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El-Atab N, Qaiser N, Badghaish H, Shaikh SF, Hussain MM. Flexible Nanoporous Template for the Design and Development of Reusable Anti-COVID-19 Hydrophobic Face Masks. ACS Nano 2020; 14:7659-7665. [PMID: 32432461 PMCID: PMC7243426 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Since the outbreak of the severe respiratory disease caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19), the use of face masks has become ubiquitous worldwide to control the rapid spread of this pandemic. As a result, the world is currently facing a face mask shortage, and some countries have placed limits on the number of masks that can be bought by each person. Although the surgical grade N95 mask provides the highest level of protection currently available, its filtration efficiency for sub-300 nm particles is around 85% due to its wider pore size (∼300 nm). Because the COVID-19 virus shows a diameter of around 65-125 nm, there is a need for developing more efficient masks. To overcome these issues, we demonstrate the development of a flexible, nanoporous membrane to achieve a reusable N95 mask with a replaceable membrane and enhanced filtration efficiency. We first developed a flexible nanoporous Si-based template on a silicon-on-insulator wafer using KOH etching and then used the template as a hard mask during a reactive ion etching process to transfer the patterns onto a flexible and lightweight (<0.12 g) polymeric membrane. Pores with sizes down to 5 nm were achieved with a narrow distribution. Theoretical calculations show that airflow rates above 85 L/min are possible through the mask, which confirms its breathability over a wide range of pore sizes, densities, membrane thicknesses, and pressure drops. Finally, the membrane is intrinsically hydrophobic, which contributes to antifouling and self-cleaning as a result of droplets rolling and sliding on the inclined mask area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazek El-Atab
- MMH Laboratories,
Electrical Engineering, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and
Engineering Division, King Abdullah University
of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadeem Qaiser
- MMH Laboratories,
Electrical Engineering, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and
Engineering Division, King Abdullah University
of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huda Badghaish
- MMH Laboratories,
Electrical Engineering, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and
Engineering Division, King Abdullah University
of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sohail F. Shaikh
- MMH Laboratories,
Electrical Engineering, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and
Engineering Division, King Abdullah University
of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Mustafa Hussain
- MMH Laboratories,
Electrical Engineering, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and
Engineering Division, King Abdullah University
of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- EECS, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- and . Phone number: +966-544-700-072
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El-Atab N, Almansour R, Alhazzany A, Suwaidan R, Alghamdi Y, Babatain W, Shaikh SF, Khan SM, Qaiser N, Hussain MM. Heterogeneous Cubic Multidimensional Integrated Circuit for Water and Food Security in Fish Farming Ponds. Small 2020; 16:e1905399. [PMID: 31867826 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201905399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Among major food production sectors, world aquaculture shows the highest growth rate, providing more than 50% of the global seafood market. However, water pollution in fish farming ponds is regarded as the leading cause of fish death and financial losses in the market. Here, an Internet of Things system based on a cubic multidimensional integration of circuit (MD-IC) is demonstrated for water and food security applications in fish farming ponds. Both faces of the silicon substrate are used for thin-film-based device fabrication. The devices are interconnected via through-silicon-vias, resulting in a bifacial complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor-compatible electronics system. The demonstrated cubic MD-IC is a complete, small, and lightweight system that can be easily deployed by farmers with no need for specialists. The system integrates on its outer sides simultaneous air and water quality monitoring devices (temperature, electrical conductivity, ammonia, and pH sensors), solar cells for energy-harvesting, and antenna for real-time data-transfer, while data-management circuitry and a solid-state battery are integrated on its internal faces. Microfluidic cooling technology is used for thermal management in the MD-IC. Finally, a biofriendly polymeric encapsulation is used to waterproof the embedded electronics, improve the mechanical robustness, and allow the system to float on the surface of the water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazek El-Atab
- mmh Labs, Electrical Engineering, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reema Almansour
- Electrical Engineering, Princess Nourah University, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alhanouf Alhazzany
- Electrical Engineering, Princess Nourah University, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reema Suwaidan
- Electrical Engineering, Princess Nourah University, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yara Alghamdi
- Electrical Engineering, Princess Nourah University, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wedyan Babatain
- mmh Labs, Electrical Engineering, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sohail F Shaikh
- mmh Labs, Electrical Engineering, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherjeel M Khan
- mmh Labs, Electrical Engineering, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadeem Qaiser
- mmh Labs, Electrical Engineering, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Mustafa Hussain
