1
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Dillard JA, Taft-Benz SA, Knight AC, Anderson EJ, Pressey KD, Parotti B, Martinez SA, Diaz JL, Sarkar S, Madden EA, De la Cruz G, Adams LE, Dinnon KH, Leist SR, Martinez DR, Schäfer A, Powers JM, Yount BL, Castillo IN, Morales NL, Burdick J, Evangelista MKD, Ralph LM, Pankow NC, Linnertz CL, Lakshmanane P, Montgomery SA, Ferris MT, Baric RS, Baxter VK, Heise MT. Adjuvant-dependent impact of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines during heterologous infection by a SARS-related coronavirus. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3738. [PMID: 38702297 PMCID: PMC11068739 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47450-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Whole virus-based inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide have been critical to the COVID-19 pandemic response. Although these vaccines are protective against homologous coronavirus infection, the emergence of novel variants and the presence of large zoonotic reservoirs harboring novel heterologous coronaviruses provide significant opportunities for vaccine breakthrough, which raises the risk of adverse outcomes like vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease. Here, we use a female mouse model of coronavirus disease to evaluate inactivated vaccine performance against either homologous challenge with SARS-CoV-2 or heterologous challenge with a bat-derived coronavirus that represents a potential emerging disease threat. We show that inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide can cause enhanced respiratory disease during heterologous infection, while use of an alternative adjuvant does not drive disease and promotes heterologous viral clearance. In this work, we highlight the impact of adjuvant selection on inactivated vaccine safety and efficacy against heterologous coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Dillard
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sharon A Taft-Benz
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Audrey C Knight
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Anderson
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Katia D Pressey
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Breantié Parotti
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sabian A Martinez
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer L Diaz
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sanjay Sarkar
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Emily A Madden
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gabriela De la Cruz
- Pathology Services Core, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lily E Adams
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth H Dinnon
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sarah R Leist
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David R Martinez
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - John M Powers
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Boyd L Yount
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Izabella N Castillo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Noah L Morales
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jane Burdick
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Lauren M Ralph
- Pathology Services Core, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nicholas C Pankow
- Pathology Services Core, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Colton L Linnertz
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Premkumar Lakshmanane
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephanie A Montgomery
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Dallas Tissue Research, Farmers Branch, TX, USA
| | - Martin T Ferris
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Victoria K Baxter
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Mark T Heise
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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2
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Guarnieri JW, Dybas JM, Fazelinia H, Kim MS, Frere J, Zhang Y, Soto Albrecht Y, Murdock DG, Angelin A, Singh LN, Weiss SL, Best SM, Lott MT, Zhang S, Cope H, Zaksas V, Saravia-Butler A, Meydan C, Foox J, Mozsary C, Bram Y, Kidane Y, Priebe W, Emmett MR, Meller R, Demharter S, Stentoft-Hansen V, Salvatore M, Galeano D, Enguita FJ, Grabham P, Trovao NS, Singh U, Haltom J, Heise MT, Moorman NJ, Baxter VK, Madden EA, Taft-Benz SA, Anderson EJ, Sanders WA, Dickmander RJ, Baylin SB, Wurtele ES, Moraes-Vieira PM, Taylor D, Mason CE, Schisler JC, Schwartz RE, Beheshti A, Wallace DC. Core mitochondrial genes are down-regulated during SARS-CoV-2 infection of rodent and human hosts. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eabq1533. [PMID: 37556555 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abq1533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral proteins bind to host mitochondrial proteins, likely inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and stimulating glycolysis. We analyzed mitochondrial gene expression in nasopharyngeal and autopsy tissues from patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In nasopharyngeal samples with declining viral titers, the virus blocked the transcription of a subset of nuclear DNA (nDNA)-encoded mitochondrial OXPHOS genes, induced the expression of microRNA 2392, activated HIF-1α to induce glycolysis, and activated host immune defenses including the integrated stress response. In autopsy tissues from patients with COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 was no longer present, and mitochondrial gene transcription had recovered in the lungs. However, nDNA mitochondrial gene expression remained suppressed in autopsy tissue from the heart and, to a lesser extent, kidney, and liver, whereas mitochondrial DNA transcription was induced and host-immune defense pathways were activated. During early SARS-CoV-2 infection of hamsters with peak lung viral load, mitochondrial gene expression in the lung was minimally perturbed but was down-regulated in the cerebellum and up-regulated in the striatum even though no SARS-CoV-2 was detected in the brain. During the mid-phase SARS-CoV-2 infection of mice, mitochondrial gene expression was starting to recover in mouse lungs. These data suggest that when the viral titer first peaks, there is a systemic host response followed by viral suppression of mitochondrial gene transcription and induction of glycolysis leading to the deployment of antiviral immune defenses. Even when the virus was cleared and lung mitochondrial function had recovered, mitochondrial function in the heart, kidney, liver, and lymph nodes remained impaired, potentially leading to severe COVID-19 pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Guarnieri
