1
|
Alsehli H, Alshahrani SM, Alzahrani S, Ababneh F, Alharbi NM, Alarfaj N, Baarmah D. Fetal and neonatal outcomes of posterior fossa anomalies: a retrospective cohort study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8411. [PMID: 38600369 PMCID: PMC11006671 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of posterior fossa anomalies (PFA) and assess the associated outcomes in King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC), Riyadh. All fetuses diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound with PFA from 2017 to 2021 in KAMC were analyzed retrospectively. PFA included Dandy-Walker malformation (DWM), mega cisterna magna (MCM), Blake's pouch cyst (BPC), and isolated vermian hypoplasia (VH). The 65 cases of PFA were 41.5% DWM, 46.2% MCM, 10.8% VH, and 1.5% BPC. The annual incidence rates were 2.48, 2.64, 4.41, 8.75, and 1.71 per 1000 anatomy scans for 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021, respectively. Infants with DWM appeared to have a higher proportion of associated central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities (70.4% vs. 39.5%; p-value = 0.014) and seizures than others (45% vs. 17.9%; p-value = 0.041). Ten patients with abnormal genetic testing showed a single gene mutation causing CNS abnormalities, including a pathogenic variant in MPL, C5orf42, ISPD, PDHA1, PNPLA8, JAM3, COL18A1, and a variant of uncertain significance in the PNPLA8 gene. Our result showed that the most common PFA is DWM and MCM. The autosomal recessive pathogenic mutation is the major cause of genetic disease in Saudi patients diagnosed with PFA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Alsehli
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of the National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Saeed Mastour Alshahrani
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shatha Alzahrani
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, King Abdullah Specialist Children Hospital, Ministry of the National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farouq Ababneh
- Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine, King Abdullah Specialist Children Hospital, Ministry of the National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of the National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawal Mashni Alharbi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of the National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nassebah Alarfaj
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of the National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Duaa Baarmah
- Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alharthi NS, Al-Zahrani MH, Hazazi A, Alhuthali HM, Gharib AF, Alzahrani S, Altalhi W, Almalki WH, Khan FR. Exploring the lncRNA-VEGF axis: Implications for cancer detection and therapy. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 253:154998. [PMID: 38056133 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a complicated illness that spreads indefinitely owing to epigenetic, genetic, and genomic alterations. Cancer cell multidrug susceptibility represents a severe barrier in cancer therapy. As a result, creating effective therapies requires a better knowledge of the mechanisms driving cancer development, progress, and resistance to medications. The human genome is predominantly made up of long non coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are currently identified as critical moderators in a variety of biological functions. Recent research has found that changes in lncRNAs are closely related to cancer biology. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signalling system is necessary for angiogenesis and vascular growth and has been related to an array of health illnesses, such as cancer. LncRNAs have been identified to alter a variety of cancer-related processes, notably the division of cells, movement, angiogenesis, and treatment sensitivity. Furthermore, lncRNAs may modulate immune suppression and are being investigated as possible indicators for early identification of cancer. Various lncRNAs have been associated with cancer development and advancement, serving as cancer-causing or suppressing genes. Several lncRNAs have been demonstrated through research to impact the VEGF cascade, resulting in changes in angiogenesis and tumor severity. For example, the lncRNA nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1) has been shown to foster the formation of oral squamous cell carcinoma and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition by stimulating the VEGF-A and Notch systems. Plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1) promotes angiogenesis in non-small-cell lung cancer by affecting miR-29c and boosting the VEGF cascade. Furthermore, lncRNAs regulate VEGF production and angiogenesis by interacting with multiple downstream signalling networks, including Wnt, p53, and AKT systems. Identifying how lncRNAs engage with the VEGF cascade in cancer gives beneficial insights into tumor biology and possible treatment strategies. Exploring the complicated interaction between lncRNAs and the VEGF pathway certainly paves avenues for novel ways to detect better accurately, prognosis, and cure cancers. Future studies in this area could open avenues toward the creation of innovative cancer therapy regimens that enhance the lives of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nahed S Alharthi
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudia Arabia
| | | | - Ali Hazazi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Security Forces Hospital Program, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayaa Moeed Alhuthali
