1
|
Zhang Q, Riley-Gillis B, Han L, Jia Y, Lodi A, Zhang H, Ganesan S, Pan R, Konoplev SN, Sweeney SR, Ryan JA, Jitkova Y, Dunner K, Grosskurth SE, Vijay P, Ghosh S, Lu C, Ma W, Kurtz S, Ruvolo VR, Ma H, Weng CC, Ramage CL, Baran N, Shi C, Cai T, Davis RE, Battula VL, Mi Y, Wang J, DiNardo CD, Andreeff M, Tyner JW, Schimmer A, Letai A, Padua RA, Bueso-Ramos CE, Tiziani S, Leverson J, Popovic R, Konopleva M. Activation of RAS/MAPK pathway confers MCL-1 mediated acquired resistance to BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax in acute myeloid leukemia. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:51. [PMID: 35185150 PMCID: PMC8858957 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00870-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite high initial response rates, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) treated with the BCL-2-selective inhibitor venetoclax (VEN) alone or in combinations commonly acquires resistance. We performed gene/protein expression, metabolomic and methylation analyses of isogenic AML cell lines sensitive or resistant to VEN, and identified the activation of RAS/MAPK pathway, leading to increased stability and higher levels of MCL-1 protein, as a major acquired mechanism of VEN resistance. MCL-1 sustained survival and maintained mitochondrial respiration in VEN-RE cells, which had impaired electron transport chain (ETC) complex II activity, and MCL-1 silencing or pharmacologic inhibition restored VEN sensitivity. In support of the importance of RAS/MAPK activation, we found by single-cell DNA sequencing rapid clonal selection of RAS-mutated clones in AML patients treated with VEN-containing regimens. In summary, these findings establish RAS/MAPK/MCL-1 and mitochondrial fitness as key survival mechanisms of VEN-RE AML and provide the rationale for combinatorial strategies effectively targeting these pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Lina Han
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yannan Jia
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Institute of Hematology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Alessia Lodi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Haijiao Zhang
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Saravanan Ganesan
- Université de Paris, Institut de la Recherche Saint-Louis (IRSL), Inserm Unit 1131, Paris, France
| | | | - Sergej N Konoplev
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shannon R Sweeney
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | | | - Yulia Jitkova
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kenneth Dunner
- High Resolution Electron Microscopy Facility, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Wencai Ma
- Department of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephen Kurtz
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Vivian R Ruvolo
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Helen Ma
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Connie C Weng
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cassandra L Ramage
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Natalia Baran
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ce Shi
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital Affiliated Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tianyu Cai
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard Eric Davis
- Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Venkata L Battula
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yingchang Mi
- Institute of Hematology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Courtney D DiNardo
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael Andreeff
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffery W Tyner
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Aaron Schimmer
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Rose Ann Padua
- Université de Paris, Institut de la Recherche Saint-Louis (IRSL), Inserm Unit 1131, Paris, France
| | - Carlos E Bueso-Ramos
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stefano Tiziani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | | | | | - Marina Konopleva
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zavorka Thomas ME, Lu X, Talebi Z, Jeon JY, Buelow DR, Gibson AA, Uddin ME, Brinton LT, Nguyen J, Collins M, Lodi A, Sweeney SR, Campbell MJ, Sweet DH, Sparreboom A, Lapalombella R, Tiziani S, Baker SD. Gilteritinib Inhibits Glutamine Uptake and Utilization in FLT3-ITD-Positive AML. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:2207-2217. [PMID: 34518298 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with an FLT3 internal tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD) mutation is an aggressive hematologic malignancy associated with frequent relapse and poor overall survival. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor gilteritinib is approved for the treatment of relapse/refractory AML with FLT3 mutations, yet its mechanism of action is not completely understood. Here, we sought to identify additional therapeutic targets that can be exploited to enhance gilteritinib's antileukemic effect. Based on unbiased transcriptomic analyses, we identified the glutamine transporter SNAT1 (SLC38A1) as a novel target of gilteritinib that leads to impaired glutamine uptake and utilization within leukemic cells. Using metabolomics and metabolic flux analyses, we found that gilteritinib decreased glutamine metabolism through the TCA cycle and cellular levels of the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate. In addition, gilteritinib treatment was associated with decreased ATP production and glutathione synthesis and increased reactive oxygen species, resulting in cellular senescence. Finally, we found that the glutaminase inhibitor CB-839 enhanced antileukemic effect of gilteritinib in ex vivo studies using human primary FLT3-ITD-positive AML cells harboring mutations in the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate, producing α-ketoglutarate. Collectively, this work has identified a previously unrecognized, gilteritinib-sensitive metabolic pathway downstream of SLC38A1 that causes decreased glutaminolysis and disruption of redox homeostasis. These findings provide a rationale for the development and therapeutic exploration of targeted combinatorial treatment strategies for this subset of relapse/refractory AML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Zavorka Thomas