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- COVID-19 International Research Team, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Joseph M Dybas
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- COVID-19 International Research Team, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Hossein Fazelinia
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- COVID-19 International Research Team, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Man S Kim
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- COVID-19 International Research Team, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Justin Frere
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10023, USA
| | - Yuanchao Zhang
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- COVID-19 International Research Team, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Yentli Soto Albrecht
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- COVID-19 International Research Team, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Deborah G Murdock
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alessia Angelin
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Larry N Singh
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- COVID-19 International Research Team, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Scott L Weiss
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sonja M Best
- COVID-19 International Research Team, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Rocky Mountain Laboratory, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Marie T Lott
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shiping Zhang
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Henry Cope
- University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Victoria Zaksas
- COVID-19 International Research Team, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60615, USA
- Clever Research Lab, Springfield, IL 62704, USA
| | - Amanda Saravia-Butler
- COVID-19 International Research Team, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Logyx, LLC, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Cem Meydan
- COVID-19 International Research Team, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | | | - Yaron Bram
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yared Kidane
- COVID-19 International Research Team, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA
| | - Waldemar Priebe
- COVID-19 International Research Team, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mark R Emmett
- COVID-19 International Research Team, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Robert Meller
- COVID-19 International Research Team, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | | | | | | | - Diego Galeano
- COVID-19 International Research Team, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Central, Paraguay
| | - Francisco J Enguita
- COVID-19 International Research Team, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Peter Grabham
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 19103, USA
| | - Nidia S Trovao
- COVID-19 International Research Team, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Urminder Singh
- COVID-19 International Research Team, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jeffrey Haltom
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- COVID-19 International Research Team, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Mark T Heise
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Victoria K Baxter
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Emily A Madden
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | | | - Wes A Sanders
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Stephen B Baylin
- COVID-19 International Research Team, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Eve Syrkin Wurtele
- COVID-19 International Research Team, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Pedro M Moraes-Vieira
- COVID-19 International Research Team, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Deanne Taylor
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- COVID-19 International Research Team, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Christopher E Mason
- COVID-19 International Research Team, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, USA
| | - Jonathan C Schisler
- COVID-19 International Research Team, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Robert E Schwartz
- COVID-19 International Research Team, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Afshin Beheshti
- COVID-19 International Research Team, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- KBR, Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Douglas C Wallace
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- COVID-19 International Research Team, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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3
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Barnett KC, Xie Y, Asakura T, Song D, Liang K, Taft-Benz SA, Guo H, Yang S, Okuda K, Gilmore RC, Loome JF, Oguin Iii TH, Sempowski GD, Randell SH, Heise MT, Lei YL, Boucher RC, Ting JPY. An epithelial-immune circuit amplifies inflammasome and IL-6 responses to SARS-CoV-2. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:243-259.e6. [PMID: 36563691 PMCID: PMC9731922 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 are associated with severe COVID-19. Investigating the underlying mechanisms, we find that while primary human airway epithelia (HAE) have functional inflammasomes and support SARS-CoV-2 replication, they are not the source of IL-1β released upon infection. In leukocytes, the SARS-CoV-2 E protein upregulates inflammasome gene transcription via TLR2 to prime, but not activate, inflammasomes. SARS-CoV-2-infected HAE supply a second signal, which includes genomic and mitochondrial DNA, to stimulate leukocyte IL-1β release. Nuclease treatment, STING, and caspase-1 inhibition but not NLRP3 inhibition blocked leukocyte IL-1β release. After release, IL-1β stimulates IL-6 secretion from HAE. Therefore, infection alone does not increase IL-1β secretion by either cell type. Rather, bi-directional interactions between the SARS-CoV-2-infected epithelium and immune bystanders stimulates both IL-1β and IL-6, creating a pro-inflammatory cytokine circuit. Consistent with these observations, patient autopsy lungs show elevated myeloid inflammasome gene signatures in severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C Barnett
