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Anupama Sekar J, Velayudhan S, Senthilkumar M, Anil Kumar PR. Silymarin enriched gelatin methacrylamide bioink imparts hepatoprotectivity to 3D bioprinted liver construct against carbon tetrachloride induced toxicity. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 198:114272. [PMID: 38537909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional liver bioprinting is an emerging technology in the field of regenerative medicine that aids in the creation of functional tissue constructs that can be used as transplantable organ substitutes. During transplantation, the bioprinted donor liver must be protected from the oxidative stress environment created by various factors during the transplantation procedure, as well as from drug-induced damage from medications taken as part of the post-surgery medication regimen following the procedure. In this study, Silymarin, a flavonoid with the hepatoprotective properties were introduced into the GelMA bioink formulation to protect the bioprinted liver against hepatotoxicity. The concentration of silymarin to be added in GelMA was optimised, bioink properties were evaluated, and HepG2 cells were used to bioprint liver tissue. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was used to induce hepatotoxicity in bioprinted liver, and the effect of this chemical on the metabolic activities of HepG2 cells was studied. The results showed that Silymarin helps with albumin synthesis and shields liver tissue from the damaging effects of CCl4. According to gene expression analysis, CCl4 treatment increased TNF-α and the antioxidant enzyme SOD expression in HepG2 cells while the presence of silymarin protected the bioprinted construct from CCl4-induced damage. Thus, the outcomes demonstrate that the addition of silymarin in GelMA formulation protects liver function in toxic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Anupama Sekar
- Division of Tissue Culture, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 012, India
| | - Shiny Velayudhan
- Division of Dental Products, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 012, India
| | - M Senthilkumar
- Division of Tissue Culture, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 012, India
| | - P R Anil Kumar
- Division of Tissue Culture, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 012, India.
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Sumathy B, Velayudhan S. Fabrication and evaluation of a bi-layered gelatin based scaffold with arrayed micro-pits for full-thickness skin construct. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 251:126360. [PMID: 37591428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
There is an unmet need for a reliable and reproducible method for incorporating hair follicle derived stem cells in tissue engineered skin models to reconstitute hair follicles. This study discloses a novel method for introducing hair follicle derived stem cells in microneedle embossed micro-pits of a bilayer skin equivalent fabricated from a gelatin based scaffold. The microneedles are hard and strong enough to penetrate the upper layer of the bilayer gelatin based scaffold that corresponds to the epidermis and permeates down to lower layer that corresponds to dermal layer. This strategic location will mimic the natural niche of hair follicle stem cells for picking up signals from both the epidermis and dermis. Hair follicle stem cells are trapped in to these micro-pits by vacuum assisted cell seeding. The bilayer system consists of two distinct electrospun layers in a single processing step, representing outer epidermal layer and inner dermal layer with hair follicle stem cells in embedded pits, resulting in the formation of a closed representation of a complete skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babitha Sumathy
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration Technologies, Department of Applied Biology, Biomedical Technology wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum 695 012, India.
| | - Shiny Velayudhan
- Division of Dental Products, Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Biomedical Technology wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum 695 012, India.
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J AS, Velayudhan S, Pr AK. Biocompatibility evaluation of antioxidant cocktail loaded gelatin methacrylamide as bioink for extrusion-based 3D bioprinting. Biomed Mater 2023. [PMID: 37220753 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/acd82f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) liver bioprinting is a promising technique for creating 3D liver models that can be used for in vitro drug testing, hepatotoxicity studies, and transplantation. The functional performance of 3D bioprinted liver constructs are limited by the lack of cell-cell interactions, which calls for the creation of bioprinted tissue constructs with high cell densities. This study reports the fabrication of 3D bioprinted liver constructs using a novel photocrosslinkable Gelatin Methacrylamide (GelMA)-based bioink formulation. However, the formation of excess free radicals during photoinitiation poses a challenge, particularly during photocrosslinking of large constructs with high cell densities. Hence, we designed a bioink formulation comprising the base polymer GelMA loaded with an antioxidant cocktail containing vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) and vitamin E (α-tocopherol). We confirmed that the combination of antioxidants loaded in GelMA enhanced the ability to scavenge intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (iROS) formed during photocrosslinking. The GelMA formulation was evaluated for biocompatibility in vitro and in vivo. These results demonstrated that the bioink had adequate rheological characteristics and was biocompatible. Furthermore, constructs with high-density primary rat hepatocytes were 3D bioprinted and showed improved cell-cell interactions and liver specific functions such as albumin and urea secretion were increased 5-fold and 2.5-fold respectively when compared with bioprinted constructs with lower cell concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Sekar J
- Department of Applied Biology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology Bio-Medical Technology Wing, Division of Tissue Culture, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695012, INDIA
| | - Shiny Velayudhan
- Department of Biomaterial Science and Technology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology Bio-Medical Technology Wing, Division of Dental Products, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695012, INDIA
| | - Anil Kumar Pr
- Department of Applied Biology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology Bio-Medical Technology Wing, Division of Tissue Culture, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695012, INDIA
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Balaji KV, Bhutoria S, Nayak S, PR AK, Velayudhan S. Printability Assessment of modified Filament Deposition Modelling Three Dimensional Bioprinter Printer using Polymeric Formulations. Biomedical Engineering Advances 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bea.2023.100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
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Pai RR, Muthusamy S, Velayudhan S, Sabareeswaran A, P.R. AK. High‐throughput Production of Liver Parenchymal Microtissues and Enrichment of Organ‐specific Functions in Gelatin Methacrylamide Microenvironment. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 119:1018-1032. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.28010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roopesh R. Pai
- Division of Tissue Culture, Department of Applied Biology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India 695 012
| | - Senthilkumar Muthusamy
- Division of Tissue Culture, Department of Applied Biology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India 695 012
| | - Shiny Velayudhan
- Division of Dental Products, Department of Biomaterial Science and Technology, Biomedical Technology Wing Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India 695 012
| | - A. Sabareeswaran
- tmeDivision of Experimental Pathology, Deparnt of Applied Biology, Biomedical Technology Wing Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India 695 012
| | - Anil Kumar P.R.
