Frequency, kinetics and determinants of viable SARS-CoV-2 in bioaerosols from ambulatory COVID-19 patients infected with the Beta, Delta or Omicron variants

Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 aerosol remains contentious. Importantly, whether cough or breath-generated bioaerosols can harbor viable and replicating virus remains largely unclarified. We performed size-fractionated aerosol sampling (Andersen cascade impactor) and evaluated viral culturability in human cell lines (infectiousness), viral genetics, and host immunity in ambulatory participants with COVID-19. Sixty-one percent (27/44) and 50% (22/44) of participants emitted variant-specific culture-positive aerosols <10μm and <5μm, respectively, for up to 9 days after symptom onset. Aerosol culturability is significantly associated with lower neutralizing antibody titers, and suppression of transcriptomic pathways related to innate immunity and the humoral response. A nasopharyngeal Ct <17 rules-in ~40% of aerosol culture-positives and identifies those who are probably highly infectious. A parsimonious three transcript blood-based biosignature is highly predictive of infectious aerosol generation (PPV > 95%). There is considerable heterogeneity in potential infectiousness i.e., only 29% of participants were probably highly infectious (produced culture-positive aerosols <5μm at ~6 days after symptom onset). These data, which comprehensively confirm variant-specific culturable SARS-CoV-2 in aerosol, inform the targeting of transmission-related interventions and public health containment strategies emphasizing improved ventilation.

Genome-Wide Association Study of age at puberty and its (co)variances with fertility and stature in growing and lactating Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle

Reproductive performance is a key determinant of cow longevity in a pasture-based, seasonal dairy system. Unfortunately, direct fertility phenotypes such as inter-calving interval or pregnancy rate tend to have low heritabilities and occur relatively late in an animal's life. In contrast, age at puberty (AGEP) is a moderately heritable, early-in-life trait, that may be estimated using an animal's age at first measured elevation in blood plasma progesterone (AGEP4) concentrations. Understanding the genetic architecture of AGEP4 in addition to genetic relationships between AGEP4 and fertility traits in lactating cows is important, as is its relationship with body size in the growing animal. Thus, the objectives of this research were 3-fold. First, to estimate the genetic and phenotypic (co)variances between AGEP4 and subsequent fertility during first and second lactations. Second, to quantify the associations between AGEP4 and height, length, and body weight (BW) measured when animals were around 11 mo old (SD = 0.5). Third, to identify genomic regions that are likely to be associated with variation in AGEP4. We measured AGEP4, height, length, and BW in around 5,000 Holstein-Friesian or Holstein-Friesian x Jersey crossbred yearling heifers, across 54 pasture-based herds managed in seasonal calving farm systems. We also obtained calving rate (CR42: success or failure to calve within the first 42 d of the seasonal calving period), breeding rate (PB21: success or failure to be presented for breeding within the first 21 d of the seasonal breeding period) and pregnancy rate (PR42: success or failure to become pregnant within the first 42 d of the seasonal breeding period) phenotypes from their first and second lactations. The animals were genotyped using the Weatherby's Versa 50K SNP array (Illumina, USA). The estimated heritabilities of AGEP4, height, length, and BW were 0.34 (0.30, 0.37), 0.28 (0.25, 0.31), 0.21 (0.18, 0.23), and 0.33 (0.30, 0.36), respectively. In contrast, the heritabilities of CR42, PB21 and PR42 were all < 0.05 in both first and second lactations. The genetic correlations between AGEP4 and these fertility traits were generally moderate ranging from 0.11 to 0.60, whereas genetic correlations between AGEP4 and yearling body conformation traits ranged from 0.02 to 0.28. Our genome wide association study (GWAS) highlighted a genomic window on chromosome 5 that was strongly associated with variation in AGEP4. We also identified 4 regions, located on chromosomes 14, 6, 1 and 11 (in order of decreasing importance), that exhibited suggestive associations with AGEP4. Our results show that AGEP4 is a reasonable predictor of estimated breeding values (EBVs) for fertility traits in lactating cows. While the GWAS provided insights into genetic mechanisms underpinning AGEP4, further work is required to test genomic predictions of fertility that use this information.

