1
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Montoya S, Bourcier J, Noviski M, Lu H, Thompson MC, Chirino A, Jahn J, Sondhi AK, Gajewski S, Tan YSM, Yung S, Urban A, Wang E, Han C, Mi X, Kim WJ, Sievers Q, Auger P, Bousquet H, Brathaban N, Bravo B, Gessner M, Guiducci C, Iuliano JN, Kane T, Mukerji R, Reddy PJ, Powers J, Sanchez Garcia de Los Rios M, Ye J, Barrientos Risso C, Tsai D, Pardo G, Notti RQ, Pardo A, Affer M, Nawaratne V, Totiger TM, Pena-Velasquez C, Rhodes JM, Zelenetz AD, Alencar A, Roeker LE, Mehta S, Garippa R, Linley A, Soni RK, Skånland SS, Brown RJ, Mato AR, Hansen GM, Abdel-Wahab O, Taylor J. Kinase-impaired BTK mutations are susceptible to clinical-stage BTK and IKZF1/3 degrader NX-2127. Science 2024; 383:eadi5798. [PMID: 38301010 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi5798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Increasing use of covalent and noncovalent inhibitors of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) has elucidated a series of acquired drug-resistant BTK mutations in patients with B cell malignancies. Here we identify inhibitor resistance mutations in BTK with distinct enzymatic activities, including some that impair BTK enzymatic activity while imparting novel protein-protein interactions that sustain B cell receptor (BCR) signaling. Furthermore, we describe a clinical-stage BTK and IKZF1/3 degrader, NX-2127, that can bind and proteasomally degrade each mutant BTK proteoform, resulting in potent blockade of BCR signaling. Treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with NX-2127 achieves >80% degradation of BTK in patients and demonstrates proof-of-concept therapeutic benefit. These data reveal an oncogenic scaffold function of mutant BTK that confers resistance across clinically approved BTK inhibitors but is overcome by BTK degradation in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skye Montoya
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jessie Bourcier
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Hao Lu
- Nurix Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Meghan C Thompson
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexandra Chirino
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jacob Jahn
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Anya K Sondhi
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Aleksandra Urban
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eric Wang
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Cuijuan Han
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Xiaoli Mi
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Won Jun Kim
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Quinlan Sievers
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul Auger
- Nurix Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tim Kane
- Nurix Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jordan Ye
- Nurix Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carla Barrientos Risso
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Daniel Tsai
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Gabriel Pardo
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ryan Q Notti
- Laboratory of Molecular Electron Microscopy, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alejandro Pardo
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Maurizio Affer
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Vindhya Nawaratne
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Tulasigeri M Totiger
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Camila Pena-Velasquez
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joanna M Rhodes
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine at Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, CLL Research and Treatment Center, Lake Success, NY, USA
| | - Andrew D Zelenetz
- Lymphoma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alvaro Alencar
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Lindsey E Roeker
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sanjoy Mehta
- Gene Editing and Screening Core Facility, Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Institute and Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ralph Garippa
- Gene Editing and Screening Core Facility, Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Institute and Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adam Linley
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rajesh Kumar Soni
- Proteomics and Macromolecular Crystallography Shared Resource, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sigrid S Skånland
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Anthony R Mato
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Omar Abdel-Wahab
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Justin Taylor
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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2
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Andersen AN, Brodersen AM, Ayuda-Durán P, Piechaczyk L, Tadele DS, Baken L, Fredriksen J, Stoksflod M, Lenartova A, Fløisand Y, Skånland SS, Enserink JM. Clinical forecasting of acute myeloid leukemia using ex vivo drug-sensitivity profiling. Cell Rep Methods 2023; 3:100654. [PMID: 38065095 PMCID: PMC10753296 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Current treatment selection for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients depends on risk stratification based on cytogenetic and genomic markers. However, the forecasting accuracy of treatment response remains modest, with most patients receiving intensive chemotherapy. Recently, ex vivo drug screening has gained traction in personalized treatment selection and as a tool for mapping patient groups based on relevant cancer dependencies. Here, we systematically evaluated the use of drug sensitivity profiling for predicting patient survival and clinical response to chemotherapy in a cohort of AML patients. We compared computational methodologies for scoring drug efficacy and characterized tools to counter noise and batch-related confounders pervasive in high-throughput drug testing. We show that ex vivo drug sensitivity profiling is a robust and versatile approach to patient prognostics that comprehensively maps functional signatures of treatment response and disease progression. In conclusion, ex vivo drug profiling can assess risk for individual AML patients and may guide clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram N Andersen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway; Section for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Andrea M Brodersen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway; Section for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Pilar Ayuda-Durán
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Laure Piechaczyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dagim Shiferaw Tadele
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lizet Baken
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Julia Fredriksen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway; Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mia Stoksflod
- Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrea Lenartova
- Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Yngvar Fløisand
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigrid S Skånland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jorrit M Enserink
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway; Section for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway.
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3
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Ayuda-Durán P, Hermansen JU, Giliberto M, Yin Y, Hanes R, Gordon S, Kuusanmäki H, Brodersen AM, Andersen AN, Taskén K, Wennerberg K, Enserink JM, Skånland SS. Standardized assays to monitor drug sensitivity in hematologic cancers. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:435. [PMID: 38040674 PMCID: PMC10692209 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01722-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The principle of drug sensitivity testing is to expose cancer cells to a library of different drugs and measure its effects on cell viability. Recent technological advances, continuous approval of targeted therapies, and improved cell culture protocols have enhanced the precision and clinical relevance of such screens. Indeed, drug sensitivity testing has proven diagnostically valuable for patients with advanced hematologic cancers. However, different cell types behave differently in culture and therefore require optimized drug screening protocols to ensure that their ex vivo drug sensitivity accurately reflects in vivo drug responses. For example, primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and multiple myeloma (MM) cells require unique microenvironmental stimuli to survive in culture, while this is less the case for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. Here, we present our optimized and validated protocols for culturing and drug screening of primary cells from AML, CLL, and MM patients, and a generic protocol for cell line models. We also discuss drug library designs, reproducibility, and quality controls. We envision that these protocols may serve as community guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays to monitor drug sensitivity in hematologic cancers and thus contribute to standardization. The read-outs may provide insight into tumor biology, identify or confirm treatment resistance and sensitivity in real time, and ultimately guide clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Ayuda-Durán
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johanne U Hermansen
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mariaserena Giliberto
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yanping Yin
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Robert Hanes
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sandra Gordon
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heikki Kuusanmäki
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrea M Brodersen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aram N Andersen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil Taskén
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Krister Wennerberg
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jorrit M Enserink
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigrid S Skånland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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4
