Technological achievement in the food industry in Malaysia

Issues pertaining to food sustainability have long been debated in developing countries. Food sustainability practices benefit the environment, societies and economies, yet in Malaysia food production and management are still lagging in sustainability practices. The food industry needs to explore new methods in food production because of population increase, peoples’ lifestyle, demand for healthy foods, and environmental concerns. For this reason, this review paper discussed technological achievements in the food industry to help food producers improve production. It is crucial for Malaysia to ensure sustainability in food production technology in the 12th Economic Planning Unit (EPU) projection for 2021-2025. The EPU aims to restructure and empower the existing industry. This paper discussed the food technology sub-sector focusing on agriculture and livestock in Malaysia. This focus hopes to boost existing government strategies and improve food producers’ business performance following the EPU. Here, this paper highlights the government’s involvement in technology application to help farmers’ access affordable technology via research assistance from the government.

Calibrating different sounds for sound therapy: A general guide

INTRODUCTION

Sound therapy is one of the complementary or alternative interventions for various populations. The intensity of the sounds for sound therapy needs to be properly calibrated to ensure their accuracy and effectiveness. This paper aims to provide a general guideline for calibrating sound files using free software, specifically Audacity®.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Six sounds (broadband noise, rain, ocean, waterfall, Quranic chapters Al-Fatihah, and Yasin recitations) were calibrated at the intensity levels of 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, and 80dBA. The sounds were delivered through a pair of Sennheiser HD 280 Pro headphones connected to the Sound Blaster X-Fi Surround 5.1 Pro sound card. The long-term average of the sound pressure level over the time of recording (LAseq) was recorded using the 3M SoundPro Class 1 1/3 Octave RTA sound level meter (SLM). The desired intensity levels were obtained by making adjustments to the sound files via the Audacity® software.

RESULTS

All sound files were calibrated at the targeted levels as verified by the value of LAseq.

CONCLUSIONS

Calibration of audio files can be done using a free/open-source software, as all six sound files were successfully calibrated at the targeted levels of 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, and 80dBA. The calibration steps provided in this paper can be easily applied by other researchers for similar purposes, with precautions when calibrating at low levels.

Psychometric properties of the Malay inventory for the perception of Muslims with hearing impairment

OBJECTIVE

The aims of this study are to measure the psychometric properties of the newly developed preliminary version of hearing impairment inventory for religious duties for Muslim adults, i.e., the Inventori Persepsi Bagi Muslim Yang Memiliki Masalah Pendengaran (IPM3P), and to produce a final version of IPM3P.

METHODS

The preliminary version of IPM3P that is used to investigate the perception of Muslim adults with hearing impairment towards Islamic understanding and practice has been tested in this study. The preliminary version of IPM3P consists of three domains (obligation, practice, and difficulty) with 59 items in total. Four phases of validity and reliability testing involved were: i) Content validation, ii) Pretesting, face validity and proofreading, iii) Pilot study, and iv) Psychometric evaluation.

RESULTS

The final version of IPM3P consists of 36 items. The findings from the present study suggest that the final version of IPM3P has excellent psychometric properties manifested by: i) good content validity, ii) excellently pretested, iii) good face validity, iv) good construct validity shown by principal component analysis and convergent validity, and v) good discriminant validity showed by divergent validity.

CONCLUSION

IPM3P shows good potential to be used as a tool in investigating perception of Muslim adults towards Islamic understanding and practice.

An Updated Review on the Relationship of Depressive Symptoms in Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder occurring across all age groups, gender, and is multifactorial. The episodic decrease in airflow during sleep results in hypoxia and hypercapnia over time, resulting in morning headache, systemic and pulmonary hypertension, and polycythemia. Fragmentation of sleep at night-time cause daytime somnolence, fatigue, memory problems, and mood symptoms such as depression and anxiety. These secondary mood symptoms could be easily missed by healthcare providers as the primary disorder resulting in unnecessary anti-depressants' prescription. This study investigates the effect of continuous airway pressure (CPAP) on depressive symptoms of OSA. We used PubMed, PubMed Central (PMC), and MEDLINE for data collection. We used OSA, depression, anxiety, mood symptoms, psychological symptoms, and CPAP as the keywords, both alone and in combination. The search ended on November 5, 2020, and it was limited to the year 2010 until the day of the search. However, a few of the papers published earlier than 2010 were also included to have better insight into some aspects of the topic. We included articles measuring the impact of CPAP on mood symptoms using any one of the validated scales, such as the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), or Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D). Our initial searches yielded 131 articles. Twenty-one of the 131 papers satisfied the review's criteria. Four studies out of 21 revealed no improvement in OSA-related mood symptoms with CPAP therapy, whereas the others reported beneficial effects on mood, daytime sleepiness, cognition, and patient quality of life.