Coronary intravascular lithotripsy and rotational atherectomy for severely calcified stenosis: Results from the ROTA.shock trial

BACKGROUND

Severely calcified coronary lesions present a particular challenge for percutaneous coronary intervention.

AIMS

The aim of this randomized study was to determine whether coronary intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) is non-inferior to rotational atherectomy (RA) regarding minimal stent area (MSA).

METHODS

The randomized, prospective non-inferiority ROTA.shock trial enrolled 70 patients between July 2019 and November 2021. Patients were randomly (1:1) assigned to undergo either IVL or RA before percutaneous coronary intervention of severely calcified coronary lesions. Optical coherence tomography was performed at the end of the procedure for primary endpoint analysis.

RESULTS

The primary endpoint MSA was lower but non-inferior after IVL (mean: 6.10 mm2 , 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 5.32-6.87 mm2 ) versus RA (6.60 mm2 , 95% CI: 5.66-7.54 mm2 ; difference in MSA: -0.50 mm2 , 95% CI: -1.52-0.52 mm2 ; non-inferiority margin: -1.60 mm2 ). Stent expansion was similar (RA: 0.83 ± 0.10 vs. IVL: 0.82 ± 0.11; p = 0.79). There were no significant differences regarding contrast media consumption (RA: 183.1 ± 68.8 vs. IVL: 163.3 ± 55.0 mL; p = 0.47), radiation dose (RA: 7269 ± 11288 vs. IVL: 5010 ± 4140 cGy cm2 ; p = 0.68), and procedure time (RA: 79.5 ± 34.5 vs. IVL: 66.0 ± 19.4 min; p = 0.18).

CONCLUSION

IVL is non-inferior regarding MSA and results in a similar stent expansion in a random comparison with RA. Procedure time, contrast volume, and dose-area product do not differ significantly.

Genome-wide association study of anogenital distance and its (co)variances with fertility in growing and lactating Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle

Anogenital distance (AGD) is a moderately heritable trait that can be measured at a young age that may provide an opportunity to indirectly select for improved fertility in dairy cattle. In this study, we characterized AGD and its genetic and phenotypic relationships with a range of body stature and fertility traits. We measured AGD, shoulder height, body length, and body weight in a population of 5,010 Holstein-Friesian and Holstein-Friesian × Jersey crossbred heifers at approximately 11 mo of age (AGD1). These animals were born in 2018 across 54 seasonal calving, pasture-based dairy herds. A second measure of AGD was collected in a subset of herds (n = 17; 1,956 animals) when the animals averaged 29 mo of age (AGD2). Fertility measures included age at puberty (AGEP), then time of calving, breeding, and pregnancy during the first and second lactations. We constructed binary traits reflecting the animal's ability to calve during the first 42 d of their herd's seasonal calving period (CR42), be presented for breeding during the first 21 d of the seasonal breeding period (PB21) and become pregnant during the first 42 d of the seasonal breeding period (PR42). The posterior mean of sampled heritabilities for AGD1 was 0.23, with 90% of samples falling within a credibility interval (90% CRI) of 0.20 to 0.26, whereas the heritability of AGD2 was 0.29 (90% CRI 0.24 to 0.34). The relationship between AGD1 and AGD2 was highly positive, with a genetic correlation of 0.89 (90% CRI 0.82 to 0.94). Using a GWAS analysis of 2,460 genomic windows based on 50k genotype data, we detected a region on chromosome 20 that was highly associated with variation in AGD1, and a second region on chromosome 13 that was moderately associated with variation in AGD1. We did not detect any genomic regions associated with AGD2 which was measured in fewer animals. The genetic correlation between AGD1 and AGEP was 0.10 (90% CRI 0.00 to 0.19), whereas the genetic correlation between AGD2 and AGEP was 0.30 (90% CRI 0.15 to 0.44). The timing of calving, breeding, and pregnancy (CR42, PB21, and PR42) during first or second lactations exhibited moderate genetic relationships with AGD1 (0.19 to 0.52) and AGD2 (0.46 to 0.63). Genetic correlations between AGD and body stature traits were weak (≤0.16). We conclude that AGD is a moderately heritable trait, which may have value as an early-in-life genetic predictor for reproductive success during lactation.