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Hermansen JU, Yin Y, Urban A, Myklebust CV, Karlsen L, Melvold K, Tveita AA, Taskén K, Munthe LA, Tjønnfjord GE, Skånland SS. A tumor microenvironment model of chronic lymphocytic leukemia enables drug sensitivity testing to guide precision medicine. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:125. [PMID: 37055391 PMCID: PMC10101987 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01426-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The microenvironment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells in lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow provides survival, proliferation, and drug resistance signals. Therapies need to be effective in these compartments, and pre-clinical models of CLL that are used to test drug sensitivity must mimic the tumor microenvironment to reflect clinical responses. Ex vivo models have been developed that capture individual or multiple aspects of the CLL microenvironment, but they are not necessarily compatible with high-throughput drug screens. Here, we report on a model that has reasonable associated costs, can be handled in a regularly equipped cell lab, and is compatible with ex vivo functional assays including drug sensitivity screens. The CLL cells are cultured with fibroblasts that express the ligands APRIL, BAFF and CD40L for 24 h. The transient co-culture was shown to support survival of primary CLL cells for at least 13 days, and mimic in vivo drug resistance signals. Ex vivo sensitivity and resistance to the Bcl-2 antagonist venetoclax correlated with in vivo responses. The assay was used to identify treatment vulnerabilities and guide precision medicine for a patient with relapsed CLL. Taken together, the presented CLL microenvironment model enables clinical implementation of functional precision medicine in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne U Hermansen
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yanping Yin
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aleksandra Urban
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Camilla V Myklebust
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Linda Karlsen
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katrine Melvold
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders A Tveita
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil Taskén
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ludvig A Munthe
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir E Tjønnfjord
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigrid S Skånland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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5
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Zhang D, Harris HM, Chen J, Judy J, James G, Kelly A, McIntosh J, Tenn-McClellan A, Ambing E, Tan YS, Lu H, Gajewski S, Clifton MC, Yung S, Robbins DW, Pirooznia M, Skånland SS, Gaglione E, Mhibik M, Underbayev C, Ahn IE, Sun C, Herman SEM, Noviski M, Wiestner A. NRX-0492 degrades wild-type and C481 mutant BTK and demonstrates in vivo activity in CLL patient-derived xenografts. Blood 2023; 141:1584-1596. [PMID: 36375120 PMCID: PMC10163313 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022016934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) is essential for B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling, a driver of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Covalent inhibitors bind C481 in the active site of BTK and have become a preferred CLL therapy. Disease progression on covalent BTK inhibitors is commonly associated with C481 mutations. Here, we investigated a targeted protein degrader, NRX-0492, that links a noncovalent BTK-binding domain to cereblon, an adaptor protein of the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. NRX-0492 selectively catalyzes ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of BTK. In primary CLL cells, NRX-0492 induced rapid and sustained degradation of both wild-type and C481 mutant BTK at half maximal degradation concentration (DC50) of ≤0.2 nM and DC90 of ≤0.5 nM, respectively. Sustained degrader activity was maintained for at least 24 hours after washout and was equally observed in high-risk (deletion 17p) and standard-risk (deletion 13q only) CLL subtypes. In in vitro testing against treatment-naïve CLL samples, NRX-0492 was as effective as ibrutinib at inhibiting BCR-mediated signaling, transcriptional programs, and chemokine secretion. In patient-derived xenografts, orally administered NRX-0492 induced BTK degradation and inhibited activation and proliferation of CLL cells in blood and spleen and remained efficacious against primary C481S mutant CLL cells collected from a patient progressing on ibrutinib. Oral bioavailability, >90% degradation of BTK at subnanomolar concentrations, and sustained pharmacodynamic effects after drug clearance make this class of targeted protein degraders uniquely suitable for clinical translation, in particular as a strategy to overcome BTK inhibitor resistance. Clinical studies testing this approach have been initiated (NCT04830137, NCT05131022).
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Heterografts
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyi Zhang
- Laboratory of Lymphoid Malignancies, Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Hailey M. Harris
- Laboratory of Lymphoid Malignancies, Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jonathan Chen
- Laboratory of Lymphoid Malignancies, Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jen Judy
- Bioinformatics Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Gabriella James
- Laboratory of Lymphoid Malignancies, Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hao Lu
- Nurix Therapeutics, Inc, San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | | | | | - Mehdi Pirooznia
- Bioinformatics Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sigrid S. Skånland
- Laboratory of Lymphoid Malignancies, Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erika Gaglione
- Laboratory of Lymphoid Malignancies, Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Maissa Mhibik
- Laboratory of Lymphoid Malignancies, Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Chingiz Underbayev
- Laboratory of Lymphoid Malignancies, Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Inhye E. Ahn
- Laboratory of Lymphoid Malignancies, Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Clare Sun
- Laboratory of Lymphoid Malignancies, Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sarah E. M. Herman
- Laboratory of Lymphoid Malignancies, Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Adrian Wiestner
- Laboratory of Lymphoid Malignancies, Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors are effective in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). However, the severe toxicity profile associated with the first-generation inhibitors idelalisib and duvelisib, combined with the availability of other more tolerable agents, have limited their use. CLL is still considered incurable, and relapse after treatment, development of resistance, and treatment intolerance are common. It is therefore of interest to optimize the administration of currently approved PI3K inhibitors and to develop next-generation agents to improve tolerability, so that this class of agents will be considered an effective and safe treatment option when needed. These efforts are reflected in the large number of emerging clinical trials with PI3K inhibitors in CLL. Current strategies to overcome treatment limitations include intermittent dosing, which is established for copanlisib and zandelisib and under investigation for duvelisib and parsaclisib. A second strategy is to combine the PI3K inhibitor with another novel agent, either as a continuous regimen or a fixedduration regimen, to deepen responses. In addition to these approaches, it is of interest to identify higher-resolution actionable biomarkers that can predict treatment responses and toxicity, and inform personalized treatment decisions. Here, we discuss the current status of PI3K inhibitors in CLL, factors limiting the use of currently approved PI3K inhibitors in CLL, current strategies to overcome these limitations, and where to go next.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid S Skånland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo.
| | - Jennifer R Brown
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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7
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Giliberto M, Santana LM, Holien T, Misund K, Nakken S, Vodak D, Hovig E, Meza-Zepeda LA, Coward E, Waage A, Taskén K, Skånland SS. Mutational analysis and protein profiling predict drug sensitivity in multiple myeloma cell lines. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1040730. [PMID: 36523963 PMCID: PMC9745900 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1040730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple myeloma (MM) is a heterogeneous disease where cancer-driver mutations and aberrant signaling may lead to disease progression and drug resistance. Drug responses vary greatly, and there is an unmet need for biomarkers that can guide precision cancer medicine in this disease. METHODS To identify potential predictors of drug sensitivity, we applied integrated data from drug sensitivity screening, mutational analysis and functional signaling pathway profiling in 9 cell line models of MM. We studied the sensitivity to 33 targeted drugs and their association with the mutational status of cancer-driver genes and activity level of signaling proteins. RESULTS We found that sensitivity to mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK1) and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitors correlated with mutations in NRAS/KRAS, and PI3K family genes, respectively. Phosphorylation status of MEK1 and protein kinase B (AKT) correlated with sensitivity to MEK and PI3K inhibition, respectively. In addition, we found that enhanced phosphorylation of proteins, including Tank-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), as well as high expression of B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), correlated with low sensitivity to MEK inhibitors. DISCUSSION Taken together, this study shows that mutational status and signaling protein profiling might be used in further studies to predict drug sensitivities and identify resistance markers in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariaserena Giliberto
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leonardo Miranda Santana
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Toril Holien
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Hematology, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristine Misund
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sigve Nakken
- Norwegian Cancer Genomics Consortium, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Daniel Vodak
- Norwegian Cancer Genomics Consortium, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Genomics Core Facility, Department of Core Facilities, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind Hovig
- Norwegian Cancer Genomics Consortium, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Bioinformatics, Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leonardo A. Meza-Zepeda
