone cell proliferation and hard tissue formation. Hence, fluoride enrichment is a trend-setting advancement for MTA-based endodontic therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Proksch
- G.E.R.N. Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Dental Medicine, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - J Brossart
- Centre for Dental Medicine, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - K Vach
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - E Hellwig
- G.E.R.N. Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Dental Medicine, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - M J Altenburger
- Centre for Dental Medicine, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - L Karygianni
- Centre for Dental Medicine, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Clinic for Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Karygianni L, Proksch S, Schneider S, Vach K, Hellwig E, Steinberg T, Schulz SD, Tchorz JP, Altenburger MJ. The effects of various mixing solutions on the biocompatibility of mineral trioxide aggregate. Int Endod J 2015; 49:561-73. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Karygianni
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology; Center for Dental Medicine; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - S. Proksch
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology; Center for Dental Medicine; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - S. Schneider
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology; Center for Dental Medicine; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - K. Vach
- Institute for Medical Biometry and Statistics; Center for Medical Biometry and Medical Informatics; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - E. Hellwig
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology; Center for Dental Medicine; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - T. Steinberg
- Department of Oral Biotechnology; Center for Dental Medicine; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - S. D. Schulz
- Department of Oral Biotechnology; Center for Dental Medicine; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - J. P. Tchorz
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology; Center for Dental Medicine; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - M. J. Altenburger
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology; Center for Dental Medicine; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Proksch S, Steinberg T, Schulz S, Sauerbier S, Hellwig E, Tomakidi P. Environmental Biomechanics Substantiated by Defined Pillar Micropatterns Govern Behavior of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:2455-69. [DOI: 10.3727/096368912x637037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While evidence on the impact of the biomechanical environment elasticity on human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) behavior is growing, the aspect of micropatterning is still poorly understood. Thus, the present study aimed at investigating the influence of defined environmental micropatterning on hMSC behavior. Following characterization, hMSCs were grown on defined pillar micropatterns of 5, 7, 9, and 11 μm. With respect to cell behavior, primary hMSC adhesion was detected by indirect immunofluorescence (iIF) for paxillin, vinculin, integrin αV, and actin, while proliferation was visualized by histone H3. Morphogenesis was monitored by scanning electron microscopy and the expression of stem cell-specific biomarkers by real-time PCR. Favoritism of primary adhesion of hMSCs on pillar tops occurred at smaller pillar micropatterns, concomitant with cell flattening. While vinculin, integrin αV, and paxillin appeared initially more cytoplasmic, high pillar micropatterns favored a progressive redistribution with polarization to cell tension sites and at cell borders. Accomplishment of morphogenesis at day 3 revealed establishment of fully rotund cell somata at 5 μm, while hMSCs appeared progressively elongated at rising micropatterns. The hMSC proliferation capacity was influenced by pillar micropatterns and gene expression analysis of stem cell- and differentiation-associated biomarkers disclosed clear modulation by distinct pillar micropatterns. In response to environmental biomechanics, our results show that hMSC behavior is governed by pillar micropatterning. In turn, these findings may form the basis to prospectively direct lineage specificity of hMSCs in a customized fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Proksch
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Dental School and Hospital, University Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - T. Steinberg
- Department of Oral Biotechnology, Dental School and Hospital, University Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - S. Schulz
- Department of Oral Biotechnology, Dental School and Hospital, University Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - S. Sauerbier
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental School and Hospital, University Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - E. Hellwig
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Dental School and Hospital, University Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - P. Tomakidi
- Department of Oral Biotechnology, Dental School and Hospital, University Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Weill D, Mack M, Roth J, Swisher S, Proksch S, Merritt J, Nemunaitis J. Adenoviral-mediated p53 gene transfer to non-small cell lung cancer through endobronchial injection. Chest 2000; 118:966-70. [PMID: 11035664 DOI: 10.1378/chest.118.4.966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine the degree of toxicity and antitumor activity following bronchoscopic injection of an adenoviral-mediated p53 gene (Adp53) into tumors causing airway obstruction. DOSING: This was a subset analysis of a phase I dose escalation trial. SETTING Patients were treated in the outpatient clinics at the University of Texas (MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX) and at Medical City Dallas Hospital (US Oncology, Dallas, TX). PATIENTS Twelve patients (median age, 60 years) with advanced endobronchial non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (squamous cell carcinoma, six patients; adenocarcinoma, six patients) were entered into trial. The median tumor area was 5 x 3.2 cm. All patient tumors contained a p53 gene mutation. INTERVENTIONS Adp53 (dose range, 1 x 10(6) to 1 x 10(11) plaque-forming units) was administered by bronchoscopic intratumoral injection once every 28 days. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Toxicity attributed to the Adp53 vector was minimal. Six of the 12 patients had significant improvement in airway obstruction, and 3 patients met the criteria for partial response. CONCLUSIONS Direct bronchoscopic injection of Adp53 into endobronchial NSCLC is safe, with acceptable levels of toxicity. The initial clinical results demonstrating relief of airway obstruction warrant further clinical investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Weill
- Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Stumbles PA, Thomas JA, Pimm CL, Lee PT, Venaille TJ, Proksch S, Holt PG. Resting respiratory tract dendritic cells preferentially stimulate T helper cell type 2 (Th2) responses and require obligatory cytokine signals for induction of Th1 immunity. J Exp Med 1998; 188:2019-31. [PMID: 9841916 PMCID: PMC2212375 DOI: 10.1084/jem.188.11.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/1998] [Revised: 09/23/1998] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Consistent with their role in host defense, mature dendritic cells (DCs) from central lymphoid organs preferentially prime for T helper cell type 1 (Th1)-polarized immunity. However, the "default" T helper response at mucosal surfaces demonstrates Th2 polarity, which is reflected in the cytokine profiles of activated T cells from mucosal lymph nodes. This study on rat respiratory tract DCs (RTDCs) provides an explanation for this paradox. We demonstrate that freshly isolated RTDCs are functionally immature as defined in vitro, being surface major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II lo, endocytosishi, and mixed lymphocyte reactionlo, and these cells produce mRNA encoding interleukin (IL)-10. After ovalbumin (OVA)-pulsing and adoptive transfer, freshly isolated RTDCs preferentially stimulated Th2-dependent OVA-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)G1 responses, and antigen-stimulated splenocytes from recipient animals produced IL-4 in vitro. However, preculture with granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor increased their in vivo IgG priming capacity by 2-3 logs, inducing production of both Th1- and Th2-dependent IgG subclasses and high levels of IFN-gamma by antigen-stimulated splenocytes. Associated phenotypic changes included upregulation of surface MHC II and B7 expression and IL-12 p35 mRNA, and downregulation of endocytosis, MHC II processing- associated genes, and IL-10 mRNA expression. Full expression of IL-12 p40 required additional signals, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha or CD40 ligand. These results suggest that the observed Th2 polarity of the resting mucosal immune system may be an inherent property of the resident DC population, and furthermore that mobilization of Th1 immunity relies absolutely on the provision of appropriate microenvironmental costimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P A Stumbles
- TVW Telethon Institute for Child Health Research (affiliated with the University of Western Australia), West Perth, Western Australia 6872, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|