An online survey to understand the needs of caregivers of family members with 22q11 deletion syndrome

BACKGROUND

Most individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) have multi-system and lifelong needs requiring substantial support. Their primary caregivers are usually family members who dedicate lifelong time and effort to their role. The pressures of their roles can negatively impact caregivers' psychosocial well-being, suggesting a need for additional support for this community who currently have no specialised interventions available.

METHOD

This online study surveyed 103 caregivers of family members with 22q11DS to determine the barriers to accessing support that they faced, the kind of support they would value and whether an online intervention could meet their needs.

RESULTS

The caregivers indicated that a brief online intervention focused on teaching practical skills and connecting them with a peer network of support would be most valuable.

CONCLUSIONS

Future studies are planned that will build on these results by designing and testing online interventions tailored to this community.

Animal- and herd-level factors associated with onset of puberty in grazing dairy heifers

AIMS

To explore animal- and herd-level risk factors influencing age at puberty in predominantly Holstein-Friesian dairy heifers managed in seasonal, pasture-based systems.

METHODS

Heifers born in spring 2018 (n = 5,010) from 54 commercial dairy herds in New Zealand were visited on three occasions when the mean heifer age, within herd, was 10 (visit 1; V1), 11 (V2) and 12 (V3) months old. Blood samples were collected on each visit and liveweight, stature and anogenital distance (AGD) were measured at V2. Heifers were defined as having reached puberty at the first visit where blood progesterone was elevated (≥ 1 ng/mL). Animal-level response variables included pubertal status by V1, V2 and V3, and age at puberty (or age at V3 plus 31 days for those that had not attained puberty by V3). To explore herd-level management factors, farmers answered a questionnaire relating to animal location, land type, health, feeding, and management between weaning and mating. A partial least squares regression was undertaken to identify herd-level factors associated with the greatest influence on puberty rate within herd.

RESULTS

The mean age at puberty was 352 (SD 34.9) days. Heavier animals at a greater proportion of expected mature liveweight based on their breeding value for liveweight, or animals with a higher breed proportion of Jersey and lower breed proportion of Holstein, were associated with earlier puberty. Herd puberty rates varied widely among enrolled herds, and averaged 20%, 39% and 56% by V1, V2 and V3, respectively. Liveweight, followed by breed and land type, had the greatest influence on the herd puberty rate. Heifer herds with a greater mean liveweight (absolute and proportion of expected mature weight) or greater Jersey proportion had more animals that reached puberty at any visit, whereas herds located on steep land or with greater Holstein breed proportions had lower puberty rates. Management-related factors such as vaccinations, provision of feed supplements, and weighing frequency were also herd-level risk factors of puberty but had less influence.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

This study highlights the importance of having well-grown heifers for increasing the chances of earlier puberty onset and the effect of breed and youngstock management to achieve growth targets. These outcomes have important implications for the optimal management of heifers to achieve puberty before their maiden breeding and for the timing of measurements to potentially incorporate a puberty trait in genetic evaluations.