- Norwegian Cancer Genomics Consortium, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Genomics Core Facility, Department of Core Facilities, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind Coward
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anders Waage
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Hematology, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kjetil Taskén
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigrid S. Skånland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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8
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Aronson JH, Skånland SS, Roeker LE, Thompson MC, Mato AR. Approach to a patient with "double refractory" chronic lymphocytic leukemia: "Double, double toil and trouble" (Shakespeare). Am J Hematol 2022; 97 Suppl 2:S19-S25. [PMID: 36125036 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
As patients continue to live longer with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, it has become evident that there is an unmet treatment need for patients who have progressed on multiple lines of therapy. In this article, we attempt to define the "double refractory" patient as resistant to both Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors (BTKi) and venetoclax for which prognosis is poor and there remains no standard of care. We further examine the mechanism of resistance to these targeted agents and discuss the current landscape for managing this patient population. Finally, we explore data supporting promising new agents, including non-covalent BTKi, chimeric antigen receptor T cells, and additional classes of agents currently in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia H Aronson
- CLL Program, Division of Hematological Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sigrid S Skånland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,The K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lindsey E Roeker
- CLL Program, Division of Hematological Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Meghan C Thompson
- CLL Program, Division of Hematological Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anthony R Mato
- CLL Program, Division of Hematological Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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9
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Yin Y, Athanasiadis P, Karlsen L, Urban A, Xu H, Murali I, Fernandes SM, Arribas AJ, Hilli AK, Taskén K, Bertoni F, Mato AR, Normant E, Brown JR, Tjønnfjord GE, Aittokallio T, Skånland SS. Functional Testing to Characterize and Stratify PI3K Inhibitor Responses in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:4444-4455. [PMID: 35998013 PMCID: PMC9588626 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE PI3K inhibitors (PI3Ki) are approved for relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Although patients may show an initial response to these therapies, development of treatment intolerance or resistance remain clinical challenges. To overcome these, prediction of individual treatment responses based on actionable biomarkers is needed. Here, we characterized the activity and cellular effects of 10 PI3Ki and investigated whether functional analyses can identify treatment vulnerabilities in PI3Ki-refractory/intolerant CLL and stratify responders to PI3Ki. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples (n = 51 in total) from treatment-naïve and PI3Ki-treated patients with CLL were studied. Cells were profiled against 10 PI3Ki and the Bcl-2 antagonist venetoclax. Cell signaling and immune phenotypes were analyzed by flow cytometry. Cell viability was monitored by detection of cleaved caspase-3 and the CellTiter-Glo assay. RESULTS pan-PI3Kis were most effective at inhibiting PI3K signaling and cell viability, and showed activity in CLL cells from both treatment-naïve and idelalisib-refractory/intolerant patients. CLL cells from idelalisib-refractory/intolerant patients showed overall reduced protein phosphorylation levels. The pan-PI3Ki copanlisib, but not the p110δ inhibitor idelalisib, inhibited PI3K signaling in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in addition to CD19+ B cells, but did not significantly affect T-cell numbers. Combination treatment with a PI3Ki and venetoclax resulted in synergistic induction of apoptosis. Analysis of drug sensitivities to 73 drug combinations and profiling of 31 proteins stratified responders to idelalisib and umbralisib, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest novel treatment vulnerabilities in idelalisib-refractory/intolerant CLL, and indicate that ex vivo functional profiling may stratify PI3Ki responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Yin
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Paschalis Athanasiadis
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology (OCBE), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Linda Karlsen
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aleksandra Urban
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Haifeng Xu
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology (OCBE), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ishwarya Murali
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stacey M. Fernandes
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alberto J. Arribas
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Abdul K. Hilli
- Department of Medicine, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil Taskén
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Francesco Bertoni
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jennifer R. Brown
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Geir E. Tjønnfjord
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tero Aittokallio
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology (OCBE), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sigrid S. Skånland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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10
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Flobak Å, Skånland SS, Hovig E, Taskén K, Russnes HG. Functional precision cancer medicine: drug sensitivity screening enabled by cell culture models. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:973-985. [PMID: 36163057 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Functional precision medicine is a new, emerging area that can guide cancer treatment by capturing information from direct perturbations of tumor-derived, living cells, such as by drug sensitivity screening. Precision cancer medicine as currently implemented in clinical practice has been driven by genomics, and current molecular tumor boards rely extensively on genomic characterization to advise on therapeutic interventions. However, genomic biomarkers can only guide treatment decisions for a fraction of the patients. In this review we provide an overview of the current state of functional precision medicine, highlight advances for drug-sensitivity screening enabled by cell culture models, and discuss how artificial intelligence (AI) can be coupled to functional precision medicine to guide patient stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsmund Flobak
- The Cancer Clinic, St. Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sigrid S Skånland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind Hovig
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Informatics, Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil Taskén
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Hege G Russnes
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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11
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Imbery JF, Heinzelbecker J, Jebsen JK, McGowan M, Myklebust C, Bottini N, Stanford SM, Skånland SS, Tveita A, Tjønnfjord GE, Munthe LA, Szodoray P, Nakken B. T‐helper cell regulation of
CD45
phosphatase activity by galectin‐1 and
CD43
governs chronic lymphocytic leukaemia proliferation. Br J Haematol 2022; 198:556-573. [PMID: 35655388 PMCID: PMC9329260 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.18285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is characterised by malignant mature‐like B cells. Supportive to CLL cell survival is chronic B‐cell receptor (BCR) signalling; however, emerging evidence demonstrates CLL cells proliferate in response to T‐helper (Th) cells in a CD40L‐dependent manner. We showed provision of Th stimulation via CD40L upregulated CD45 phosphatase activity and BCR signalling in non‐malignant B cells. Consequently, we hypothesised Th cell upregulation of CLL cell CD45 activity may be an important regulator of CLL BCR signalling and proliferation. Using patient‐derived CLL cells in a culture system with activated autologous Th cells, results revealed increases in both Th and CLL cell CD45 activity, which correlated with enhanced downstream antigen receptor signalling and proliferation. Concomitantly increased was the surface expression of Galectin‐1, a CD45 ligand, and CD43, a CLL immunophenotypic marker. Galectin‐1/CD43 double expression defined a proliferative CLL cell population with enhanced CD45 activity. Targeting either Galectin‐1 or CD43 using silencing, pharmacology, or monoclonal antibody strategies dampened CD45 activity and CLL cell proliferation. These results highlight a mechanism where activated Th cells drive CLL cell BCR signalling and proliferation via Galectin‐1 and CD43‐mediated regulation of CD45 activity, identifying modulation of CD45 phosphatase activity as a potential therapeutic target in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Imbery
- Department of Immunology Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, KG Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignances, Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Julia Heinzelbecker
- Department of Immunology Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, KG Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignances, Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Jenny K. Jebsen
- Department of Immunology Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, KG Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignances, Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Marc McGowan
- Department of Immunology Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, KG Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignances, Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Camilla Myklebust
- Department of Immunology Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, KG Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignances, Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Nunzio Bottini
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine University of California, San Diego La Jolla California USA
| | - Stephanie M. Stanford
