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Moisseiev E, Anderson JD, Oltjen S, Goswami M, Zawadzki RJ, Nolta JA, Park SS. Protective Effect of Intravitreal Administration of Exosomes Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Retinal Ischemia. Curr Eye Res 2017. [PMID: 28636406 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2017.1319491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exosomes derived from human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) cultured under hypoxic conditions contain proteins and growth factors that promote angiogenesis. This study investigated the effect of intravitreal administration of these exosomes on retinal ischemia using a murine model. METHODS Oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) was induced by exposing one-week-old male C57BL/6J mice to 5 days of 75% hyperoxic conditioning, and returning to room air. After hyperoxic conditioning, the right eye of each mouse was injected intravitreally with 1 µl saline or exosomes derived from hMSCs and compared to control mice of the same age raised in room air without OIR injected intravitreally with saline. Two weeks post-injection, fluorescein angiography (FA) and phase-variance optical coherence tomography angiography (pvOCTA) were used to assess retinal perfusion. Retinal thickness was determined by OCT. The extent of retinal neovascularization was quantitated histologically by counting vascular nuclei on the retinal surface. RESULTS Among eyes with OIR, intravitreal exosome treatment partially preserved retinal vascular flow in vivo and reduced associated retinal thinning; retinal thickness on OCT was 111.1 ± 7.4µm with saline versus 132.1 ± 11.6µm with exosome, p < 0.001. Retinal neovascularization among OIR eyes was reduced with exosome treatment when compared to saline-treated eyes (7.75 ± 3.68 versus 2.68 ± 1.35 neovascular nuclei per section, p < 0.0001). No immunogenicity or ocular/systemic adverse effect was associated with intravitreal exosome treatment. CONCLUSIONS Intravitreal administration of exosomes derived from hMSCs was well tolerated without immunosuppression and decreased the severity of retinal ischemia in this murine model. This appealing novel non-cellular therapeutic approach warrants further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elad Moisseiev
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science , University of California Davis Eye Center , Sacramento , CA , USA.,b Sackler School of Medicine , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Johnathon D Anderson
- c Stem Cell Program , Institute for Regenerative Cures, UC Davis Medical Center , Sacramento , CA , USA
| | - Sharon Oltjen
- d Vitreoretinal Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science , University of California Davis Eye Center , Sacramento , CA , USA
| | - Mayank Goswami
- e UC Davis RISE Eye-Pod Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy , University of California Davis , Davis , CA , USA
| | - Robert J Zawadzki
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science , University of California Davis Eye Center , Sacramento , CA , USA.,e UC Davis RISE Eye-Pod Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy , University of California Davis , Davis , CA , USA
| | - Jan A Nolta
- c Stem Cell Program , Institute for Regenerative Cures, UC Davis Medical Center , Sacramento , CA , USA
| | - Susanna S Park
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science , University of California Davis Eye Center , Sacramento , CA , USA
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Yiu G, Vuong VS, Oltjen S, Cunefare D, Farsiu S, Garzel L, Roberts J, Thomasy SM. Effect of Uveal Melanocytes on Choroidal Morphology in Rhesus Macaques and Humans on Enhanced-Depth Imaging Optical Coherence Tomography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 57:5764-5771. [PMID: 27792810 PMCID: PMC5089220 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare cross-sectional choroidal morphology in rhesus macaque and human eyes using enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) and histologic analysis. Methods Enhanced-depth imaging–OCT images from 25 rhesus macaque and 30 human eyes were evaluated for choriocapillaris and choroidal–scleral junction (CSJ) visibility in the central macula based on OCT reflectivity profiles, and compared with age-matched histologic sections. Semiautomated segmentation of the choriocapillaris and CSJ was used to measure choriocapillary and choroidal thickness, respectively. Multivariate regression was performed to determine the association of age, refractive error, and race with choriocapillaris and CSJ visibility. Results Rhesus macaques exhibit a distinct hyporeflective choriocapillaris layer on EDI-OCT, while the CSJ cannot be visualized. In contrast, humans show variable reflectivities of the choriocapillaris, with a distinct CSJ seen in many subjects. Histologic sections demonstrate large, darkly pigmented melanocytes that are densely distributed in the macaque choroid, while melanocytes in humans are smaller, less pigmented, and variably distributed. Optical coherence tomography reflectivity patterns of the choroid appear to correspond to the density, size, and pigmentation of choroidal melanocytes. Mean choriocapillary thickness was similar between the two species (19.3 ± 3.4 vs. 19.8 ± 3.4 μm, P = 0.615), but choroidal thickness may be lower in macaques than in humans (191.2 ± 43.0 vs. 266.8 ± 78.0 μm, P < 0.001). Racial differences in uveal pigmentation also appear to affect the visibility of the choriocapillaris and CSJ on EDI-OCT. Conclusions Pigmented uveal melanocytes affect choroidal morphology on EDI-OCT in rhesus macaque and human eyes. Racial differences in pigmentation may affect choriocapillaris and CSJ visibility, and may influence the accuracy of choroidal thickness measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Yiu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California, United States
| | - Vivian S Vuong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California, United States
| | - Sharon Oltjen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California, United States
| | - David Cunefare
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Sina Farsiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Laura Garzel
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California, United States
| | - Jeffrey Roberts
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California, United States 4Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, United States
| | - Sara M Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, United States