The first week following insemination is the period of major pregnancy failure in pasture-grazed dairy cows

A 60% pregnancy success for inseminations is targeted to optimize production efficiency for dairy cows within a seasonal, pasture-grazed system. Routine measures of pregnancy success are widely available but are limited, in practice, to a gestation stage beyond the first 28 d. Although some historical data exist on embryonic mortality before this stage, productivity of dairy systems and genetics of the cows have advanced significantly in recent decades. Accordingly, the aim was to construct an updated estimate of pregnancy success at key developmental stages during the first 70 d after insemination. Blood samples were collected for progesterone concentrations on d 0 and 7. A temporal series of 4 groups spanning fertilization through d 70 were conducted on 4 seasonal, pasture-grazed dairy farms (n = 1,467 cows) during the first 21 d of the seasonal breeding period. Morphological examination was undertaken on embryos collected on d 7 (group E7) and 15 (group E15), and pregnancy was diagnosed via ultrasonography on approximately d 28 and 35 (group E35) as well as d 70 (group E70). Fertilization, embryo, and fetal evaluation for viability established a pregnancy success pattern. Additionally, cow and on-farm risk factor variables associated with pregnancy success were evaluated. We estimated pregnancy success rates of 70.9%, 59.1%, 63.8%, 62.3%, and 56.7% at d 7, 15, 28, 35, and 70, respectively. Fertilization failure (15.8%) and embryonic arrest before the morula stage (10.3%) were the major developmental events contributing to first-week pregnancy failures. Embryo elongation failure of 7% contributed to pregnancy failure during the second week. The risk factors for pregnancy success that were related to the cows included interval between calving and insemination, and d-7 plasma progesterone concentrations, whereas insemination sire was associated with pregnancy outcome. Most pregnancy failure occurs during the first week among seasonal-calving pasture-grazed dairy cows.

Variance parameter estimation for age at puberty phenotypes under 2 levels of phenotype censorship

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Age at puberty is moderately heritable in New Zealand Holstein-Friesian cattle.

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The estimated heritability of AGEP is robust to phenotype censorship.

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The AGEP estimated breeding values for animals in this population are robust to phenotype censorship.

Age at puberty (AGEP) is a moderately heritable trait in cattle that may be predictive of an animal's genetic merit for reproductive success later in life. In addition, under some mating strategies (for example, where mating begins before all animals have attained puberty) animals that attain puberty at a relatively young age will also likely conceive earlier than their herd mates, and thus begin their productive life earlier. Unfortunately, AGEP is challenging to measure because animals must be observed over a period of several months. Our objectives for this study were twofold. The first objective was to produce variance components for AGEP. The second objective was to investigate the implications of a simplified phenotyping strategy for AGEP, when the interval between repeated blood plasma progesterone measures was extended from weekly to monthly, increasing the extent of left, interval, and right censoring. We measured AGEP in a closely monitored population of around 500 Holstein-Friesian heifers, born in 2015 and managed under a seasonal, pasture-based dairy system. Animals were blood tested weekly from approximately 240 to 440 d of age and were deemed to have reached puberty when blood plasma progesterone elevation (>1 ng/mL) was detected in 2 of 3 consecutive blood tests (AGEP_Weekly). To simulate a simplified phenotyping strategy based on monthly herd visits (AGEP_Monthly), we selectively disregarded data from all but 3 blood test events, when animals were around 300, 330, and 360 d of age (standard deviation = 14.5 d). The posterior mean of estimated heritabilities for AGEP_Weekly was 0.54, with a 90% credibility interval (90% CRI) of 0.41 to 0.66, whereas it was 0.44 (90% CRI 0.32 to 0.57) for AGEP_Monthly. The correlation between EBVs for AGEP_Weekly and AGEP_Monthly was 0.87 (90% CRI, 0.84 to 0.89). We conclude that in this population, AGEP is a moderately heritable trait. Further, increasing phenotype censorship from weekly to monthly observations would not have altered the main conclusions of this analysis. Our results support the strategic use of censoring to reduce costs and animal ethics considerations associated with collection of puberty phenotypes.