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine University of California, San Diego La Jolla California USA
| | - Sigrid S. Skånland
- Faculty of Medicine, KG Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignances, Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
| | - Anders Tveita
- Department of Immunology Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, KG Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignances, Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Geir E. Tjønnfjord
- Faculty of Medicine, KG Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignances, Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Department of Haematology Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
| | - Ludvig A. Munthe
- Department of Immunology Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, KG Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignances, Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Peter Szodoray
- Department of Immunology Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, KG Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignances, Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Britt Nakken
- Department of Immunology Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, KG Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignances, Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway
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12
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Skånland SS, Inngjerdingen M, Bendiksen H, York J, Spetalen S, Munthe LA, Tjønnfjord GE. Functional testing of relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia guides precision medicine and maps response and resistance mechanisms. An index case. Haematologica 2022; 107:1994-1998. [PMID: 35236056 PMCID: PMC9335086 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2021.280393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid S Skånland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo
| | - Marit Inngjerdingen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo
| | - Henrik Bendiksen
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo
| | - Jamie York
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo
| | | | - Ludvig A Munthe
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo
| | - Geir E Tjønnfjord
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo
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13
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Giliberto M, Thimiri Govinda Raj DB, Cremaschi A, Skånland SS, Gade A, Tjønnfjord GE, Schjesvold F, Munthe LA, Taskén K. Ex vivo drug sensitivity screening in multiple myeloma identifies drug combinations that act synergistically. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:1241-1258. [PMID: 35148457 PMCID: PMC8936517 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of multiple myeloma (MM) is challenging: an assortment of available drug combinations adds complexity to treatment selection, and treatment resistance frequently develops. Given the heterogeneous nature of MM, personalized testing tools are required to identify drug sensitivities. To identify drug sensitivities in MM cells, we established a drug testing pipeline to examine ex vivo drug responses. MM cells from 44 patients were screened against 30 clinically relevant single agents and 44 double and triple drug combinations. We observed variability in responses across samples. The presence of gain(1q21) was associated with low sensitivity to venetoclax, and decreased ex vivo responses to dexamethasone reflected the drug resistance observed in patients. Less heterogeneity and higher efficacy was detected with many combinations compared to the corresponding single agents. We identified new synergistic effects of melflufen plus panobinostat using low concentrations (0.1-10 nM and 8 nM, respectively). In agreement with clinical studies, clinically approved combinations, such as triple combination of selinexor plus bortezomib plus dexamethasone, acted synergistically, and synergies required low drug concentrations (0.1 nM bortezomib, 10 nM selinexor and 4 nM dexamethasone). In summary, our drug screening provided results within a clinically actionable 5-day time frame and identified synergistic drug efficacies in patient-derived MM cells that may aid future therapy choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariaserena Giliberto
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Deepak B Thimiri Govinda Raj
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Synthetic Nanobiotechnology and Biomachines, Centre for Synthetic Biology and Precision Medicine, CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Andrea Cremaschi
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), ASTAR, Singapore
| | - Sigrid S Skånland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexandra Gade
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir E Tjønnfjord
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Haematology and Oslo Myeloma Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fredrik Schjesvold
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Haematology and Oslo Myeloma Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ludvig A Munthe
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil Taskén
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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14
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Abstract
In many complex diseases, such as cancers, resistance to monotherapies easily occurs, and longer-term treatment responses often require combinatorial therapies as next-line regimens. However, due to a massive number of possible drug combinations to test, there is a need for systematic and rational approaches to finding safe and effective drug combinations for each individual patient. This protocol describes an ecosystem of computational methods to guide high-throughput combinatorial screening that help experimental researchers to identify optimal drug combinations in terms of synergy, efficacy, and/or selectivity for further preclinical and clinical investigation. The methods are demonstrated in the context of combinatorial screening in primary cells of leukemia patients, where the translational aim is to identify drug combinations that show not only high synergy but also maximal cancer-selectivity. The mechanism-agnostic and cost-effective computational methods are widely applicable to various cancer types, which are amenable to drug testing, as the computational methods take as input only the phenotypic measurements of a subset of drug combinations, without requiring target information or genomic profiles of the patient samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paschalis Athanasiadis
- Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aleksandr Ianevski
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sigrid S Skånland
- Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tero Aittokallio
- Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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15
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Melvold K, Giliberto M, Karlsen L, Ayuda-Durán P, Hanes R, Holien T, Enserink J, Brown JR, Tjønnfjord GE, Taskén K, Skånland SS. Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL levels predict responsiveness to dual MEK/Bcl-2 inhibition in B-cell malignancies. Mol Oncol 2021; 16:1153-1170. [PMID: 34861096 PMCID: PMC8895453 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Most patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) initially respond to targeted therapies, but eventually relapse and develop resistance. Novel treatment strategies are therefore needed to improve patient outcomes. Here, we performed direct drug testing on primary CLL cells and identified synergy between eight different mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors and the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) antagonist venetoclax. Drug sensitivity was independent of immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene variable region (IGVH) and tumor protein p53 (TP53) mutational status, and CLL cells from idelalisib-resistant patients remained sensitive to the treatment. This suggests that combined MEK/Bcl-2 inhibition may be an option for high-risk CLL. To test whether sensitivity could be detected in other B-cell malignancies, we performed drug testing on cell line models of CLL (n = 4), multiple myeloma (MM; n = 8), and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL; n = 7). Like CLL, MM cells were sensitive to the MEK inhibitor trametinib, and synergy was observed with venetoclax. In contrast, MCL cells were unresponsive to MEK inhibition. To investigate the underlying mechanisms of the disease-specific drug sensitivities, we performed flow cytometry-based high-throughput profiling of 31 signaling proteins and regulators of apoptosis in the 19 cell lines. We found that high expression of the antiapoptotic proteins myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) or B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL) predicted low sensitivity to trametinib + venetoclax. The low sensitivity could be overcome by combined treatment with an Mcl-1 or Bcl-xL inhibitor. Our findings suggest that MEK/Bcl-2 inhibition has therapeutic potential in leukemia and myeloma, and demonstrate that protein expression levels can serve as predictive biomarkers for treatment sensitivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Melvold
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Mariaserena Giliberto
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Linda Karlsen
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Pilar Ayuda-Durán
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Robert Hanes
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Toril Holien
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Hematology, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jorrit Enserink
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.,Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Jennifer R Brown
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Geir E Tjønnfjord
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.,Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Kjetil Taskén
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigrid S Skånland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
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16