- mmh Labs, Electrical Engineering, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Elecctrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, one quarter of the world's population suffers from various neurological disorders ranging from depression to Alzheimer's disease. Thus, understanding the operation mechanism of the brain enables us to help those who are suffering from these diseases. In addition, recent clinical medicine employs electronic brain implants, despite the fact of being invasive, to treat disorders ranging from severe coronary conditions to traumatic injuries. As a result, the deaf could hear, the blind could see, and the paralyzed could control robotic arms and legs. Due to the requirement of high data management capability with a power consumption as low as possible, designing nanoscale transistors as essential I/O electronics is a complex task. Herein, we review the essential design criteria for such nanoscale transistors, progress and prospect for implantable brain-machine-interface electronics. This article also discusses their technological challenges for practical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazek El-Atab
- MMH Labs, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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Shaikh SF, Mazo-Mantilla HF, Qaiser N, Khan SM, Nassar JM, Geraldi NR, Duarte CM, Hussain MM. Noninvasive Featherlight Wearable Compliant "Marine Skin": Standalone Multisensory System for Deep-Sea Environmental Monitoring. Small 2019; 15:e1804385. [PMID: 30706612 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201804385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Advances in marine research to understand environmental change and its effect on marine ecosystems rely on gathering data on species physiology, their habitat, and their mobility patterns using heavy and invasive biologgers and sensory telemetric networks. In the past, a lightweight (6 g) compliant environmental monitoring system: Marine Skin was demonstrated. In this paper, an enhanced version of that skin with improved functionalities (500-1500% enhanced sensitivity), packaging, and most importantly its endurance at a depth of 2 km in the highly saline Red Sea water for four consecutive weeks is reported. A unique noninvasive approach for attachment of the sensor by designing a wearable, stretchable jacket (bracelet) that can adhere to any species irrespective of their skin type is also illustrated. The wearable featherlight (<0.5 g in air, 3 g with jacket) gadget is deployed on Barramundi, Seabream, and common goldfish to demonstrate the noninvasive and effective attachment strategy on different species of variable sizes which does not hinder the animals' natural movement or behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail F Shaikh
- mmh Labs, Electrical Engineering, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Harold F Mazo-Mantilla
- mmh Labs, Electrical Engineering, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadeem Qaiser
- mmh Labs, Electrical Engineering, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherjeel M Khan
- mmh Labs, Electrical Engineering, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joanna M Nassar
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Nathan R Geraldi
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Carlos M Duarte
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad M Hussain
- mmh Labs, Electrical Engineering, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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Shaikh SF, Mazo-Mantilla HF, Qaiser N, Khan SM, Nassar JM, Geraldi NR, Duarte CM, Hussain MM. Noninvasive Featherlight Wearable Compliant "Marine Skin": Standalone Multisensory System for Deep-Sea Environmental Monitoring. Small 2019; 15:e1804385. [PMID: 30706612 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201970051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Advances in marine research to understand environmental change and its effect on marine ecosystems rely on gathering data on species physiology, their habitat, and their mobility patterns using heavy and invasive biologgers and sensory telemetric networks. In the past, a lightweight (6 g) compliant environmental monitoring system: Marine Skin was demonstrated. In this paper, an enhanced version of that skin with improved functionalities (500-1500% enhanced sensitivity), packaging, and most importantly its endurance at a depth of 2 km in the highly saline Red Sea water for four consecutive weeks is reported. A unique noninvasive approach for attachment of the sensor by designing a wearable, stretchable jacket (bracelet) that can adhere to any species irrespective of their skin type is also illustrated. The wearable featherlight (<0.5 g in air, 3 g with jacket) gadget is deployed on Barramundi, Seabream, and common goldfish to demonstrate the noninvasive and effective attachment strategy on different species of variable sizes which does not hinder the animals' natural movement or behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail F Shaikh
- mmh Labs, Electrical Engineering, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Harold F Mazo-Mantilla
- mmh Labs, Electrical Engineering, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadeem Qaiser
- mmh Labs, Electrical Engineering, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherjeel M Khan
- mmh Labs, Electrical Engineering, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joanna M Nassar
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Nathan R Geraldi
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Carlos M Duarte
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad M Hussain
- mmh Labs, Electrical Engineering, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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Park W, Shaikh SF, Min JW, Lee SK, Lee BH, Hussain MM. Contact resistance reduction of ZnO thin film transistors (TFTs) with saw-shaped electrode. Nanotechnology 2018; 29:325202. [PMID: 29761790 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aac4b9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report on a saw-shaped electrode architecture ZnO thin film transistor (TFT), which effectively increases the channel width. The contact line of the saw-shaped electrode is almost twice as long at the contact metal/ZnO channel junction. We experimentally observed an enhancement in the output drive current by 50% and a reduction in the contact resistance by over 50%, when compared to a typically shaped electrode ZnO TFT consuming the same chip area. This performance enhancement is attributed to the extension of the channel width. This technique can contribute to device performance enhancement, and in particular reduce the contact resistance, which is a serious challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojin Park
- mmh Labs, Electrical Engineering, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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