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal F Gharib
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shatha Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafa Altalhi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Hassan Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farhan R Khan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences AlQuwayiyah, Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Maghrabi A, Alruhaili A, Alzahrani S, Alharbi H, Almasoudi A. Cosmic ray measurements at high cutoff rigidity site - Preliminarily results. RADIAT MEAS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2023.106901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
4
|
Refat MS, Sayqal A, Abumelha HM, Alzahrani S, Shah R, Alkhatib F, Morad M, Katouah H, El-Metwaly N. Synthesis of Novel Mononuclear Lanthanide (Ln3+) Complexes with Indole-3-acetic Acid Hormone, Their Structure and Properties Based on Spectroscopic and In Silico Studies. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363221040228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
5
|
Al Attas RA, Alzahrani S, Lopez R, Liacini A, Al Qahtani Z, Al Otaibi A, Kebasi S, Al Aqool A. It's About Everything: Validation and Optimization of 96-Well Tray Flow Cytometry Crossmatch. Transplant Proc 2019; 51:492-496. [PMID: 30879575 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometric crossmatch (FCXM) is widely used in many centers as part of pretransplant risk assessment to detect donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies. The limited number of crossmatches that can be performed during on-call work-up for deceased donors within reasonable time remains the main obstacle to accommodating the majority of highly sensitized listed patients to be tested by the standard tube FCXM method. This limitation often directs the organs to nonsensitized patients and deprives highly sensitized patients who could be compatible if their sera were included in the crossmatch test. The goal of this study is to optimize a 96-well tray FCXM protocol that allows more sera to be crossmatched without prolonging the overall procedural time while maintaining quality and sensitivity of the assay. The new method was validated against use of the standard tube method and included total of 63 crossmatches performed simultaneously by both methods using 20 donors' cells with patients' sera, pooled positive controls tested on different dilutions, and commercial negative control. In the new protocol we modify various assay parameters including tube platform, incubation time, amount of reagent antibody cocktail, and cell volumes. An overall concordance of 98% was achieved with the protocols with slight improvement in sensitivity (2 negative B-cell reactions converted to positive in presence of weak donor-specific antibodies and mild T-cell reactivity could be picked up at 1:80 diluted positive control by the tray method only). The median channel fluorescence values of the 2 methods were essentially equivalent for both T and B crossmatches (r2 of 0.98 and 0.97, respectively). In conclusion, 96-well tray assay has the potential to increase the probability of highly sensitized patients receiving transplants by allowing increased number of crossmatches to be performed with significant reduction in turnaround time and assay cost. Furthermore, the enhanced sensitivity of the assay will provide more accurate information about sensitization status and strength of donor-specific antibodies to treating physicians, allowing them to choose the best therapeutic option and to provide better patient care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A Al Attas
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetic Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Fahad Specialist Hospital-Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
| | - S Alzahrani
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetic Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Fahad Specialist Hospital-Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - R Lopez
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetic Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Fahad Specialist Hospital-Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Liacini
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetic Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Fahad Specialist Hospital-Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Z Al Qahtani
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetic Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Fahad Specialist Hospital-Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Al Otaibi
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetic Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Fahad Specialist Hospital-Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - S Kebasi
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetic Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Fahad Specialist Hospital-Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Al Aqool