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Jiang X, Bergquist A, Löscher BS, Venkatesh G, Mold JE, Holm K, Laerdahl JK, Skånland SS, Maleki KT, Cornillet M, Taskén K, Franke A, Karlsen TH, Björkström NK, Melum E. A heterozygous germline CD100 mutation in a family with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/582/eabb0036. [PMID: 33627483 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic inflammatory liver disease without clear etiology or effective treatment. Genetic factors contribute to PSC pathogenesis, but so far, no causative mutation has been found. We performed whole-exome sequencing in a family with autosomal dominant inheritance of PSC and identified a heterozygous germline missense mutation in SEMA4D, encoding a K849T variant of CD100. The mutation was located in an evolutionarily conserved, unstructured cytosolic region of CD100 affecting downstream signaling. It was found to alter the function of CD100-expressing cells with a bias toward the T cell compartment that caused increased proliferation and impaired interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production after stimulation. Homologous mutation knock-in mice developed similar IFN-γ impairment in T cells and were more prone to develop severe cholangitis when exposed to 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) diet. Transfer of wild-type T cells to knock-in mice before and during DDC exposure attenuated cholangitis. Taken together, we identified an inherited mutation in the disordered cytosolic region of CD100 resulting in T cell functional defects. Our findings suggest a protective role for T cells in PSC that might be used therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Jiang
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, 0424 Oslo, Norway.,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, 0424 Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Annika Bergquist
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Geetha Venkatesh
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jeff E Mold
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristian Holm
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, 0424 Oslo, Norway.,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, 0424 Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jon K Laerdahl
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, 0424 Oslo, Norway.,ELIXIR Norway, Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigrid S Skånland
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies and K. G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kimia T Maleki
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Cornillet
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kjetil Taskén
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies and K. G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Tom H Karlsen
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, 0424 Oslo, Norway.,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, 0424 Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway.,Section for Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Niklas K Björkström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Espen Melum
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, 0424 Oslo, Norway. .,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, 0424 Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway.,Section for Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, 0424 Oslo, Norway.,Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
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17
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Skånland SS, Karlsen L, Taskén K. B cell signalling pathways-New targets for precision medicine in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Scand J Immunol 2020; 92:e12931. [PMID: 32640099 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The B cell receptor (BCR) is a master regulator of B cells, controlling cellular processes such as proliferation, migration and survival. Cell signalling downstream of the BCR is aberrantly activated in the B cell malignancy chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), supporting the pathophysiology of the disease. This insight has led to development and approval of small molecule inhibitors that target components of the BCR pathway. These advances have greatly improved the management of CLL, but the disease remains incurable. This may partly be explained by the inter-patient heterogeneity of the disease, also when it comes to treatment responses. Precision medicine is therefore required to optimize treatment and move towards a cure. Here, we discuss how the introduction of BCR signalling inhibitors has facilitated the development of functional in vitro assays to guide clinical treatment decisions on use of the same therapeutic agents in individual patients. The cellular responses to these agents can be analysed in high-throughput assays such as dynamic BH3 profiling, phospho flow experiments and drug sensitivity screens to identify predictive biomarkers. This progress exemplifies the positive synergy between basal and translational research needed to optimize patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid S Skånland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Linda Karlsen
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil Taskén
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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18
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Abstract
The prescription of drugs for depression is rising rapidly. One of the reasons for this trend is their many off-label uses. Up to one third of all prescriptions are for non-indicated use, which in addition to drug repurposing includes different dosing or duration than those recommended. In this review, we elaborate on what antidepressants can treat besides depression. The five classes of drugs for depression are introduced, and their mechanisms of action and serious side effects are described. The most common off-label uses of antidepressants are discussed, with a special focus on treating eating disorders, sleep problems, smoking cessation and managing chronic pain. Depression is often a comorbidity when antidepressants are chosen as therapy, but good therapeutic effects have been observed for other conditions also when depression is not involved. Finally, a new type of antidepressant developed from the hallucinogenic "party drug" ketamine is briefly introduced. This recent development suggests that antidepressants will keep playing a central role in medicine for years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid S Skånland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; The K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; K. G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Artur Cieślar-Pobuda
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; K. G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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19
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Skånland SS, Cremaschi A, Bendiksen H, Hermansen JU, Thimiri Govinda Raj DB, Munthe LA, Tjønnfjord GE, Taskén K. An in vitro assay for biomarker discovery and dose prediction applied to ibrutinib plus venetoclax treatment of CLL. Leukemia 2019; 34:478-487. [DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0569-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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20
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Skånland SS, Taskén K. Carboxyl-Terminal Src Kinase Binds CD28 upon Activation and Mutes Downstream Signaling. J Immunol 2019; 203:1055-1063. [PMID: 31292214 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Full T cell activation depends on stimulation of the TCR in conjunction with a costimulatory receptor. The involvement of costimulatory molecules is potent, and a mechanistic understanding of how downstream signaling is regulated is required to fully understand T cell responsiveness. In this study, a proteomic approach was taken to identify the interactomes of the coreceptors CD2 and CD28. These coreceptors are both positive regulators of T cell activation, but CD28 less potently induces TCR-proximal signaling. C-terminal Src kinase (CSK), a negative regulator of TCR signaling, was identified as a specific and direct interactor only of activated CD28. CSK is recruited to CD28 upon T cell activation, and the in vitro kinase activity of CSK is enhanced in the presence of phosphorylated CD28. Interruption of the CSK/CD28 interaction prior to TCR/CD28 costimulation induces a signaling response which mimics the more potent CD2-induced TCR-proximal pathway activation. Thus, CD28 functions as a novel adaptor protein for CSK, and CSK regulates signaling downstream of CD28.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid S Skånland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, N-0424 Oslo, Norway; .,K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0318 Oslo, Norway; and .,K. G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil Taskén
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0318 Oslo, Norway; and.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0318 Oslo, Norway
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21
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Hermansen JU, Tjønnfjord GE, Munthe LA, Taskén K, Skånland SS. Cryopreservation of primary B cells minimally influences their signaling responses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17651. [PMID: 30518828 PMCID: PMC6281576 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36121-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospho flow is a powerful approach to detect cell signaling aberrations, identify biomarkers and assess pharmacodynamics, and can be performed using cryopreserved samples. The effects of cryopreservation on signaling responses and the reproducibility of phospho flow measurements are however unknown in many cell systems. Here, B lymphocytes were isolated from healthy donors and patients with the B cell malignancy chronic lymphocytic leukemia and analyzed by phospho flow using phospho-specific antibodies targeting 20 different protein epitopes. Cells were analyzed both at basal conditions and after activation of cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40) or the B cell receptor. Pharmacodynamics of the novel pathway inhibitor ibrutinib was also assessed. At all conditions, fresh cells were compared to cryopreserved cells. Minimal variation between fresh and frozen samples was detected. Reproducibility was tested by running samples from the same donors in different experiments. The results demonstrate reproducibility across different phospho flow runs and support the use of cryopreserved samples in future phospho flow studies of B lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne U Hermansen
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir E Tjønnfjord
- Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ludvig A Munthe
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil Taskén
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigrid S Skånland
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. .,K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. .,K. G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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22
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Abstract