Development of hearing impairment inventory for religious duties of Muslim adult

OBJECTIVE

This study is a preliminary work to develop a Malay version questionnaire named 'Inventori Persepsi bagi Muslim yang Memiliki Masalah Pendengaran (IPM3P)' to assess the perception on Islamic understanding and practice among Muslim adults with hearing impairment.

METHODS

The scale development involved three phases: i) generation of domains based on the literature, ii) generation of sub-domains based on literature review and Islamic panel survey, and iii) generation of items.

RESULTS

Preliminary version of IPM3P consists of 59 items was produced, representing three domains: Obligation (18 items), Practice (21 items), and Difficulty (20 items), and seven sub-domains ('Ibadah', 'Aqidah', 'Muamalat', 'Tasawwuf', 'Akhlak','Da'wah', and 'Sirah').

CONCLUSION

The preliminary version of IPM3P needs to be psychometrically tested. This pioneering study may become an impetus towards more research pertaining to understanding the effect of hearing loss towards religious life in the future in Malaysia.

Cannabinoid Receptors and Their Relationship With Chronic Pain: A Narrative Review

The burden of chronic pain has affected many individuals leading to distress and discomfort, alongside numerous side effects with conventional therapeutic approaches. Cannabinoid receptors are naturally found in the human body and have long been an interest in antinociception. These include CB1 and CB2 receptors, which are promising candidates for the treatment of chronic inflammatory pain. The mechanism of action of the receptors and how they approach pain control in inflammatory conditions show that it can be an adjunctive approach towards controlling these symptoms. Numerous studies have shown how the targeted approach towards these receptors has activated them promoting a release in cytokines, all leading to anti-inflammatory effects and immune system regulation. Cannabinoid activation of glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) models also showed efficacy in pain management. Chronic conditions such as osteoarthritis were shown to also benefit from this considerable treatment. However, it is unclear how the cannabinoid system works in relation with the pain pathway. Therefore, in this review we aim to analyse the role of the cannabinoid system in chronic inflammatory pain.

Comparison Between Oral Anticoagulation and Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion in the Prevention of Stroke With Regard to Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation

In the past, the most common type of atrial fibrillation leading to stroke was valvular; this was predominantly due to the prevalence of rheumatic fever, but with the advent of better-hospitalized care, the cases of valvular atrial fibrillation declined. In recent years, there has been an increase in cases of stroke due to non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Stasis of blood in the left atrial pouch leads to coagulation and thrombi formation, which may lead to stroke. Oral medication or mechanical intervention can prevent thrombi formation. Both oral anticoagulation and left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) have been compared to see which has better outcomes. It was observed that LAAO has greater efficacy, but with time throughout a couple of years, no considerable difference was seen when compared to warfarin. Most of the long-term randomized controlled trials have been performed with the Watchman^® device. Although the Lariat and Amplatzer LAAO devices have also shown favorable outcomes, there is still a deficiency when it comes to trials of high-quality evidence using these devices as an intervention. Dual therapy with both of these approaches showed a decline in the count of major bleeding episodes on follow-up. Overall, albeit both methods have proven useful, LAAO has a slight advantage in efficacy and leads to less hemorrhagic events.

Does an Incidental Meckel's Diverticulum Warrant Resection?

Meckel's diverticulum (MD) is the most common gastrointestinal malformation. The management of symptomatic Meckel's diverticulum has been undecidedly resection; however, the management of incidental Meckel's diverticulum has been fraught in comparison. As a systematic literature review, PubMed, PubMed Central (PMC), and MEDLINE were used. The search phrase utilized was "Meckel Diverticulum/Surgery [Mesh]" and resection incidental. The search was completed on July 18, 2020 and was limited to 1980 until the day of the search. Searches resulted in 62 initial articles on PubMed. On initial screening, 23 of these articles met the criteria. The references of these 23 articles were screened for relevant studies, yielding a total of 31 studies of which all were assessed for quality. Four articles made a recommendation for no resection. Twelve studies made a recommendation for resection. Ten studies concluded that resection should be completed in the presence of risk factors. Lastly, five studies made no clear recommendation. In recent literature, there has been a shift towards resection for all or in those with high-risk factors. In the future, it will be necessary for researchers to determine if resection is recommended for all patients with incidental MD or in those with risk factors. If only in those with risk factors, it will be important that research is completed to create evidence-based guidelines to support the risk factors.