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetic Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Fahad Specialist Hospital-Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Alzahrani S, Ezzat W, Elshaer RE, Abd El-Lateef AS, Mohammad HMF, Elkazaz AY, Toraih E, Zaitone SA. Standarized Tribulus terrestris extract protects against rotenone-induced oxidative damage and nigral dopamine neuronal loss in mice. J Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 69. [PMID: 30898986 DOI: 10.26402/jpp.2018.6.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Strong evidence proposes that brain oxidative DNA damage and microglia activation contribute to Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. Traditional therapeutic regimens for PD can only relieve the symptoms. Tribulus terrestris (T. terrestris), a flowering plant from family Zygophyllaceae, is used in traditional medicine for treating different disorders and exerts neuroprotective and antioxidant effects in experimental models. The current study attempted to test whether treatment with T. terrestris standardized extract (TTE) can improve motor dysfunction and alleviate rotenone induced oxidative DNA damage and neurotoxicity in mice. Six groups of male Swiss albino mice were utilized. Group (1) was the vehicle (oil) group, group 2 was the rotenone control group (1 mg/kg/48 hours, subcutaneously) for 9 times, groups 3 and 4 were injected with rotenone and treated with TTE (5 or 10 mg per kg, by oral gavage) for 17 days, groups 5 and 6 served as TTE (5 or 10 mg per kg) per se groups. Motor function was measured by the pole and the open-field tests. Then, mouse brains were dissected, one hemisphere was employed for biochemical assays and the other one was used in histopathological studies. Results demonstrated that TTE ameliorated the motor dysfunctions induced by rotenone as well as markers of inflammation and DNA damage (8-OHdG and MTH1 expression). Indicators of oxidative stress and upregulation of the microglia marker (CD11b) were suppressed by the higher dose of TTE (10 mg per kg). Finally, the higher dose of TTE improved the Cresyl violet staining and tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining in the substantia nigra. In summary, TTE ameliorated the locomotor dysfunction and dampened the DNA damage and oxidoinflammatory stress in rotenone-parkinsonian mice. These results suggest TTE as a potential candidate for neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Alzahrani
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - W Ezzat
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - R E Elshaer
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - A S Abd El-Lateef
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - H M F Mohammad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.,Central Laboratory, Center of Excellence in Molecular and Cellular Medicine (CEMCM), Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - A Y Elkazaz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egyp.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Port Daid University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - E Toraih
- Genetics Unit, Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.,Molecular Laboratory, Center of Excellence of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - S A Zaitone
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Aloufi M, Alzahrany G, Abdulmajeed N, Alzahrani S, Alghwery S, Zahid R, Alghamdi A. Viral Infections After Kidney Transplantation in a Cohort of Children: A Retrospective Single-Center Study. Transplant Proc 2019; 51:522-525. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
8
|
Marwan H, Tursun R, Alzahrani S, Winokur D, Marx R. Free Flap Reconstruction for Osteoradionecrosis of the Jaws- Pearls and Pitfalls. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
9
|
Khayat H, Alsulami R, Alsobhi E, Alqahtani A, Alkahtani A, Alzahrani S. Sequential bilateral optic nerve infiltration as the sole manifestation of relapsed T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma: a case report. Acta Ophthalmol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2016.0522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
10
|
Alzahrani S, Almalah M, El-Metwally A, Ayoub K, Nasser T, Amjed A. 72. Addressing barriers for conducting/participating in clinical trials among cardiologists. J Saudi Heart Assoc 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsha.2016.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
11
|
Hussien Y, Damiati L, Alharbi A, Alghamdi M, Alzahrani S, Elaskari A, Bahlas S. AB0282 Correlations of TGF-β1 (869C/T), CD4- (11743 A/C) and CD4- (10845 A/G) Polymorphism with Biochemical Risk Factor Predict in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Progression. Ann Rheum Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-eular.1561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
12
|
Lina TT, Alzahrani S, House J, Yamaoka Y, Sharpe AH, Rampy BA, Pinchuk IV, Reyes VE. Helicobacter pylori cag pathogenicity island's role in B7-H1 induction and immune evasion. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121841. [PMID: 25807464 PMCID: PMC4373751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection CD4+ T cells in the gastric lamina propria are hyporesponsive and polarized by Th1/Th17 cell responses controlled by Treg cells. We have previously shown that H. pylori upregulates B7-H1 expression on GEC, which, in turn, suppress T cell proliferation, effector function, and induce Treg cells in vitro. In this study, we investigated the underlying mechanisms and the functional relevance of B7-H1 induction by H. pylori infection to chronic infection. Using H. pylori wild type (WT), cag pathogenicity island (cag PAI-) and cagA- isogenic mutant strains we demonstrated that H. pylori requires its type 4 secretion system (T4SS) as well as its effector protein CagA and peptidoglycan (PG) fragments for B7-H1 upregulation on GEC. Our study also showed that H. pylori uses the p38 MAPK pathway to upregulate B7-H1 expression in GEC. In vivo confirmation was obtained when infection of C57BL/6 mice with H. pylori PMSS1 strain, which has a functional T4SS delivery system, but not with H. pylori SS1 strain lacking a functional T4SS, led to a strong upregulation of B7-H1 expression in the gastric mucosa, increased bacterial load, induction of Treg cells in the stomach, increased IL-10 in the serum. Interestingly, B7-H1-/- mice showed less Treg cells and reduced bacterial loads after infection. These studies demonstrate how H. pylori T4SS components activate the p38 MAPK pathway, upregulate B7-H1 expression by GEC, and cause Treg cell induction; thus, contribute to establishing a persistent infection characteristic of H. pylori.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taslima T. Lina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States Of America