Aberrant cell signaling plays a central role in cancer development and progression. Most novel targeted therapies are indeed directed at proteins and protein functions, and cell signaling aberrations may therefore serve as biomarkers to indicate personalized treatment options. As opposed to DNA and RNA analyses, changes in protein activity can more efficiently evaluate the mechanisms underlying drug sensitivity and resistance. Phospho flow cytometry is a powerful technique that measures protein phosphorylation events at the cellular level, an important feature that distinguishes this method from other antibody-based approaches. The method allows for simultaneous analysis of multiple signaling proteins. In combination with fluorescent cell barcoding, larger medium- to high-throughput data-sets can be acquired by standard cytometer hardware in short time. Phospho flow cytometry has applications both in studies of basic biology and in clinical research, including signaling analysis, biomarker discovery and assessment of pharmacodynamics. Here, a detailed experimental protocol is provided for phospho flow analysis of purified peripheral blood mononuclear cells, using chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid S Skånland
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo; K. G. Jebsen Centre for B cell malignancies and K. G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Oslo;
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23
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Myhrvold IK, Cremaschi A, Hermansen JU, Tjønnfjord GE, Munthe LA, Taskén K, Skånland SS. Single cell profiling of phospho-protein levels in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Oncotarget 2018; 9:9273-9284. [PMID: 29507689 PMCID: PMC5823631 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has a high incidence and a steeply growing prevalence in the Western world. The heterogeneity of the disease necessitates individual mapping of biology and predicted drug response in each patient as basis for administration of tailored treatments. Cell signaling aberrations may serve as biological indicators for suitable therapy. By applying phospho-specific flow cytometry, we mapped basal and induced phosphorylation levels of 20 phospho-epitopes on proteins relevant to B-cell signaling in B cells from 22 CLL patients and 25 normal controls. The signaling response of the cytostatic drugs fludarabine, doxorubicin and vincristine was also investigated. CLL cells exerted similar or lower basal phosphorylation levels compared to normal B cells, with the exception of STAT3 (pY705) which was increased. Interestingly, STAT3 inhibitors normalized the STAT3 (pY705) level and reduced cell viability. Vincristine treatment significantly modulated phosphorylation levels in CLL cells, while no effect was observed in controls or after fludarabine or doxorubicin treatment. After BCR stimulation, CLL cells showed a tendency towards impaired phosphorylation levels, significant for several of the analyzed proteins. However, the level of Akt (pS473) was more potently induced in IgHV unmutated CLL (UM-CLL) patient samples and was significantly higher than in M-CLL samples. Importantly, the PI3Kδ inhibitor idelalisib potently reversed the effect of anti-IgM on Akt (pS473). Thus, signaling aberrations could be identified by phosphoflow cytometry and aberrant signaling could be normalized by small molecule drugs. This approach can identify relevant drug targets as well as drug effects in the individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida K Myhrvold
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrea Cremaschi
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology (OCBE), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johanne U Hermansen
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir E Tjønnfjord
- Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ludvig A Munthe
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil Taskén
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigrid S Skånland
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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24
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Parente-Ribes A, Skånland SS, Bürgler S, Os A, Wang D, Bogen B, Tjønnfjord GE, Taskén K, Munthe LA. Spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitors reduce CD40L-induced proliferation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells but not normal B cells. Haematologica 2015; 101:e59-62. [PMID: 26589914 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2015.135590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Parente-Ribes
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigrid S Skånland
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Norway Biotechnology Centre, K. G. Jebsen Centre for Inflammation Research and K. G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Simone Bürgler
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway Department for Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Audun Os
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Dong Wang
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway KG Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir E Tjønnfjord
- Department for Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil Taskén
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Norway Biotechnology Centre, K. G. Jebsen Centre for Inflammation Research and K. G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Oslo, Norway Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Ludvig A Munthe
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
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25
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Gregers TF, Skånland SS, Wälchli S, Bakke O, Sandvig K. BiP negatively affects ricin transport. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:969-82. [PMID: 23666197 PMCID: PMC3709273 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5050969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The AB plant toxin ricin binds both glycoproteins and glycolipids at the cell surface via its B subunit. After binding, ricin is endocytosed and then transported retrogradely through the Golgi to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In the ER, the A subunit is retrotranslocated to the cytosol in a chaperone-dependent process, which is not fully explored. Recently two separate siRNA screens have demonstrated that ER chaperones have implications for ricin toxicity. ER associated degradation (ERAD) involves translocation of misfolded proteins from ER to cytosol and it is conceivable that protein toxins exploit this pathway. The ER chaperone BiP is an important ER regulator and has been implicated in toxicity mediated by cholera and Shiga toxin. In this study, we have investigated the role of BiP in ricin translocation to the cytosol. We first show that overexpression of BiP inhibited ricin translocation and protected cells against the toxin. Furthermore, shRNA-mediated depletion of BiP enhanced toxin translocation resulting in increased cytotoxicity. BiP-dependent inhibition of ricin toxicity was independent of ER stress. Our findings suggest that in contrast to what was shown with the Shiga toxin, the presence of BiP does not facilitate, but rather inhibits the entry of ricin into the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tone F. Gregers
- Department of Biosciences, and Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway; E-Mails: (T.F.G.); (S.S.S.); (O.B.)
- Section of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo 0379, Norway; E-Mail:
| | - Sigrid S. Skånland
- Department of Biosciences, and Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway; E-Mails: (T.F.G.); (S.S.S.); (O.B.)
- Section of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo 0379, Norway; E-Mail:
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Section of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo 0379, Norway; E-Mail:
- Section of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo 0379, Norway
| | - Oddmund Bakke
- Department of Biosciences, and Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway; E-Mails: (T.F.G.); (S.S.S.); (O.B.)
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Department of Biosciences, and Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway; E-Mails: (T.F.G.); (S.S.S.); (O.B.)
- Section of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo 0379, Norway; E-Mail:
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo 0379, Norway
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +47-2278-1828; Fax: +47-2278-1845
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26
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Pollheimer J, Bodin J, Sundnes O, Edelmann RJ, Skånland SS, Sponheim J, Brox MJ, Sundlisæter E, Loos T, Vatn M, Kasprzycka M, Wang J, Küchler AM, Taskén K, Haraldsen G, Hol J. Interleukin-33 Drives a Proinflammatory Endothelial Activation That Selectively Targets Nonquiescent Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:e47-55. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.253427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Pollheimer
- From the LIIPAT, Institute of Pathology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.P., O.S., R.J.E., J.S., M.J.B., E.S., T.L., M.K., A.M.K., G.H., J.H.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (J.P., J.B., O.S., R.J.E., E.S., T.L., M.K., J.W., A.M.K., G.H., J.H.); Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (J.P.); Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway (J.B.); Centre for Molecular
| | - Johanna Bodin
- From the LIIPAT, Institute of Pathology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.P., O.S., R.J.E., J.S., M.J.B., E.S., T.L., M.K., A.M.K., G.H., J.H.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (J.P., J.B., O.S., R.J.E., E.S., T.L., M.K., J.W., A.M.K., G.H., J.H.); Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (J.P.); Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway (J.B.); Centre for Molecular
| | - Olav Sundnes
- From the LIIPAT, Institute of Pathology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.P., O.S., R.J.E., J.S., M.J.B., E.S., T.L., M.K., A.M.K., G.H., J.H.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (J.P., J.B., O.S., R.J.E., E.S., T.L., M.K., J.W., A.M.K., G.H., J.H.); Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (J.P.); Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway (J.B.); Centre for Molecular
| | - Reidunn J. Edelmann
- From the LIIPAT, Institute of Pathology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.P., O.S., R.J.E., J.S., M.J.B., E.S., T.L., M.K., A.M.K., G.H., J.H.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (J.P., J.B., O.S., R.J.E., E.S., T.L., M.K., J.W., A.M.K., G.H., J.H.); Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (J.P.); Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway (J.B.); Centre for Molecular
