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Maranghi S, Parisi ML, Basosi R, Sinicropi A. The critical issue of using lead for sustainable massive production of perovskite solar cells: a review of relevant literature. Open Res Eur 2021; 1:44. [PMID: 37645134 PMCID: PMC10445902 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.13428.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to review the most significant studies dealing with the environmental issues of the use of lead in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). A careful discussion and rationalization of the environmental and human health toxicity impacts, evaluated by life cycle assessment and risk assessment studies, is presented. The results of this analysis are prospectively related to the possible future massive production of PSC technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Maranghi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, R²ES Lab, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, Siena, 53100, Italy
- Center for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), Via della Lastruccia 3, Firenze, 50019, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Parisi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, R²ES Lab, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, Siena, 53100, Italy
- Center for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), Via della Lastruccia 3, Firenze, 50019, Italy
- Institute for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), Italian National Council for Research, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Firenze, 50019, Italy
| | - Riccardo Basosi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, R²ES Lab, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, Siena, 53100, Italy
- Center for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), Via della Lastruccia 3, Firenze, 50019, Italy
- Institute for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), Italian National Council for Research, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Firenze, 50019, Italy
| | - Adalgisa Sinicropi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, R²ES Lab, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, Siena, 53100, Italy
- Center for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), Via della Lastruccia 3, Firenze, 50019, Italy
- Institute for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), Italian National Council for Research, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Firenze, 50019, Italy
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Parisi ML, Dessì A, Zani L, Maranghi S, Mohammadpourasl S, Calamante M, Mordini A, Basosi R, Reginato G, Sinicropi A. Combined LCA and Green Metrics Approach for the Sustainability Assessment of an Organic Dye Synthesis on Lab Scale. Front Chem 2020; 8:214. [PMID: 32296679 PMCID: PMC7136579 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
New generation photovoltaic devices have attracted much attention in the last decades since they can be efficiently manufactured employing abundant raw materials and with less-energy intensive processes. In this context, the use of powerful environmental assessment is pivotal to support the fine-tuning of solar cells fabrication and hit the target of manufacturing effective sustainable technological devices. In this work, a mass-based green metrics and life cycle assessment combined approach is applied to analyze the environmental performances of an innovative synthetic protocol for the preparation of organic dye TTZ5, which has been successfully proposed as sensitizer for manufacturing dye sensitized solar cells. The new synthetic strategy, which is based on the C-H activation process, has been compared with the previously reported synthesis employing classic Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling chemistry. Results highlight the contribution of direct energy consumption and purification operations in organic syntheses at lab scale. Furthermore, they demonstrate the usefulness of the environmental multifaceted analytic tool and the power of life cycle assessment to overcome the intrinsic less comprehensive nature of green metrics for the evaluation of organic synthetic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Parisi
- R2ES Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Center for Colloid and Surface Science-CSGI, Florence, Italy.,National Research Council, Institute for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Dessì
- National Research Council, Institute for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Zani
- National Research Council, Institute for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), Florence, Italy
| | - Simone Maranghi
- R2ES Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Center for Colloid and Surface Science-CSGI, Florence, Italy
| | - Sanaz Mohammadpourasl
- R2ES Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Center for Colloid and Surface Science-CSGI, Florence, Italy.,Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Massimo Calamante
- National Research Council, Institute for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), Florence, Italy.,Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mordini
- National Research Council, Institute for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), Florence, Italy.,Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Riccardo Basosi
- R2ES Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Center for Colloid and Surface Science-CSGI, Florence, Italy.,National Research Council, Institute for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), Florence, Italy
| | - Gianna Reginato
- National Research Council, Institute for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), Florence, Italy
| | - Adalgisa Sinicropi
- R2ES Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Center for Colloid and Surface Science-CSGI, Florence, Italy.,National Research Council, Institute for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), Florence, Italy