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yuying Xie
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Statistics and Probability, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Takanori Asakura
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Dingka Song
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kaixin Liang
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Oral and Craniofacial Biomedicine Program, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sharon A Taft-Benz
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Haitao Guo
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Shuangshuang Yang
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kenichi Okuda
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rodney C Gilmore
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jennifer F Loome
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | | | - Scott H Randell
- Department of Statistics and Probability, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Mark T Heise
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yu Leo Lei
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Richard C Boucher
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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4
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Yang X, Dickmander RJ, Bayati A, Taft-Benz SA, Smith JL, Wells CI, Madden EA, Brown JW, Lenarcic EM, Yount BL, Chang E, Axtman AD, Baric RS, Heise MT, McPherson PS, Moorman NJ, Willson TM. Host Kinase CSNK2 is a Target for Inhibition of Pathogenic SARS-like β-Coronaviruses. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1937-1950. [PMID: 35723434 PMCID: PMC9236220 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the protein kinase CSNK2 with any of 30 specific and selective inhibitors representing different chemotypes, blocked replication of pathogenic human, bat, and murine β-coronaviruses. The potency of in-cell CSNK2A target engagement across the set of inhibitors correlated with antiviral activity and genetic knockdown confirmed the essential role of the CSNK2 holoenzyme in β-coronavirus replication. Spike protein endocytosis was blocked by CSNK2A inhibition, indicating that antiviral activity was due in part to a suppression of viral entry. CSNK2A inhibition may be a viable target for the development of anti-SARS-like β-coronavirus drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yang
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Rebekah J Dickmander
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Armin Bayati
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Sharon A Taft-Benz
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jeffery L Smith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Carrow I Wells
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Emily A Madden
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jason W Brown
- Takeda San Diego, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Erik M Lenarcic
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Boyd L Yount
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Edcon Chang
- Takeda San Diego, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Alison D Axtman
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Mark T Heise
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Peter S McPherson
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Nathaniel J Moorman
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Timothy M Willson
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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5
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Schäfer A, Leist SR, Gralinski LE, Martinez DR, Winkler ES, Okuda K, Hawkins PE, Gully KL, Graham RL, Scobey DT, Bell TA, Hock P, Shaw GD, Loome JF, Madden EA, Anderson E, Baxter VK, Taft-Benz SA, Zweigart MR, May SR, Dong S, Clark M, Miller DR, Lynch RM, Heise MT, Tisch R, Boucher RC, Pardo Manuel de Villena F, Montgomery SA, Diamond MS, Ferris MT, Baric RS. A Multitrait Locus Regulates Sarbecovirus Pathogenesis. bioRxiv 2022. [PMID: 35677067 DOI: 10.1101/2022.06.01.494461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases have shaped the human population genetic structure, and genetic variation influences the susceptibility to many viral diseases. However, a variety of challenges have made the implementation of traditional human Genome-wide Association Studies (GWAS) approaches to study these infectious outcomes challenging. In contrast, mouse models of infectious diseases provide an experimental control and precision, which facilitates analyses and mechanistic studies of the role of genetic variation on infection. Here we use a genetic mapping cross between two distinct Collaborative Cross mouse strains with respect to SARS-CoV disease outcomes. We find several loci control differential disease outcome for a variety of traits in the context of SARS-CoV infection. Importantly, we identify a locus on mouse Chromosome 9 that shows conserved synteny with a human GWAS locus for SARS-CoV-2 severe disease. We follow-up and confirm a role for this locus, and identify two candidate genes, CCR9 and CXCR6 that both play a key role in regulating the severity of SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 and a distantly related bat sarbecovirus disease outcomes. As such we provide a template for using experimental mouse crosses to identify and characterize multitrait loci that regulate pathogenic infectious outcomes across species.