A cross-species spatiotemporal proteomic analysis identifies UBE3A-dependent signaling pathways and targets

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder caused by the loss of neuronal E3 ligase UBE3A. Restoring UBE3A levels is a potential disease-modifying therapy for AS and has recently entered clinical trials. There is paucity of data regarding the molecular changes downstream of UBE3A hampering elucidation of disease therapeutics and biomarkers. Notably, UBE3A plays an important role in the nucleus but its targets have yet to be elucidated. Using proteomics, we assessed changes during postnatal cortical development in an AS mouse model. Pathway analysis revealed dysregulation of proteasomal and tRNA synthetase pathways at all postnatal brain developmental stages, while synaptic proteins were altered in adults. We confirmed pathway alterations in an adult AS rat model across multiple brain regions and highlighted region-specific differences. UBE3A reinstatement in AS model mice resulted in near complete and partial rescue of the proteome alterations in adolescence and adults, respectively, supporting the notion that restoration of UBE3A expression provides a promising therapeutic option. We show that the nuclear enriched transketolase (TKT), one of the most abundantly altered proteins, is a novel direct UBE3A substrate and is elevated in the neuronal nucleus of rat brains and human iPSC-derived neurons. Taken together, our study provides a comprehensive map of UBE3A-driven proteome remodeling in AS across development and species, and corroborates an early UBE3A reinstatement as a viable therapeutic option. To support future disease and biomarker research, we present an accessible large-scale multi-species proteomic resource for the AS community ( https://www.angelman-proteome-project.org/ ).

The microenvironment of ovarian follicles in fertile dairy cows is associated with high oocyte quality

We hypothesised that heifers and cows with positive genetic merit for fertility would have a follicular microenvironment that resulted in better quality oocytes. To test this, we compared cumulus cell-oocyte complexes (COC) and follicular fluid from preovulatory follicles of 36 Holstein-Friesian nulliparous heifers and 50 primiparous lactating cows with either positive (POS, +5%) or negative (NEG, -5%) fertility breeding values (FertBV). Established gene markers of oocyte quality were measured in individual cumulus cell masses and oocytes, and concentrations of amino acids, steroids, and metabolites were quantified in corresponding follicular fluid and plasma. The timing of visually detectable oestrus in NEG FertBV heifers was inconsistent with their stage of COC maturation. Retrospective analyses of oestrous activity data indicated that NEG FertBV heifers were sampled earlier. Their recovered COC were morphologically less mature and exhibited differential expression of genes that are associated with follicular maturation (lower levels of BMPR2) and protein processing (higher levels of HSP90B1). Despite consistent sampling times being achieved in the lactating cows, lower concentrations of serine, proline, methionine, isoleucine, and non-esterified fatty acids were present in follicular fluid from POS FertBV cows. This was associated with higher expression of gene biomarkers of good oocyte quality (VCAN, PDE8A) in COC recovered from POS FertBV cows. This study supports our hypothesis that the follicular microenvironment in lactating dairy cows with high genetic merit leads to COC with higher metabolic rates and oocytes of superior quality. Moreover, an additional stressor such as lactation is required for this difference to be pronounced.

Changes in plasma electrolytes, minerals, and hepatic markers of health across the transition period in dairy cows divergent in genetic merit for fertility traits and postpartum anovulatory intervals