- Division of Tissue Culture, Department of Applied Biology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India 695 012
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Velayudhan S, Kumar PRA, Nair PD. A Novel, Single Step, Highly Sensitive In-Vitro Cell-Based Metabolic Assay Using Honeycomb Microporous Polymer Membranes. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2015; 11:590-9. [DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2015.2066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Velayudhan S, Ramesh P, Varma HK. Mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite-filled ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer composites: Effect of particle size and morphology. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Velayudhan S, Martin D, Cooper-White J. Evaluation of dynamic creep properties of surgical mesh prostheses-Uniaxial fatigue. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2009; 91:287-96. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Jack KS, Velayudhan S, Luckman P, Trau M, Grøndahl L, Cooper-White J. The fabrication and characterization of biodegradable HA/PHBV nanoparticle-polymer composite scaffolds. Acta Biomater 2009; 5:2657-67. [PMID: 19375396 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the fabrication and characterization of nano-sized hydroxyapatite (HA)/poly(hydroxyabutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) polymer composite scaffolds with high porosity and controlled pore architectures. These scaffolds were prepared using a modified thermally induced phase-separation technique. This investigation focuses on the effect of fabrication conditions on the overall pore architecture of the scaffolds and the dispersion of HA nanocrystals within the composite scaffolds. The morphologies, mechanical properties and in vitro bioactivity of the composite scaffolds were investigated. It was noted that the pore architectures could be manipulated by varying phase-separation parameters. The HA particles were dispersed in the pore walls of the scaffolds and were well bonded to the polymer. The introduction of HA greatly increased the stiffness and strength, and improved the in vitro bioactivity of the scaffolds. The results suggest these newly developed nano-HA/PHBV composite scaffolds may serve as an effective three-dimensional substrate in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S Jack
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Biomaterials (Level 4E), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia
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Velayudhan S, Anilkumar TV, Kumary TV, Mohanan PV, Fernandez AC, Varma HK, Ramesh P. Biological evaluation of pliable hydroxyapatite-ethylene vinyl acetate co-polymer composites intended for cranioplasty. Acta Biomater 2005; 1:201-9. [PMID: 16701797 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2004.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HAP) is undoubtedly a material suitable for repairing the defective bone tissue. However, the brittleness and non-malleability of HAP limit its clinical application as a cranioplastic analogue. To improve these properties, pliable, osteoconductive composites composed of HAP and ethylene vinyl acetate co-polymer (EVA) have been developed. This study reports the biocompatibility evaluation of the newly developed composite material. Composites of two compositions, containing 40 and 50 volume percentage of HAP, were evaluated. In vitro cell culture cytotoxity studies were carried out using L929 cell line. Intracutaneous irritation studies, and intramuscular implantation studies were carried out on rabbits. Cell culture studies showed that the composite was non-cytotoxic to mouse fibroblast cell line. Intracutaneous irritation studies did not show any gross signs of tissue reaction. Histological analysis after six months of implantation in the paravertebral muscles of rabbit showed that all the implants under study were covered with a thin soft tissue capsule. On the basis of these observations, we conclude that the composite materials are biocompatible and hence are a candidate material for implantation in the cranium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiny Velayudhan
- Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Biomedical Technology wing, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 012, India
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Velayudhan S, Ramesh P, Varma HK. Effect of vinyl acetate content on the sintering behavior of hydroxyapatite-ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer composites. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2002; 13:517-522. [PMID: 15348606 DOI: 10.1023/a:1014739326345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) alone could be used as a binder material for the fabrication of hydroxyapatite (HAP) into intricate shapes for various bone substitute applications. It was observed that as the vinyl acetate content in the polymer was increased from 12 to 28 wt % an increase in the sintered density of the HAP was observed. Retention of the shapes of HAP in the molded form was also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiny Velayudhan
- Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 012, India
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