| | - Sigrid S. Skånland
- From the LIIPAT, Institute of Pathology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.P., O.S., R.J.E., J.S., M.J.B., E.S., T.L., M.K., A.M.K., G.H., J.H.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (J.P., J.B., O.S., R.J.E., E.S., T.L., M.K., J.W., A.M.K., G.H., J.H.); Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (J.P.); Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway (J.B.); Centre for Molecular
| | - Jon Sponheim
- From the LIIPAT, Institute of Pathology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.P., O.S., R.J.E., J.S., M.J.B., E.S., T.L., M.K., A.M.K., G.H., J.H.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (J.P., J.B., O.S., R.J.E., E.S., T.L., M.K., J.W., A.M.K., G.H., J.H.); Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (J.P.); Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway (J.B.); Centre for Molecular
| | - Mari Johanna Brox
- From the LIIPAT, Institute of Pathology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.P., O.S., R.J.E., J.S., M.J.B., E.S., T.L., M.K., A.M.K., G.H., J.H.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (J.P., J.B., O.S., R.J.E., E.S., T.L., M.K., J.W., A.M.K., G.H., J.H.); Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (J.P.); Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway (J.B.); Centre for Molecular
| | - Eirik Sundlisæter
- From the LIIPAT, Institute of Pathology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.P., O.S., R.J.E., J.S., M.J.B., E.S., T.L., M.K., A.M.K., G.H., J.H.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (J.P., J.B., O.S., R.J.E., E.S., T.L., M.K., J.W., A.M.K., G.H., J.H.); Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (J.P.); Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway (J.B.); Centre for Molecular
| | - Tamara Loos
- From the LIIPAT, Institute of Pathology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.P., O.S., R.J.E., J.S., M.J.B., E.S., T.L., M.K., A.M.K., G.H., J.H.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (J.P., J.B., O.S., R.J.E., E.S., T.L., M.K., J.W., A.M.K., G.H., J.H.); Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (J.P.); Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway (J.B.); Centre for Molecular
| | - Morten Vatn
- From the LIIPAT, Institute of Pathology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.P., O.S., R.J.E., J.S., M.J.B., E.S., T.L., M.K., A.M.K., G.H., J.H.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (J.P., J.B., O.S., R.J.E., E.S., T.L., M.K., J.W., A.M.K., G.H., J.H.); Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (J.P.); Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway (J.B.); Centre for Molecular
| | - Monika Kasprzycka
- From the LIIPAT, Institute of Pathology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.P., O.S., R.J.E., J.S., M.J.B., E.S., T.L., M.K., A.M.K., G.H., J.H.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (J.P., J.B., O.S., R.J.E., E.S., T.L., M.K., J.W., A.M.K., G.H., J.H.); Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (J.P.); Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway (J.B.); Centre for Molecular
| | - Junbai Wang
- From the LIIPAT, Institute of Pathology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.P., O.S., R.J.E., J.S., M.J.B., E.S., T.L., M.K., A.M.K., G.H., J.H.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (J.P., J.B., O.S., R.J.E., E.S., T.L., M.K., J.W., A.M.K., G.H., J.H.); Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (J.P.); Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway (J.B.); Centre for Molecular
| | - Axel M. Küchler
- From the LIIPAT, Institute of Pathology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.P., O.S., R.J.E., J.S., M.J.B., E.S., T.L., M.K., A.M.K., G.H., J.H.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (J.P., J.B., O.S., R.J.E., E.S., T.L., M.K., J.W., A.M.K., G.H., J.H.); Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (J.P.); Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway (J.B.); Centre for Molecular
| | - Kjetil Taskén
- From the LIIPAT, Institute of Pathology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.P., O.S., R.J.E., J.S., M.J.B., E.S., T.L., M.K., A.M.K., G.H., J.H.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (J.P., J.B., O.S., R.J.E., E.S., T.L., M.K., J.W., A.M.K., G.H., J.H.); Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (J.P.); Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway (J.B.); Centre for Molecular
| | - Guttorm Haraldsen
- From the LIIPAT, Institute of Pathology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.P., O.S., R.J.E., J.S., M.J.B., E.S., T.L., M.K., A.M.K., G.H., J.H.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (J.P., J.B., O.S., R.J.E., E.S., T.L., M.K., J.W., A.M.K., G.H., J.H.); Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (J.P.); Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway (J.B.); Centre for Molecular
| | - Johanna Hol
- From the LIIPAT, Institute of Pathology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.P., O.S., R.J.E., J.S., M.J.B., E.S., T.L., M.K., A.M.K., G.H., J.H.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (J.P., J.B., O.S., R.J.E., E.S., T.L., M.K., J.W., A.M.K., G.H., J.H.); Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (J.P.); Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway (J.B.); Centre for Molecular
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Kalland ME, Solheim SA, Skånland SS, Taskén K, Berge T. Modulation of proximal signaling in normal and transformed B cells by transmembrane adapter Cbp/PAG. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:1611-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Ikeda F, Deribe YL, Skånland SS, Stieglitz B, Grabbe C, Franz-Wachtel M, van Wijk SJL, Goswami P, Nagy V, Terzic J, Tokunaga F, Androulidaki A, Nakagawa T, Pasparakis M, Iwai K, Sundberg JP, Schaefer L, Rittinger K, Macek B, Dikic I. SHARPIN forms a linear ubiquitin ligase complex regulating NF-κB activity and apoptosis. Nature 2011; 471:637-41. [PMID: 21455181 PMCID: PMC3085511 DOI: 10.1038/nature09814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 583] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SHARPIN is a ubiquitin-binding and ubiquitin-like-domain-containing protein which, when mutated in mice, results in immune system disorders and multi-organ inflammation. Here we report that SHARPIN functions as a novel component of the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) and that the absence of SHARPIN causes dysregulation of NF-κB and apoptotic signalling pathways, explaining the severe phenotypes displayed by chronic proliferative dermatitis (cpdm) in SHARPIN-deficient mice. Upon binding to the LUBAC subunit HOIP (also known as RNF31), SHARPIN stimulates the formation of linear ubiquitin chains in vitro and in vivo. Coexpression of SHARPIN and HOIP promotes linear ubiquitination of NEMO (also known as IKBKG), an adaptor of the IκB kinases (IKKs) and subsequent activation of NF-κB signalling, whereas SHARPIN deficiency in mice causes an impaired activation of the IKK complex and NF-κB in B cells, macrophages and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). This effect is further enhanced upon concurrent downregulation of HOIL-1L (also known as RBCK1), another HOIP-binding component of LUBAC. In addition, SHARPIN deficiency leads to rapid cell death upon tumour-necrosis factor α (TNF-α) stimulation via FADD- and caspase-8-dependent pathways. SHARPIN thus activates NF-κB and inhibits apoptosis via distinct pathways in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiyo Ikeda
- Frankfurt Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University School of Medicine, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, Main, Germany
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Abstract
Background Sorting nexins (SNXs) constitute a family of proteins classified by their phosphatidylinositol (PI) binding Phox homology (PX) domain. Some members regulate intracellular trafficking. We have here investigated mechanisms underlying SNX4 mediated endosome to Golgi transport. Methodology/Principal Findings We show that SNX4 forms complexes with clathrin and dynein. The interactions were inhibited by wortmannin, a PI3-kinase inhibitor, suggesting that they form when SNX4 is associated with PI(3)P on endosomes. We further localized the clathrin interacting site on SNX4 to a clathrin box variant. A short peptide containing this motif was sufficient to pull down both clathrin and dynein. Knockdown studies demonstrated that clathrin is not required for the SNX4/dynein interaction. Moreover, clathrin knockdown led to increased Golgi transport of the toxin ricin, as well as redistribution of endosomes. Conclusions/Significance We discuss the possibility of clathrin serving as a regulator of SNX4-dependent transport. Upon clathrin release, dynein may bind SNX4 and mediate retrograde movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid S. Skånland
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty Division Norwegian Radium Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Brech
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty Division Norwegian Radium Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty Division Norwegian Radium Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Wälchli S, Aasheim HC, Skånland SS, Spilsberg B, Torgersen ML, Rosendal KR, Sandvig K. Characterization of clathrin and Syk interaction upon Shiga toxin binding. Cell Signal 2009; 21:1161-8. [PMID: 19289168 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx) is a bacterial toxin that binds to its receptor Gb3 at the plasma membrane. It is taken up by endocytosis and transported retrogradely via the Golgi apparatus to the endoplasmic reticulum. The toxin is then translocated to the cytosol where it exerts its toxic effect. We have previously shown that phosphorylation of clathrin heavy chain (CHC) is an early event following Stx binding to HeLa cells, and that this requires the activity of the tyrosine kinase Syk. Here, we have investigated this event in more detail in the B lymphoid cell line Ramos, which expresses high endogenous levels of both Syk and Gb3. We report that efficient endocytosis of Stx in Ramos cells requires Syk activity and that Syk is recruited to the uptake site of Stx. Furthermore, in response to Stx treatment, CHC and Syk were rapidly phosphorylated in a Src family kinase dependent manner at Y1477 and Y352, respectively. We show that these phosphorylated residues act as binding sites for the direct interaction between Syk and CHC. Interestingly, Syk-CHC complex formation could be induced by both Stx and B cell receptor stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Wälchli
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Faculty Division: The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway.