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6
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Guarnieri JW, Dybas JM, Fazelinia H, Kim MS, Frere J, Zhang Y, Albrecht YS, Murdock DG, Angelin A, Singh LN, Weiss SL, Best SM, Lott MT, Cope H, Zaksas V, Saravia-Butler A, Meydan C, Foox J, Mozsary C, Kidane YH, Priebe W, Emmett MR, Meller R, Singh U, Bram Y, tenOever BR, Heise MT, Moorman NJ, Madden EA, Taft-Benz SA, Anderson EJ, Sanders WA, Dickmander RJ, Baxter VK, Baylin SB, Wurtele ES, Moraes-Vieira PM, Taylor D, Mason CE, Schisler JC, Schwartz RE, Beheshti A, Wallace DC. TARGETED DOWN REGULATION OF CORE MITOCHONDRIAL GENES DURING SARS-COV-2 INFECTION. bioRxiv 2022:2022.02.19.481089. [PMID: 35233572 PMCID: PMC8887073 DOI: 10.1101/2022.02.19.481089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Defects in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) have been reported in COVID-19 patients, but the timing and organs affected vary among reports. Here, we reveal the dynamics of COVID-19 through transcription profiles in nasopharyngeal and autopsy samples from patients and infected rodent models. While mitochondrial bioenergetics is repressed in the viral nasopharyngeal portal of entry, it is up regulated in autopsy lung tissues from deceased patients. In most disease stages and organs, discrete OXPHOS functions are blocked by the virus, and this is countered by the host broadly up regulating unblocked OXPHOS functions. No such rebound is seen in autopsy heart, results in severe repression of genes across all OXPHOS modules. Hence, targeted enhancement of mitochondrial gene expression may mitigate the pathogenesis of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W. Guarnieri
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- COVID-19 International Research Team
| | - Joseph M. Dybas
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- COVID-19 International Research Team
| | - Hossein Fazelinia
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- COVID-19 International Research Team
| | - Man S. Kim
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- COVID-19 International Research Team
- Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Yuanchao Zhang
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- COVID-19 International Research Team
| | - Yentli Soto Albrecht
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- COVID-19 International Research Team
| | | | - Alessia Angelin
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Larry N. Singh
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- COVID-19 International Research Team
| | - Scott L. Weiss
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Sonja M. Best
- COVID-19 International Research Team
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories NIAID, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Marie T. Lott
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Henry Cope
- University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Viktorija Zaksas
- COVID-19 International Research Team
- University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60615, USA
| | - Amanda Saravia-Butler
- COVID-19 International Research Team
- Logyx, LLC, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Cem Meydan
- COVID-19 International Research Team
- Weill Cornell Medicine, NY, 10065, USA
| | | | | | - Yared H. Kidane
- COVID-19 International Research Team
- Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA
| | - Waldemar Priebe
- COVID-19 International Research Team
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Mark R. Emmett
- COVID-19 International Research Team
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Robert Meller
- COVID-19 International Research Team
- Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Urminder Singh
- COVID-19 International Research Team
- Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | | | | | - Mark T. Heise
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | | | - Emily A. Madden
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | | | | | - Wes A. Sanders
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | | | | | - Stephen B. Baylin
- COVID-19 International Research Team
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Eve Syrkin Wurtele
- COVID-19 International Research Team
- Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | | | - Deanne Taylor
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- COVID-19 International Research Team
| | - Christopher E. Mason
- COVID-19 International Research Team
- Weill Cornell Medicine, NY, 10065, USA
- New York Genome Center, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan C. Schisler
- COVID-19 International Research Team
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Robert E. Schwartz
- COVID-19 International Research Team
- Weill Cornell Medicine, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Afshin Beheshti
- COVID-19 International Research Team
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- KBR, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Douglas C. Wallace
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- COVID-19 International Research Team
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
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7
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Yang X, Dickmander RJ, Bayati A, Taft-Benz SA, Smith JL, Wells CI, Madden EA, Brown JW, Lenarcic EM, Yount BL, Chang E, Axtman AD, Baric RS, Heise MT, McPherson PS, Moorman NJ, Willson TM. Host kinase CSNK2 is a target for inhibition of pathogenic β-coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2. bioRxiv 2022. [PMID: 35018375 PMCID: PMC8750650 DOI: 10.1101/2022.01.03.474779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the protein kinase CSNK2 with any of 30 specific and selective inhibitors representing different chemotypes, blocked replication of pathogenic human and murine β-coronaviruses. The potency of in-cell CSNK2A target engagement across the set of inhibitors correlated with antiviral activity and genetic knockdown confirmed the essential role of the CSNK2 holoenzyme in β-coronavirus replication. Spike protein uptake was blocked by CSNK2A inhibition, indicating that antiviral activity was due in part to a suppression of viral entry. CSNK2A inhibition may be a viable target for development of new broad spectrum anti-β-coronavirus drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yang