A novel computer-based simulated learning environment in audiology with learning assistance: Preliminary findings

INTRODUCTION

This paper describes the development and the evaluation of a new Two-dimensional (2D) computer-based (CB) Simulated Learning Environment (SLE) software for routine audiology tests that comes with learning assistance for audiology students. The aim of the study was to serve as preliminary evaluation on the effectiveness of the new 2D CB SLE audiology software among audiology students.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The development process of the new 2D CB SLE includes, (i) the identification of common errors made by students in the audiology clinic, (ii) the development of five case simulations that include four routine audiology tests incorporating learning assistance derived from the errors commonly made by audiology students and, (iii) the development of 2D CB SLE from a technical perspective. A preliminary evaluation of the use of the 2D CB SLE software was conducted among twenty-six second-year undergraduate audiology students.

RESULTS

The pre-analysis evaluation of the new 2D CB SLE showed that the majority of the students perceived the new 2D CB SLE software as realistic and helpful for them in achieving the course learning outcomes and in improving their clinical skills. The mean overall scores among the twenty-six students using the self-reported questionnaire were significantly higher when using the 2D CB SLE software than with the existing software typically used in their SLE training.

CONCLUSIONS

This new 2D CB SLE software has the potential for use by audiology students for enhancing their learning.

Towards developing high-fidelity simulated learning environment training modules in audiology

INTRODUCTION

This discussion paper reviews and synthesises the literature on simulated learning environment (SLE) from allied health sciences, medical and nursing in general and audiology specifically. The focus of the paper is on discussing the use of high-fidelity (HF) SLE and describing the challenges for developing a HF SLE for clinical audiology training.

METHODS

Through the review of the literature, this paper discusses seven questions, (i) What is SLE? (ii) What are the types of SLEs? (iii) How is SLE classified? (iv) What is HF SLE? (v) What types of SLEs are available in audiology and their level of fidelity? (vi) What are the components needed for developing HF SLE? (vii) What are the possible types of HF SLEs that are suitable for audiology training? Publications were identified by structured searches from three major databases PubMed, Web of Knowledge and PsychInfo and from the reference lists of relevant articles. The authors discussed and mapped the levels of fidelity of SLE audiology training modules from the literature and the learning domains involved in the clinical audiology courses.

RESULTS

The discussion paper has highlighted that most of the existing SLE audiology training modules consist of either low- or medium-fidelity types of simulators. Those components needed to achieve a HF SLE for audiology training are also highlighted.

CONCLUSION

Overall, this review recommends that the combined approach of different levels and types of SLE could be used to obtain a HF SLE training module in audiology training.

SEROPREVALENCE OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII IN RODENTS FROM VARIOUS LOCATIONS IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

Numerous studies have reported the prevalence of toxoplasmosis among Malaysians and various domestic animals; but there is paucity of information on its prevalence among rodents which could potentially contribute to the transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in both domestic and sylvatic fauna. Five hundred twenty-six rodents were captured from six locations in Malaysia and identified to species. Serum samples were collected from these rodents and tested for T.gondii antibodies using an immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT). T.gondii antibodies were found in 5.9% (31/526) of the tested samples. Most of the positive antibodies were from commensal rats: Rattus exulans (9/64, 14.0%), Rattus argentiventer (2/8, 25%), Rattus rattus diardii (10/166, 6.0%) and Rattus tiomanicus (6/215, 2.7%). Only two of the forest rats were positive: Maxomys rajah (1/9, 11.1%) and Rattus bowersi (1/12, 8.3%). Eighteen point one percent of ground squirrels (Tupaia glis) tested (2/11) were positive for antibodies. The highest antibodies titer (1:1024) was found in Rattus exulans followed by T.glis (1:256). Sabak Bernam, Selangor had the highest prevalence (10.8%) followed by Baling, Kedah (5.0%) and Bagan Terap, Selangor (4.0%). None of the serum samples of rodents collected from Gua Musang, Kelantan; Jasin, Malacca; or Labis, Johor were positive. Our study reports for the first time the serologic prevalence of T.gondii antibodies among rodents in Peninsular Malaysia. Further studies are needed to confirm T.gondii infection among wild rodents, such as a bioassay, to assess their potential role in transmission of the parasite.