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Rossi F, Parisi ML, Maranghi S, Basosi R, Sinicropi A. Environmental analysis of a nano-grid: A Life Cycle Assessment. Sci Total Environ 2020; 700:134814. [PMID: 31693959 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Renewable energy sources are fundamental to face the problem of climate changes. Unfortunately, some resources, such as wind and solar radiation, have fluctuations affecting the electrical grids stability. Energy storage systems can be used for a smart energy management to accumulate power from renewable sources. For such reason, these devices play a key role to achieve a sustainable electric system. On the other hand, they are affected by some environmental drawbacks mainly connected with the depletion of rare and expensive materials. Based on these considerations, in this study a nano-grid composed by a photovoltaic plant, a backup generator and an energy storage system is analysed by an environmental Life Cycle Assessment approach. A Solar Home System is designed, and its environmental profile is evaluated considering several Lithium-ion batteries. Among them, nickel-cobalt aluminium oxide cells resulted to be the most suitable solution for a Solar Home System (46.66 Pts/MWh). Moreover, a sensitivity analysis of the Solar Home System is performed and a hybrid energy storage plant integrating hydrogen and batteries is proposed to face the problem of seasonal solar radiation variability. Four scenarios having different gas pressure levels and lifespan of the devices are considered. Results show that currently the most sustainable configuration is represented by the Solar Home System, but in the future a hybrid nano-grid equipped with 700 bar hydrogen storage might be the best off-grid configuration for minimizing the impact on the environment (37.77 Pts/MWh). Extending the perspective of our analysis to future on-grid potential configurations, an efficient connection of the Solar Home System with a smart-grid is assessed as it looks more sustainable than other off-grid solutions (22.81 Pts/MWh).
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Rossi
- University of Siena, R(2)ES Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Via A. Moro, 2, Siena, Italy; University of Florence, Department of Industrial Engineering, Via Santa Marta, 3, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Parisi
- University of Siena, R(2)ES Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Via A. Moro, 2, Siena, Italy; CSGI, Center for Colloid and Surface Science, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Simone Maranghi
- University of Siena, R(2)ES Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Via A. Moro, 2, Siena, Italy; CSGI, Center for Colloid and Surface Science, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Riccardo Basosi
- University of Siena, R(2)ES Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Via A. Moro, 2, Siena, Italy; CSGI, Center for Colloid and Surface Science, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Adalgisa Sinicropi
- University of Siena, R(2)ES Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Via A. Moro, 2, Siena, Italy; CSGI, Center for Colloid and Surface Science, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Rossi F, Parisi ML, Maranghi S, Basosi R, Sinicropi A. Life Cycle Inventory datasets for nano-grid configurations. Data Brief 2019; 28:104895. [PMID: 31872010 PMCID: PMC6911934 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.104895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Datasets concerning some user-scale Smart Grids, named Nano-grids, are reported in this paper. First several Solar Home Systems composed of a photovoltaic plant, a backup generator and different types of lithium-ion batteries are provided. Then, the inventory analysis of hybrid Nano-grids integrating batteries and hydrogen storage is outlined according to different scenarios. These data inventory could be useful for any academic or stakeholder interested in reproducing this analysis and/or developing environmental sustainability assessment in the field of Smart Grids. For more insight, please see "Environmental analysis of a Nano-Grid: a Life Cycle Assessment" by Rossi F, Parisi M.L., Maranghi S., Basosi R., Sinicropi A. [1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Rossi
- University of Siena, RES Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Via A. Moro,2, Siena, Italy.,University of Florence, Department of Industrial Engineering, Via Santa Marta,3, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Parisi
- University of Siena, RES Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Via A. Moro,2, Siena, Italy.,CSGI, Center for Colloid and Surface Science, Via Della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,National Research Council, Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), Via Madonna Del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Simone Maranghi
- University of Siena, RES Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Via A. Moro,2, Siena, Italy.,CSGI, Center for Colloid and Surface Science, Via Della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Riccardo Basosi
- University of Siena, RES Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Via A. Moro,2, Siena, Italy.,CSGI, Center for Colloid and Surface Science, Via Della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,National Research Council, Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), Via Madonna Del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Adalgisa Sinicropi
- University of Siena, RES Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Via A. Moro,2, Siena, Italy.,CSGI, Center for Colloid and Surface Science, Via Della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,National Research Council, Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), Via Madonna Del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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