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Moisseiev E, Smit-McBride Z, Oltjen S, Zhang P, Zawadzki RJ, Motta M, Murphy CJ, Cary W, Annett G, Nolta JA, Park SS. Intravitreal Administration of Human Bone Marrow CD34+ Stem Cells in a Murine Model of Retinal Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 57:4125-35. [PMID: 27537262 PMCID: PMC6733500 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-19252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Intravitreal murine lineage-negative bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic cells slow down retinal degeneration. Because human BM CD34+ hematopoietic cells are not precisely comparable to murine cells, this study examined the effect of intravitreal human BM CD34+ cells on the degenerating retina using a murine model. Methods C3H/HeJrd1/rd1 mice, immunosuppressed systemically with tacrolimus and rapamycin, were injected intravitreally with PBS (n = 16) or CD34+ cells (n = 16) isolated from human BM using a magnetic cell sorter and labeled with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). After 1 and 4 weeks, the injected eyes were imaged with scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO)/optical coherence tomography (OCT) and tested with electroretinography (ERG). Eyes were harvested after euthanasia for immunohistochemical and microarray analysis of the retina. Results In vivo SLO fundus imaging visualized EGFP-labeled cells within the eyes following intravitreal injection. Simultaneous OCT analysis localized the EGFP-labeled cells on the retinal surface resulting in a saw-toothed appearance. Immunohistochemical analysis of the retina identified EGFP-labeled cells on the retinal surface and adjacent to ganglion cells. Electroretinography testing showed a flat signal both at 1 and 4 weeks following injection in all eyes. Microarray analysis of the retina following cell injection showed altered expression of more than 300 mouse genes, predominantly those regulating photoreceptor function and maintenance and apoptosis. Conclusions Intravitreal human BM CD34+ cells rapidly home to the degenerating retinal surface. Although a functional benefit of this cell therapy was not seen on ERG in this rapidly progressive retinal degeneration model, molecular changes in the retina associated with CD34+ cell therapy suggest potential trophic regenerative effects that warrant further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elad Moisseiev
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science University of California Davis Eye Center, Sacramento, California, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Zeljka Smit-McBride
- Vitreoretinal Research Laboratory, University of California Davis Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | - Sharon Oltjen
- Vitreoretinal Research Laboratory, University of California Davis Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- University of California Davis Research Investments in the Sciences and Engineering (RISE) Eye-Pod Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | - Robert J Zawadzki
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science University of California Davis Eye Center, Sacramento, California, United States 4University of California Davis Research Investments in the Sciences and Engineering (RISE) Eye-Pod Laboratory, Department of Cel
| | - Monica Motta
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | - Christopher J Murphy
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science University of California Davis Eye Center, Sacramento, California, United States 5Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, Un
| | - Whitney Cary
- Stem Cell Program, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, United States
| | - Geralyn Annett
- Stem Cell Program, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, United States
| | - Jan A Nolta
- Stem Cell Program, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, United States
| | - Susanna S Park
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science University of California Davis Eye Center, Sacramento, California, United States
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Abstract
Intracardiac fibroblasts (mesenchymal cells) of Hamburger and Hamilton stage 36 chick heart reside in the epicardium and atrioventricular valves. The characteristics of the epicardial fibroblasts include segregation from the myocytes of the heart wall myocardium, voluminous extracellular matrix production, and some cell proliferation activity. The atrioventricular fibroblasts intermingle with myocytes at the mutual border between these tissues, produce smaller amounts of extracellular matrix, and show very active cell proliferation. Is the behavior of each population of fibroblasts predetermined or is each responding in a reversible fashion to local environment? A cell aggregate culture system, which permits 3-dimensional cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, is used to study the behavior of each isolated population of fibroblasts in vitro. In the presence of serum-free medium, each population produces very little extracellular matrix, has relatively low mitotic activity, and does not segregate from myocytes when the aggregate is composed of randomly intermixed myocytes and fibroblasts. In the presence of chicken serum, each population increases matrix production, increases cell proliferation, and sorts from myocytes. Thus, we suggest that the two populations of fibroblasts in the developing heart are responding to local environments and the differences observed in vivo are not the consequence of irreversible states of cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Choy
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of California at Davis 95616
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Abstract
To determine the fate of the atrioventricular endocardial cushions in cardiac development, we used staining methods for extracellular fibronectin, which is abundant in the endocardial cushions, and actin, which is abundant in the myocytes. White Leghorn chick embryo hearts were harvested at Hamburger and Hamilton stages 26 to 36, and serial sections of the atrioventricular valve region were stained. Before atrioventricular valve formation, fibronectin and actin staining reveal separation between the fibronectin-rich endocardial cushions and the actin-rich myocardial layer. The developing mitral valve leaflets at all of the observed stages contain a fibronectin-rich matrix but no actin-rich myocytes. In contrast, the tricuspid band includes both fibronectin matrix and actin-rich cells. We conclude that the mitral valve leaflets in the chick form predominantly from the endocardial cushion tissue, and the tricuspid band receives contributions from both the endocardial cushions and surrounding myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chin
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento 95817
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