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Xiyuan Lu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Zahra Talebi
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jae Yoon Jeon
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Daelynn R Buelow
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Alice A Gibson
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Muhammad Erfan Uddin
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lindsey T Brinton
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Julie Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Meghan Collins
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Alessia Lodi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Shannon R Sweeney
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Moray J Campbell
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Douglas H Sweet
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Alex Sparreboom
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Rosa Lapalombella
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Stefano Tiziani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Sharyn D Baker
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pandey R, Collins M, Lu X, Sweeney SR, Chiou J, Lodi A, Tiziani S. Novel Strategy for Untargeted Chiral Metabolomics using Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:5805-5814. [PMID: 33818082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stereospecific recognition of metabolites plays a significant role in the detection of potential disease biomarkers thereby providing new insights in diagnosis and prognosis. D-Hdroxy/amino acids are recognized as potential biomarkers in several metabolic disorders. Despite continuous advances in metabolomics technologies, the simultaneous measurement of different classes of enantiomeric metabolites in a single analytical run remains challenging. Here, we develop a novel strategy for untargeted chiral metabolomics of hydroxy/amine groups (-OH/-NH2) containing metabolites, including all hydroxy acids (HAs) and amino acids (AAs), by chiral derivatization coupled with liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HR-MS/MS). Diacetyl-tartaric anhydride (DATAN) was used for the simultaneous derivatization of-OH/-NH2 containing metabolites as well as the resulting diastereomers, and all the derivatized metabolites were resolved in a single analytical run. Data independent MS/MS acquisition (DIA) was applied to positively identify DATAN-labeled metabolites based on reagent specific diagnostic fragment ions. We discriminated chiral from achiral metabolites based on the reversal of elution order of D and L isomers derivatized with the enantiomeric pair (±) of DATAN in an untargeted manner. Using the developed strategy, a library of 301 standards that consisted of 214 chiral and 87 achiral metabolites were separated and detected in a single analytical run. This approach was then applied to investigate the enantioselective metabolic profile of the bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB) plasma samples from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) at diagnosis and following completion of the induction phase of chemotherapeutic treatment. The sensitivity and selectivity of the developed method enabled the detection of trace levels of the D-enantiomer of HAs and AAs in primary plasma patient samples. Several of these metabolites were significantly altered in response to chemotherapy. The developed LC-HR-MS method entails a valuable step forward in chiral metabolomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renu Pandey
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States.,Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Meghan Collins
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States.,Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Xiyuan Lu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States.,Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Shannon R Sweeney
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States.,Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jennifer Chiou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States.,Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Alessia Lodi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States.,Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Stefano Tiziani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States.,Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States.,Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States.,Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, LiveSTRONG Cancer Institutes, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sweeney SR, Collins M, Pandey R, Chiou J, Lodi A, Tiziani S. Identification of a synergistic combination of dimethylaminoparthenolide and shikonin alters metabolism and inhibits proliferation of pediatric precursor-B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Mol Carcinog 2020; 59:399-411. [PMID: 32027051 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Exploiting metabolic vulnerabilities of cancer cells with nontoxic, plant derived compounds constitutes a novel strategy for both chemoprevention and treatment. A high-throughput screening approach was used to evaluate a library of natural products to determine the most synergistic combination in precursor-B cell acute lymphoblast leukemia. Dimethylaminoparthenolide and shikonin effectively inhibited proliferation resulting in cell death in primary and immortalized leukemia cells, while having negligible effects on normal cells. Dimethylaminoparthenolide and shikonin have been shown separately to inhibit cell survival and