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.,Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Rebekah J Dickmander
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Armin Bayati
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Sharon A Taft-Benz
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeffery L Smith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Carrow I Wells
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Emily A Madden
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jason W Brown
- Takeda San Diego, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Erik M Lenarcic
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Boyd L Yount
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Edcon Chang
- Takeda San Diego, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Alison D Axtman
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.,Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Mark T Heise
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Peter S McPherson
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Nathaniel J Moorman
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Timothy M Willson
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.,Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
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8
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Geng Q, Tai W, Baxter VK, Shi J, Wan Y, Zhang X, Montgomery SA, Taft-Benz SA, Anderson EJ, Knight AC, Dinnon KH, Leist SR, Baric RS, Shang J, Hong SW, Drelich A, Tseng CTK, Jenkins M, Heise M, Du L, Li F. Novel virus-like nanoparticle vaccine effectively protects animal model from SARS-CoV-2 infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009897. [PMID: 34492082 PMCID: PMC8448314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The key to battling the COVID-19 pandemic and its potential aftermath is to develop a variety of vaccines that are efficacious and safe, elicit lasting immunity, and cover a range of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Recombinant viral receptor-binding domains (RBDs) are safe vaccine candidates but often have limited efficacy due to the lack of virus-like immunogen display pattern. Here we have developed a novel virus-like nanoparticle (VLP) vaccine that displays 120 copies of SARS-CoV-2 RBD on its surface. This VLP-RBD vaccine mimics virus-based vaccines in immunogen display, which boosts its efficacy, while maintaining the safety of protein-based subunit vaccines. Compared to the RBD vaccine, the VLP-RBD vaccine induced five times more neutralizing antibodies in mice that efficiently blocked SARS-CoV-2 from attaching to its host receptor and potently neutralized the cell entry of variant SARS-CoV-2 strains, SARS-CoV-1, and SARS-CoV-1-related bat coronavirus. These neutralizing immune responses induced by the VLP-RBD vaccine did not wane during the two-month study period. Furthermore, the VLP-RBD vaccine effectively protected mice from SARS-CoV-2 challenge, dramatically reducing the development of clinical signs and pathological changes in immunized mice. The VLP-RBD vaccine provides one potentially effective solution to controlling the spread of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qibin Geng
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Center for Coronavirus Research, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Wanbo Tai
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Victoria K. Baxter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Juan Shi
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yushun Wan
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Center for Coronavirus Research, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Xiujuan Zhang
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Stephanie A. Montgomery
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sharon A. Taft-Benz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth J. Anderson
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Audrey C. Knight
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kenneth H. Dinnon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sarah R. Leist
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jian Shang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Center for Coronavirus Research, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Sung-Wook Hong
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Aleksandra Drelich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chien-Te K. Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Marc Jenkins
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Mark Heise
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lanying Du
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Center for Coronavirus Research, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
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9
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Miller CN, Steele SP, Brunton JC, Jenkins RJ, LoVullo ED, Taft-Benz SA, Romanchuk A, Jones CD, Dotson GD, Collins EJ, Kawula TH. Extragenic suppressor mutations in ΔripA disrupt stability and function of LpxA. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:336. [PMID: 25551578 PMCID: PMC4322802 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-014-0336-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Francisella tularensis is a Gram-negative bacterium that infects hundreds of species including humans, and has evolved to grow efficiently within a plethora of cell types. RipA is a conserved membrane protein of F. tularensis, which is required for growth inside host cells. As a means to determine RipA function we isolated and mapped independent extragenic suppressor mutants in ∆ripA that restored growth in host cells. Each suppressor mutation mapped to one of two essential genes, lpxA or glmU, which are involved in lipid A synthesis. We repaired the suppressor mutation in lpxA (S102, LpxA T36N) and the mutation in glmU (S103, GlmU E57D), and demonstrated that each mutation was responsible for the suppressor phenotype in their respective strains. We hypothesize that the mutation in S102 altered the stability of LpxA, which can provide a clue to RipA function. LpxA is an UDP-N-acetylglucosamine acyltransferase that catalyzes the transfer of an acyl chain from acyl carrier protein (ACP) to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) to begin lipid A synthesis. Results LpxA was more abundant in the presence of RipA. Induced expression of lpxA in the ΔripA strain stopped bacterial division. The LpxA T36N S102 protein was less stable and therefore less abundant than wild type LpxA protein. Conclusion These data suggest RipA functions to modulate lipid A synthesis in F. tularensis as a way to adapt to the host cell environment by interacting with LpxA. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-014-0336-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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10
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Taft-Benz SA, Schaaper RM. The theta subunit of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III: a role in stabilizing the epsilon proofreading subunit. J Bacteriol 2004; 186:2774-80. [PMID: 15090519 PMCID: PMC387820 DOI: 10.1128/jb.186.9.2774-2780.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2003] [Accepted: 01/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of the theta subunit of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III holoenzyme is not well established. theta is a tightly bound component of the DNA polymerase III core, which contains the alpha subunit (polymerase), the epsilon subunit (3'-->5' exonuclease), and the theta subunit, in the linear order alpha-epsilon-theta. Previous studies have shown that the theta subunit is not essential, as strains carrying a deletion of the holE gene (which encodes theta) proved fully viable. No significant phenotypic effects of the holE deletion could be detected, as the strain displayed normal cell health, morphology, and mutation rates. On the other hand, in vitro experiments have indicated the efficiency of the 3'-exonuclease activity of epsilon to be modestly enhanced by the presence of theta. Here, we report a series of genetic experiments that suggest that theta has a stabilizing role for the epsilon proofreading subunit. The observations include (i) defined DeltaholE mutator effects in mismatch-repair-defective mutL backgrounds, (ii) strong DeltaholE mutator effects in certain proofreading-impaired dnaQ strains, and (iii) yeast two- and three-hybrid experiments demonstrating enhancement of alpha-epsilon interactions by the presence of theta. theta appears conserved among gram-negative organisms which have an exonuclease subunit that exists as a separate protein (i.e., not part of the polymerase polypeptide), and the presence of theta might be uniquely beneficial in those instances where the proofreading 3'-exonuclease is not part of the polymerase polypeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Taft-Benz
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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11
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Abstract
The Escherichia coli dnaQ gene encodes the 3'-->5' exonucleolytic proofreading (epsilon) subunit of DNA polymerase III (Pol III). Genetic analysis of dnaQ mutants has suggested that epsilon might consist of two domains, an N-terminal domain containing the exonuclease and a C-terminal domain essential for binding the polymerase (alpha) subunit. We have created truncated forms of dnaQ resulting in epsilon subunits that contain either the N-terminal or the C-terminal domain. Using the yeast two-hybrid system, we analyzed the interactions of the single-domain epsilon subunits with the alpha and theta subunits of the Pol III core. The DnaQ991 protein, consisting of the N-terminal 186 amino acids, was defective in binding to the alpha subunit while retaining normal binding to the theta subunit. In contrast, the NDelta186 protein, consisting of the C-terminal 57 amino acids, exhibited normal binding to the alpha subunit but was defective in binding to the theta subunit. A strain carrying the dnaQ991 allele exhibited a strong, recessive mutator phenotype, as expected from a defective alpha binding mutant. The data are consistent with the existence of two functional domains in epsilon, with the C-terminal domain responsible for polymerase binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Taft-Benz
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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12
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Abstract
The epsilon subunit of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III holoenzyme, the enzyme primarily responsible for the duplication of the bacterial chromosome, is a 3'-->5' exonuclease that functions as a proofreader for polymerase errors. In addition, it plays an important structural role within the pol III core. To gain further insight into how epsilon performs these joint structural and catalytic functions, we have investigated a set of 20 newly isolated dnaQ mutator mutants. The mutator effects ranged from strong (700-8000-fold enhancement) to moderate (6-20-fold enhancement), reflecting the range of proofreading deficiencies. Complementation assays revealed most mutators to be partially or fully dominant, suggesting that they carried an exonucleolytic defect but retained binding to the pol III core subunits. One allele, containing a stop codon 3 amino acids from the C-terminal end of the protein, was fully recessive. Sequence analysis of the mutants revealed mutations in the Exo I, Exo II and recently proposed Exo IIIepsilon motifs, as well as in the intervening regions. Together, the data support the functional significance of the proposed motifs, presumably in catalysis, and suggest that the C-terminus of straightepsilon may be specifically involved in binding to the alpha (polymerase) subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Taft-Benz
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Science, PO Box 12233,Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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