Peripartum metabolism and subsequent reproductive performance of dairy cows are linked, with maladaptation over the transition period associated with poor reproductive success. A herd of seasonal calving, grazing dairy cows was established that differed in their genetic merit for fertility traits. The heifers were produced by a customized mating program to achieve a 10-percentage point divergence in the New Zealand fertility breeding value (FertBV) as follows: +5 FertBV (POS) versus -5% FertBV (NEG), while also limiting divergence in other breeding values, including body weight, body condition score, and milk production. In this study, we aimed to characterize differences in metabolic, mineral, and metabolic stress marker profiles during their first postpartum transition period as primiparous heifers and to examine if animals with longer postpartum anestrous intervals (PPAI; more than 66 d compared with less than 35 d) had greater metabolic dysfunction. Blood was sampled at -21, -14, -7, 0, 4, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 28, and 35 d relative to calving in 455 primiparous cows and plasma analyzed. The NEG cows had lower concentrations of both plasma nonesterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate at d 7 compared with POS cows. Detailed temporal profiling of various metabolic, mineral, and metabolic stress markers was undertaken in a subset of cows (n = 70). Cows were selected retrospectively to create 4 groups in a 2 × 2 factorial design with either a POS or NEG FertBV and either a short (19-35 d) or long (66-131 d) PPAI. The NEG cows tended, on average, to have lower nonesterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations compared with POS cows across the transition period. Mean body weight and body condition score was greatest in NEG cows when compared with the POS cows and an interaction with day demonstrated this only occurred precalving. They also had indications of improved liver health precalving, with higher albumin-to-globulin ratios and lower bilirubin concentrations. Concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase were lower, and the Na-to-Cl ratio was greater in cows with a long versus a short PPAI at d 28 and d 35 after calving, potentially because of cows with a short PPAI (19-35 d) returning to estrous during this time. Magnesium concentrations were lower in NEG cows with a short PPAI from d 21 onwards, indicating NEG cows may metabolically respond to estrous differently than POS cows. The NEG-long PPAI cows had greater gamma-glutamyl transferase concentrations from calving until d 28 and lower bilirubin concentrations throughout the transition period. Together, the results demonstrate significant effects of FertBV on peripartum metabolic status. However, most of the markers tested returned to reference intervals within 4 d after calving or remained within those intervals for the whole transition period, indicating relatively minor biological effects of FertBV on transition period adaptation. The profound differences in reproductive performance among the groups was not explained by underlying differences in metabolic responses during the transition period.

Estrous activity in lactating cows with divergent genetic merit for fertility traits

This observational study aimed to determine the effect of genetic merit for fertility traits on estrous expression and estrous cycle duration in grazing dairy cows, as measured by an activity monitoring device. A secondary aim was to describe changes in expression of estrus that occur during successive estrous cycles postpartum. Neck-mounted, activity-monitoring devices (Heatime, SCR Engineers Ltd.) were fitted to nulliparous Holstein-Friesian heifers with positive (POS FertBV) or negative genetic merit for fertility traits (NEG FertBV) to capture activity data during their first and second lactations (POS FertBV: n = 242, n = 188; NEG FertBV: n = 159, n = 87 in lactation 1 and 2, respectively). An estrous event was identified when the activity change index exceeded 26 activity units (AU) for 4 h. A total of 1,254 and 892 estrous events were identified in lactation 1 and 2, respectively. Estrous duration was defined as the interval between when the threshold was first exceeded and when activity dropped below the threshold, with no new event starting within 24 h of the end of the previous event. This definition of estrus included cows in which activity crossed the threshold multiple times in a day and were classified as a single estrous event. A second measure, high activity duration, was defined as the total hours that activity exceeded the threshold. To characterize estrous activity, peak activity (above baseline) and total activity (area under the curve of activity above baseline) were measured. Compared with NEG FertBV cows, POS FertBV cows had more active, longer estrous events. In lactation 1, the POS FertBV group had a mean estrous duration and a high activity duration of 12.5 and 12.4 h compared with 11.4 and 11.3 h for the NEG FertBV group [standard error of the difference (SED) = 0.5 and 0.4 h, respectively]. This significant difference also occurred in lactation 2, with a mean estrous duration of 13.1 versus 11.8 h (SED = 0.5 h) and a high activity duration of 13.0 versus 11.8 h (SED = 0.4 h) in the POS and NEG FertBV groups, respectively. Total activity and peak activity were greater in the POS compared with the NEG FertBV group in lactation 1 (peak activity: 65.5 vs. 55.8 AU, SED = 2.4 AU; total activity: 588 vs. 494 AU, SED = 25 AU) and lactation 2 (peak activity: 72.5 vs. 61.2 AU, SED = 2.9 AU; total activity: 648 vs. 541 AU, SED = 30 AU). Estrous cycle duration did not differ between the POS and NEG FertBV groups (lactation 1: 20.4 vs. 20.6 d, SED = 0.25; lactation 2: 20.8 vs. 21.0 d, SED = 0.28). Less estrous activity of the cow was associated with the first postpartum estrus. In contrast, the number of previous estrous events did not consistently affect the duration of the subsequent estrous cycle. The outcomes of this study provide evidence that positive genetic merit for fertility traits is associated with more overt estrous expression. Selection for these traits may improve estrous expression and thus estrous detection in commercial herds.