proliferative signaling and activate tumor suppressors and proapoptotic pathways. Untargeted metabolomics and metabolic flux analysis with stable isotopically labeled glucose and glutamine exhibited a global shift in metabolism following treatment. Pathway analysis indicated significant differences in amino acid, antioxidant, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and nucleotide metabolism. Together, dimethylaminoparthenolide and shikonin reduced the shunting of glycolytic intermediates into the pentose phosphate pathway for biosynthetic purposes. Similarly, the incorporation of glutamine and glutamine-derived metabolites into purine and pyrimidine synthesis was inhibited by the combination of dimethylaminoparthenolide and shikonin, effectively impeding biosynthetic pathways critical for leukemia cell survival. This approach demonstrates that a synergistic pair of compounds with malignant cell specificity can effectively target metabolic pathways crucial to leukemia cell proliferation and induce apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon R Sweeney
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.,Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.,Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Meghan Collins
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.,Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Renu Pandey
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.,Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Jennifer Chiou
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.,Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Alessia Lodi
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.,Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Stefano Tiziani
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.,Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.,Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Peris-Díaz MD, Sweeney SR, Rodak O, Sentandreu E, Tiziani S. R-MetaboList 2: A Flexible Tool for Metabolite Annotation from High-Resolution Data-Independent Acquisition Mass Spectrometry Analysis. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9090187. [PMID: 31533242 PMCID: PMC6780920 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9090187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Technological advancements have permitted the development of innovative multiplexing strategies for data independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry (MS). Software solutions and extensive compound libraries facilitate the efficient analysis of MS1 data, regardless of the analytical platform. However, the development of comparable tools for DIA data analysis has significantly lagged. This research introduces an update to the former MetaboList R package and a workflow for full-scan MS1 and MS/MS DIA processing of metabolomic data from multiplexed liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) experiments. When compared to the former version, new functions have been added to address isolated MS1 and MS/MS workflows, processing of MS/MS data from stepped collision energies, performance scoring of metabolite annotations, and batch job analysis were incorporated into the update. The flexibility and efficiency of this strategy were assessed through the study of the metabolite profiles of human urine, leukemia cell culture, and medium samples analyzed by either liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight (q-TOF) or quadrupole orbital (q-Orbitrap) instruments. This open-source alternative was designed to promote global metabolomic strategies based on recursive retrospective research of multiplexed DIA analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel D Peris-Díaz
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, J.Curie 14a, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland.
- Unidad Analítica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Shannon R Sweeney
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute (DPRI), University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA.
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA.
| | - Olga Rodak
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Enrique Sentandreu
- Unidad Analítica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain.
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Stefano Tiziani
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute (DPRI), University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA.
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sanchez-Lopez E, Zhong Z, Stubelius A, Sweeney SR, Booshehri LM, Antonucci L, Liu-Bryan R, Lodi A, Terkeltaub R, Lacal JC, Murphy AN, Hoffman HM, Tiziani S, Guma M, Karin M. Choline Uptake and Metabolism Modulate Macrophage IL-1β and IL-18 Production. Cell Metab 2019; 29:1350-1362.e7. [PMID: 30982734 PMCID: PMC6675591 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Choline is a vitamin-like nutrient that is taken up via specific transporters and metabolized by choline kinase, which converts it to phosphocholine needed for de novo synthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC), the main phospholipid of cellular membranes. We found that Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation enhances choline uptake by macrophages and microglia through induction of the choline transporter CTL1. Inhibition of CTL1 expression or choline phosphorylation attenuated NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β and IL-18 production in stimulated macrophages. Mechanistically, reduced choline uptake altered mitochondrial lipid profile, attenuated mitochondrial ATP synthesis, and activated the energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). By potentiating mitochondrial recruitment of DRP1, AMPK stimulates mitophagy, which contributes to termination of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Correspondingly, choline kinase inhibitors ameliorated acute and chronic models of IL-1β-dependent inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Sanchez-Lopez