| | - Shatha Alzahrani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States Of America
| | - Jennifer House
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States Of America
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States Of America
| | - Arlene H. Sharpe
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States Of America
| | - Bill A. Rampy
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States Of America
| | - Irina V. Pinchuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States Of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States Of America
- * E-mail: (VER); (IVP)
| | - Victor E. Reyes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States Of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States Of America
- * E-mail: (VER); (IVP)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lina TT, Alzahrani S, Gonzalez J, Pinchuk IV, Beswick EJ, Reyes VE. Immune evasion strategies used by Helicobacter pylori. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:12753-12766. [PMID: 25278676 PMCID: PMC4177461 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i36.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is perhaps the most ubiquitous and successful human pathogen, since it colonizes the stomach of more than half of humankind. Infection with this bacterium is commonly acquired during childhood. Once infected, people carry the bacteria for decades or even for life, if not treated. Persistent infection with this pathogen causes gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and is also strongly associated with the development of gastric cancer. Despite induction of innate and adaptive immune responses in the infected individual, the host is unable to clear the bacteria. One widely accepted hallmark of H. pylori is that it successfully and stealthily evades host defense mechanisms. Though the gastric mucosa is well protected against infection, H. pylori is able to reside under the mucus, attach to gastric epithelial cells and cause persistent infection by evading immune responses mediated by host. In this review, we discuss how H. pylori avoids innate and acquired immune response elements, uses gastric epithelial cells as mediators to manipulate host T cell responses and uses virulence factors to avoid adaptive immune responses by T cells to establish a persistent infection. We also discuss in this review how the genetic diversity of this pathogen helps for its survival.
Collapse
|
14
|
Alzahrani S, Lina TT, Gonzalez J, Pinchuk IV, Beswick EJ, Reyes VE. Effect of Helicobacter pylori on gastric epithelial cells. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:12767-12780. [PMID: 25278677 PMCID: PMC4177462 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i36.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal epithelium has cells with features that make them a powerful line of defense in innate mucosal immunity. Features that allow gastrointestinal epithelial cells to contribute in innate defense include cell barrier integrity, cell turnover, autophagy, and innate immune responses. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a spiral shape gram negative bacterium that selectively colonizes the gastric epithelium of more than half of the world’s population. The infection invariably becomes persistent due to highly specialized mechanisms that facilitate H. pylori’s avoidance of this initial line of host defense as well as adaptive immune mechanisms. The host response is thus unsuccessful in clearing the infection and as a result becomes established as a persistent infection promoting chronic inflammation. In some individuals the associated inflammation contributes to ulcerogenesis or neoplasia. H. pylori has an array of different strategies to interact intimately with epithelial cells and manipulate their cellular processes and functions. Among the multiple aspects that H. pylori affects in gastric epithelial cells are their distribution of epithelial junctions, DNA damage, apoptosis, proliferation, stimulation of cytokine production, and cell transformation. Some of these processes are initiated as a result of the activation of signaling mechanisms activated on binding of H. pylori to cell surface receptors or via soluble virulence factors that gain access to the epithelium. The multiple responses by the epithelium to the infection contribute to pathogenesis associated with H. pylori.
Collapse
|
15
|
Stuijver DJF, Hooper JMW, Orme SM, Van Zaane B, Squizzato A, Piantanida E, Hess K, Alzahrani S, Ajjan RA. Fibrin clot structure and fibrinolysis in hypothyroid individuals: the effects of normalising thyroid hormone levels. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10:1708-10. [PMID: 22631859 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2012.04789.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|