Investigating anogenital distance and antral follicle count as novel markers of fertility within a herd of cows with positive or negative genetic merit for fertility traits

Using early-in-life markers of reproductive characteristics may enhance the speed and success of genetic improvement in fertility. We investigated 2 phenotypes that can be measured early in life and are moderately heritable to determine their association with traditional measures of reproductive success and genetic variation under a seasonal-calving, pasture-based system. Cows were bred to be divergent in the New Zealand Fertility Breeding Value, which estimates genetic merit for fertility. Cows consisted of 2 groups with an average positive (+5%) or negative (-5%) genetic merit for fertility traits and were expected to have large diversity in reproductive outcomes. Calves were genotyped at 41 ± 3.1 d of age (mean ± SD; n = 538), and antral follicle counts (AFC) were measured when they were postpubertal heifers before their first breeding (416 ± 15 d old; 92-d range; n = 520). The anogenital distance (AGD) was measured in 478 primiparous cows of this same population 50 to 60 d after the breeding start date when they were 881 ± 25 d old (145-d range). The AGD was shorter in animals with a positive genetic merit for fertility traits (based on parent averages). An indicator of herd reproductive success in a seasonal-calving system (recalving by 6 wk in lactation 2) was chosen for logistic regression with cross-validation, and if significant, a cut-off was calculated that categorized animals into groups. Both linear and quadratic regression was undertaken, and the model with the greatest sensitivity for detection of nonpregnant cows used. The AGD linear model was significant with a sensitivity of 64% and a specificity of 48%. This model resulted in a cut-off of 102 mm, which we used to classify cows as short (≤102 mm) or long (>102 mm) AGD animals. Primiparous cows with a short AGD were more likely to be pregnant within the first 3 and 6 wk of mating, and become pregnant as a primiparous cow, than those with a long AGD. The time from calving to conception was 20 d earlier in short AGD compared with long-AGD cows. None of the models tested for AFC were significant; therefore cows were categorized into 3 groups based on previous work in seasonal systems. However, associations between fertility phenotypes and AFC group were limited. Genomic regions of interest for AGD and AFC did not overlap, indicating phenotypes were genetically independent. Overall, AGD appears as a promising early marker of fertility in seasonal grazing systems.

Secreted retrovirus-like GAG-domain-containing protein PEG10 is regulated by UBE3A and is involved in Angelman syndrome pathophysiology

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by the loss of maternal UBE3A, a ubiquitin protein ligase E3A. Here, we study neurons derived from patients with AS and neurotypical individuals, and reciprocally modulate UBE3A using antisense oligonucleotides. Unbiased proteomics reveal proteins that are regulated by UBE3A in a disease-specific manner, including PEG10, a retrotransposon-derived GAG protein. PEG10 protein increase, but not RNA, is dependent on UBE3A and proteasome function. PEG10 binds to both RNA and ataxia-associated proteins (ATXN2 and ATXN10), localizes to stress granules, and is secreted in extracellular vesicles, modulating vesicle content. Rescue of AS patient-derived neurons by UBE3A reinstatement or PEG10 reduction reveals similarity in transcriptome changes. Overexpression of PEG10 during mouse brain development alters neuronal migration, suggesting that it can affect brain development. These findings imply that PEG10 is a secreted human UBE3A target involved in AS pathophysiology.