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Zhenyu Zhong
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas TX 75390, USA
| | - Alexandra Stubelius
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Shannon R Sweeney
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78723-3092, USA
| | - Laela M Booshehri
- Department of Pediatrics and Rady Children's Hospital, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Laura Antonucci
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ru Liu-Bryan
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Alessia Lodi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78723-3092, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78723-3092, USA
| | - Robert Terkeltaub
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Lacal
- Translational Oncology, Department of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Fuenlabrada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anne N Murphy
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Hal M Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics and Rady Children's Hospital, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Stefano Tiziani
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78723-3092, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78723-3092, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78723-3092, USA
| | - Monica Guma
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Michael Karin
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Collins ME, Sweeney SR, Tiziani S. Isolation of Synergistic Natural Products Targeting Metabolic Dysfunction in Pediatric Pre‐B Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Using High‐Throughput Screening and Metabolomics. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.lb225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
8
|
Peris-Díaz MD, Rodak O, Sweeney SR, Krężel A, Sentandreu E. Chemometrics-assisted optimization of liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis for targeted metabolomics. Talanta 2019; 199:380-387. [PMID: 30952273 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics is characterized by a vast number of variables leading to a great degree of complexity. In this work, we aimed to simplify this process with a stepped chemometric optimization of the both funnel technology (funnel exit DC, FDC; funnel RF LP, FLC; funnel RF HP, FRP) and ion source parameters (Octopolo, Oct; and Fragmentor, Frag) of a quadrupole-time of flight (qTOF) for a human urinary metabolites. The workflow comprised a Box-Behnken experimental design with 47 experiments followed by the identification and quantification of a set of metabolites using high-resolution full-scan MS mode and feature extraction with an inclusion list. Metabolite peak areas were grouped according to abundance (high and low) and modeled by Random Forest regression (variance explained >85%). The full three-level factorial design consisting in 243 experiments was predicted and top 10 solutions for desirability function and those comprising the Pareto front were extracted and investigated. To guarantee the quality of results, we compared the Pareto front solutions with those achieved by standard instrumental parameters suggested by the manufacturer. A set of five solutions were identified that increased the mean peak area by 56-59% and 17%, for high- and low-abundance metabolites, respectively. The optimal parameters were determined to be: FLP, 100 V; FDC, 40 and 30 V; Frag, 275 and 400 V; and Oct, 600 and 800 V. The methodology applied throughout this work represents a flexible strategy to optimize instrumental parameters and exploit the performance of a qTOF MS detector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel David Peris-Díaz
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, J.Curie 14a, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Olga Rodak
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Shannon R Sweeney
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute (DPRI), Austin, USA; Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
| | - Artur Krężel
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, J.Curie 14a, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Enrique Sentandreu
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain; Analytical Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bryant JD, Sweeney SR, Sentandreu E, Shin M, Ipas H, Xhemalce B, Momb J, Tiziani S, Appling DR. Deletion of the neural tube defect-associated gene Mthfd1l disrupts one-carbon and central energy metabolism in mouse embryos. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:5821-5833. [PMID: 29483189 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
One-carbon (1C) metabolism is a universal folate-dependent pathway essential for de novo purine and thymidylate synthesis, amino acid interconversion, universal methyl-donor production, and regeneration of redox cofactors. Homozygous deletion of the 1C pathway gene Mthfd1l encoding methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+-dependent) 1-like, which catalyzes mitochondrial formate production from 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, results in 100% penetrant embryonic neural tube defects (NTDs), underscoring the central role of mitochondrially derived formate in embryonic development and providing a mechanistic link between folate and NTDs. However, the specific metabolic processes that are perturbed by Mthfd1l deletion are not known. Here, we performed untargeted metabolomics on whole Mthfd1l-null and wildtype mouse embryos in combination with isotope tracer analysis in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cell lines to identify Mthfd1l deletion-induced disruptions in 1C metabolism, glycolysis, and the TCA cycle. We found that maternal formate supplementation largely corrects these disruptions in Mthfd1l-null embryos. Serine tracer experiments revealed that Mthfd1l-null MEFs have altered methionine synthesis, indicating that Mthfd1l deletion impairs the methyl cycle. Supplementation of Mthfd1l-null MEFs with formate, hypoxanthine, or combined hypoxanthine and thymidine restored their growth to wildtype levels. Thymidine addition alone was ineffective, suggesting a purine synthesis defect in Mthfd1l-null MEFs. Tracer experiments also revealed lower proportions of labeled hypoxanthine and inosine monophosphate in Mthfd1l-null than in wildtype MEFs, suggesting that Mthfd1l deletion results in increased reliance on the purine salvage pathway. These results indicate that disruptions of mitochondrial 1C metabolism have wide-ranging consequences for many metabolic processes, including those that may not directly interact with 1C metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shannon R Sweeney