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31
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Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx) is after endocytosis transported via early endosomes to the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum. It is then translocated to the cytosol where it exerts its toxic effect. We recently reported that p38 is required for endosome to Golgi transport of Stx. In the present study, we investigated whether β-arrestins are effectors of this pathway. β-arrestin knockdown led to enhanced Stx transport. A similar phenotype was achieved upon p38 activation. We demonstrate that p38 and β-arrestin act on the same pathway. β-arrestin colocalized with internalized Stx and, interestingly, was recruited to endosomes upon p38 activation. After Stx treatment, p38 and β-arrestin formed a transient complex. From these data we propose that β-arrestin negatively regulates Stx transport via an interaction with activated p38 and attenuation of its signalling. Interestingly, also mannose 6-phosphate receptor transport was regulated by p38 and β-arrestin. β-arrestins therefore seem to regulate an endosome to Golgi pathway used by multiple cargo proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid S Skånland
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty Division Norwegian Radium Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Ménétret JF, Schaletzky J, Clemons WM, Osborne AR, Skånland SS, Denison C, Gygi SP, Kirkpatrick DS, Park E, Ludtke SJ, Rapoport TA, Akey CW. Ribosome binding of a single copy of the SecY complex: implications for protein translocation. Mol Cell 2008; 28:1083-92. [PMID: 18158904 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2007.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Revised: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The SecY complex associates with the ribosome to form a protein translocation channel in the bacterial plasma membrane. We have used cryo-electron microscopy and quantitative mass spectrometry to show that a nontranslating E. coli ribosome binds to a single SecY complex. The crystal structure of an archaeal SecY complex was then docked into the electron density maps. In the resulting model, two cytoplasmic loops of SecY extend into the exit tunnel near proteins L23, L29, and L24. The loop between transmembrane helices 8 and 9 interacts with helices H59 and H50 in the large subunit RNA, while the 6/7 loop interacts with H7. We also show that point mutations of basic residues within either loop abolish ribosome binding. We suggest that SecY binds to this primary site on the ribosome and subsequently captures and translocates the nascent chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Ménétret
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118-2526, USA
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Wälchli S, Skånland SS, Gregers TF, Lauvrak SU, Torgersen ML, Ying M, Kuroda S, Maturana A, Sandvig K. The Mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 links Shiga Toxin-dependent signaling and trafficking. Mol Biol Cell 2007; 19:95-104. [PMID: 17959827 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e07-06-0565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx) binds to the cell, and it is transported via endosomes and the Golgi apparatus to the endoplasmic reticulum and cytosol, where it exerts its toxic effect. We have recently shown that Stx activates the tyrosine kinase Syk, which in turn induces clathrin phosphorylation and up-regulates Stx uptake. Here, we show that toxin-induced signaling can also regulate another step in intracellular Stx transport. We demonstrate that transport of Stx to the Golgi apparatus is dependent on the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38. Treatment of cells with chemical inhibitors or small interfering RNA targeting p38 inhibited Stx transport to the Golgi and reduced Stx toxicity. This p38 dependence is specific to Stx, because transport of the related toxin ricin was not affected by p38 inhibition. Stx rapidly activated p38, and recruited it to early endosomes in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. Furthermore, agonist-induced oscillations in cytosolic Ca(2+) levels were inhibited upon Stx stimulation, possibly reflecting Stx-dependent local alterations in cytosolic Ca(2+) levels. Intracellular transport of Stx is Ca(2+) dependent, and we provide evidence that Stx activates a signaling cascade involving cross talk between Ca(2+) and p38, to regulate its trafficking to the Golgi apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Wälchli
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, University of Oslo, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes regulate different vesicular trafficking steps in the recycling or degradative pathways. However, a possible role of these kinases in the retrograde pathway from endosomes to the Golgi complex has previously not been investigated. We report here the involvement of a specific PKC isozyme, PKCdelta, in the intracellular transport of the glycolipid-binding Shiga toxin (Stx), which utilizes the retrograde pathway to intoxicate cells. Upon binding to cells, Stx was shown to specifically activate PKCdelta and not PKCalpha. The involvement of PKCdelta and PKCalpha in the retrograde transport of Stx was then monitored biochemically and by immunofluorescence after inhibition or depletion of the isozymes. PKCdelta, but not PKCalpha, was shown to selectively regulate the endosome-to-Golgi transport of StxB. Upon inhibition or knockdown of PKCdelta, StxB molecules colocalized less with giantin and more with EEA1, indicating that the molecules were accumulated in endosomes, unable to reach the Golgi complex. The inhibition of Golgi transport of Stx was reflected by a strong reduction in the toxic effect, demonstrating that transport of Stx to the cytosol is dependent on PKCdelta activity. These results are in agreement with our previous data, which show that Stx is able to stimulate its own transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Torgersen
- Institute for Cancer Research, Faculty Division, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway
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Utskarpen A, Slagsvold HH, Dyve AB, Skånland SS, Sandvig K. SNX1 and SNX2 mediate retrograde transport of Shiga toxin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 358:566-70. [PMID: 17498660 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.04.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial toxin Shiga toxin (Stx) is transported retrogradely from early endosomes to the Golgi apparatus on its way to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the cytosol. In this study we explored the functions of the two phosphoinositide binding proteins Sorting nexin 1 (SNX1) and Sorting nexin 2 (SNX2) in endosomal sorting of the toxin. When Vero cells were depleted of either SNX1 or SNX2 by small interfering RNA (siRNA), Stx transport to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) was impaired by > or = 40%, whereas combined depletion of SNX1 and SNX2 gave a total inhibition of approximately 80%. Inhibition of PI(3)P formation by wortmannin resulted in a similar reduction. Thus, although being partly redundant, both SNX1 and SNX2 are required for efficient Stx trafficking to the Golgi apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrun Utskarpen
- Institute for Cancer Research, Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
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36
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Skånland SS, Wälchli S, Utskarpen A, Wandinger-Ness A, Sandvig K. Phosphoinositide-Regulated Retrograde Transport of Ricin: Crosstalk Between hVps34 and Sorting Nexins. Traffic 2006; 8:297-309. [PMID: 17319803 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2006.00527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The plant toxin ricin is transported from the plasma membrane via early endosomes and the Golgi apparatus to the endoplasmic reticulum. From this compartment, it enters the cytosol and inhibits protein synthesis. Lipid phosphorylation is an important regulator of vesicular transport, and in the present study we have investigated the role of the phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase hVps34 in retrograde transport of ricin. Our data demonstrate that transport of ricin from endosomes to the Golgi apparatus in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293) is dependent on PI(3)P. By using PI 3-kinase inhibitors, by sequestering the hVps34 product PI(3)P and by expressing mutants of hVps34 or small interfering RNA targeted against its messenger RNA, we show that hVps34 and its product PI(3)P are involved in transport of ricin from endosome to Golgi apparatus. Furthermore, we identify two effector proteins in the hVps34-dependent pathway, namely sorting nexin (SNX) 2 and SNX4. Knockdown of SNX2 or SNX4 inhibits ricin transport to the Golgi apparatus to the same extent as when hVps34 is perturbed. Furthermore, inhibition or knockdown of hVps34 redistributes these proteins. Interestingly, knocking down both SNX2 and SNX4 results in a better inhibition than knocking down only one of them, suggesting that they may act on separate pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid S Skånland
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oslo, Faculty Department The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway
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