- Nutritional Sciences and the Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Enrique Sentandreu
- Nutritional Sciences and the Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Minhye Shin
- From the Departments of Molecular Biosciences and
| | - Hélène Ipas
- From the Departments of Molecular Biosciences and
| | | | - Jessica Momb
- From the Departments of Molecular Biosciences and
| | - Stefano Tiziani
- Nutritional Sciences and the Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Matre P, Velez J, Jacamo R, Qi Y, Su X, Cai T, Chan SM, Lodi A, Sweeney SR, Ma H, Davis RE, Baran N, Haferlach T, Su X, Flores ER, Gonzalez D, Konoplev S, Samudio I, DiNardo C, Majeti R, Schimmer AD, Li W, Wang T, Tiziani S, Konopleva M. Inhibiting glutaminase in acute myeloid leukemia: metabolic dependency of selected AML subtypes. Oncotarget 2018; 7:79722-79735. [PMID: 27806325 PMCID: PMC5340236 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming has been described as a hallmark of transformed cancer cells. In this study, we examined the role of the glutamine (Gln) utilization pathway in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines and primary AML samples. Our results indicate that a subset of AML cell lines is sensitive to Gln deprivation. Glutaminase (GLS) is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of Gln to glutamate. One of the two GLS isoenzymes, GLS1 is highly expressed in cancer and encodes two different isoforms: kidney (KGA) and glutaminase C (GAC). We analyzed mRNA expression of GLS1 splicing variants, GAC and KGA, in several large AML datasets and identified increased levels of expression in AML patients with complex cytogenetics and within specific molecular subsets. Inhibition of glutaminase by allosteric GLS inhibitor bis-2-(5-phenylacetamido-1, 2, 4-thiadiazol-2-yl) ethyl sulfide or by novel, potent, orally bioavailable GLS inhibitor CB-839 reduced intracellular glutamate levels and inhibited growth of AML cells. In cell lines and patient samples harboring IDH1/IDH2 (Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2) mutations, CB-839 reduced production of oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate, inducing differentiation. These findings indicate potential utility of glutaminase inhibitors in AML therapy, which can inhibit cell growth, induce apoptosis and/or differentiation in specific leukemia subtypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Polina Matre
- Departments of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Juliana Velez
- Departments of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rodrigo Jacamo
- Departments of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yuan Qi
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoping Su
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tianyu Cai
- Departments of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Steven M Chan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Cancer Institute, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alessia Lodi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Shannon R Sweeney
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Helen Ma
- Departments of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard Eric Davis
- Lymphoma, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Natalia Baran
- Departments of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Xiaohua Su
- Molecular & Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elsa Renee Flores
- Molecular & Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Doriann Gonzalez
- Departments of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sergej Konoplev
- Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ismael Samudio
- The Centre for Drug Research and Development Biologics, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Courtney DiNardo
- Departments of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ravi Majeti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Cancer Institute, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aaron D Schimmer
- Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Hospital / Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Weiqun Li
- Analytical Chemistry, Pharmacology, Spectroscopy, Calithera Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Taotao Wang
- Analytical Chemistry, Pharmacology, Spectroscopy, Calithera Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stefano Tiziani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Marina Konopleva
- Departments of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sweeney SR, Kavanaugh A, Lodi A, Wang B, Boyle D, Tiziani S, Guma M. Metabolomic profiling predicts outcome of rituximab therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. RMD Open 2016; 2:e000289. [PMID: 27651926 PMCID: PMC5013418 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2016-000289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether characterisation of patients' metabolic profiles, utilising nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS), could predict response to rituximab therapy. 23 patients with active, seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on concomitant methotrexate were treated with rituximab. Patients were grouped into responders and non-responders according to the American College of Rheumatology improvement criteria, at a 20% level at 6 months. A Bruker Avance 700 MHz spectrometer and a Thermo Scientific Q Exactive Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometer were used to acquire (1)H-NMR and ultra high pressure liquid chromatography (UPLC)-MS/MS spectra, respectively, of serum samples before and after rituximab therapy. Data processing and statistical analysis were performed in MATLAB. 14 patients were characterised as responders, and 9 patients were considered non-responders. 7 polar metabolites (phenylalanine, 2-hydroxyvalerate, succinate, choline, glycine, acetoacetate and tyrosine) and 15 lipid species were different between responders and non-responders at baseline. Phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidyserines and phosphatidylglycerols were downregulated in responders. An opposite trend was observed in phosphatidylinositols. At 6 months, 5 polar metabolites (succinate, taurine, lactate, pyruvate and aspartate) and 37 lipids were different between groups. The relationship between serum metabolic profiles and clinical response to rituximab suggests that (1)H-NMR and UPLC-MS/MS may be promising tools for predicting response to rituximab.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon R Sweeney
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Arthur Kavanaugh
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alessia Lodi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - David Boyle
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Stefano Tiziani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Monica Guma
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sweeney SR, Sentandreu E, Tiziani S. Abstract 3: Amino acid profiles indicate dependence on different metabolic pathways between leukemia subtypes. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Despite the growing body of evidence that the tumor microenvironment protects leukemia cells from chemotherapeutic stresses (1-3), the effect of many extracellular metabolites remains largely unknown. To explore the influence of extracellular metabolites on different leukemia subtypes, cells were treated for 24 hours in vitro with either a supplemental amino acid or amino acid derivative. From this initial screening, a subset of metabolites were chosen for metabolomics analysis. Mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was performed on intracellular fractions to identify metabolic differences that resulted from supplementation. Metabolite profiles were also compared between leukemia cell types, namely AML, pre-B cell ALL, and T cell ALL. Of the metabolites tested, lysine and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, an intermediate of tyrosine and phenylalanine metabolism, had the greatest impact on global amino acid profiles. In AML and T cell ALL cell lines, intracellular glutamate, glutamine, proline, and aspartate were increased relative to their respective controls. These amino acids can enter the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle as either α-ketoglutarate or oxaloacetate, suggesting a central role of the TCA cycle in both AML and T cell ALL metabolism. Interestingly, these metabolites were not significantly increased in pre-B cell ALL, signifying the inverse it true for pre-B cells. This observation provides metabolomics evidence that is consistent with a previous study that reported downregulated expression of TCA cycle related genes in pre-B cell ALL (4). Our findings indicate that uptake and metabolism of amino acids and their derivatives is distinct for different leukemia types. Moreover, supplementation with a single metabolite can result in global changes in intracellular metabolite profiles, suggesting an influence not only as an energy substrate, but on overall metabolic pathway activity. Specifically, we conclude that the TCA cycle is more active in AML and T cell ALL and can be modulated by changing the extracellular environment, while pre-B cells are less sensitive to amino acid modulation.
(1) Meads MB, et al. Clin Cancer Res 2008;14(9):2519-2526.
(2) Ayala F, et al. Leukemia 2009;23:2233-2241.
(3) Konopleva M, et al. Drug Resist Updat 2009;12:103-113.
(4) Boag JM, et al. Leukemia 2006;20:1731-1737.
Citation Format: Shannon R. Sweeney, Enrique Sentandreu, Stefano Tiziani. Amino acid profiles indicate dependence on different metabolic pathways between leukemia subtypes. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3.
Collapse
|
13
|
Lawrie SM, Hutchison JK, Sweeney SR, Fernando MR, McAdam CA, Monsour MR, Campbell TJ, MacLeod CM. Psychosis and substance abuse: cause, effect or coincidence? Scott Med J 1995; 40:174-6. [PMID: 8693334 DOI: 10.1177/003693309504000606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
An association between substance abuse and major psychiatric illness is increasingly well recognised, but most studies have been conducted in the USA and have focussed upon patients with schizophrenia rather than other disorders. We conducted a survey of 38 consecutively admitted patients with DSM-III-R functional psychoses. A semi-structured substance abuse interview was administered and a urine specimen for drug metabolite screening requested. The prevalence of cigarette smoking (63%) and current illicit drug use (26%) were higher than general population norms. The 16 subjects with schizophrenia and related disorders were more likely to smoke cigarettes than the 22 patients with an affective disorder (p = 0.008, odds ratio 8.4, 95% Cl 1.3-69.6), and showed tendencies to more illicit drug and alcohol consumption. Illicit drug users were more likely to have a forensic history and less likely to have entered further education. Substance abuse is common among patients with psychoses, particularly in those with schizophrenia and related disorders. All psychotic patients should have a detailed drug history taken, and therapeutic attempts made to reduce consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Lawrie
- University Department of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital and Edinburgh University Medical School
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|