Positive genetic merit for fertility traits is associated with superior reproductive performance in pasture-based dairy cows with seasonal calving

New Zealand's Fertility Breeding Value (FertBV) is reported as the percentage of a sire's daughters that calve in the first 42 d of the seasonal calving period and is an estimate of genetic merit for fertility for dairy cattle. Reproductive physiology, milk production, and changes in body weight and body condition score of 2 groups of cows divergent in FertBV (+5.0%: POS; -5.1%: NEG) were characterized during their first 2 lactations. Cows grazed fresh pasture and were managed in a seasonal calving system; they were bred by artificial insemination on observed estrus for the entire breeding period (98 d in lactation 1 and 76 d in lactation 2). During lactation 1, all animals were primiparous and were randomly allocated to 1 of 2 herds, ensuring each herd was balanced for FertBV and expected calving date. During lactation 2, cows that became pregnant during lactation 1 were managed as 1 herd. Cows not inseminated in the first 42 d of the breeding season were examined for the presence of a corpus luteum and treated with an anestrus program. On average, the interval from calving to ovulation was 19 d longer in lactation 1 and 10 d longer in lactation 2 for NEG FertBV cows. The percent of cows submitted for artificial insemination after 21 d (i.e., submission rate) was 38 and 25 percentage points greater in the POS FertBV cows during lactations 1 and 2, respectively. Pregnancy rate from 42 d of breeding was 33 and 30 percentage points greater, respectively. There was no effect of FertBV on vaginal discharge score postcalving; however, POS FertBV cows had a 50% lower risk of having subclinical endometritis (polymorphonuclear leukocytes >7%) 42 d postcalving. Interactions between FertBV and month relative to calving identified that NEG FertBV cows were fatter (greater body condition score) in the month before calving, but thinner between 3 and 5 mo postcalving. There was no effect of FertBV on lactation length, estimated 270-d milk yields, or daily milk, fat, or protein yields, and only small effects on milk fat and protein percentage across the lactations. In summary, the POS FertBV cows had superior uterine health, a shorter calving to ovulation interval, a greater submission rate, and a greater pregnancy rate earlier in the breeding season when compared with the NEG FertBV cohort. Based on these results, these may be useful phenotypes to include in genetic selection indices.

[Palliative care in patients with left ventricular assist devices: systematic review]

Hintergrund

Bei terminal herzinsuffizienten Patienten gewinnt die Implantation von Linksherzunterstützungssystemen (LVAD) als Therapieoption zunehmend an Bedeutung. Diese Systeme werden als Überbrückung bis zu einer Herztransplantation (BTT) oder als definitive Therapie (DT) eingesetzt. Sie können die Lebensqualität verbessern und die Lebenszeit verlängern. Trotzdem bleibt die Prognose besonders bei DT oder bei Wechsel von BTT zu DT mit Blick auf die Lebenszeit und auftretende Komplikationen ungünstig. Bisher ist ungeklärt, ob eine LVAD-Implantation eine Indikation für eine frühzeitige Integration von Palliativmedizin darstellt.

Ziel der Arbeit

Erfassung der aktuellen Studienlage über den Einfluss einer palliativmedizinischen Behandlung bei LVAD-Patienten.

Material und Methoden

Im Mai 2020 wurde eine systematische Literaturrecherche in 6 verschiedenen Datenbanken durchgeführt.

Ergebnisse

Von den 491 Treffern der Literaturrecherche wurden 21 Arbeiten in diese Übersichtsarbeit eingeschlossen. Durch die frühzeitige Integration der Palliativmedizin vor LVAD-Implantation erhöhte sich die Anzahl der Patienten mit vorausschauender Versorgungsplanung und Vorsorgeinstrumenten. Außerdem zeigte sich ein positiver Einfluss auf das familiäre Umfeld, das Symptommanagement und die Umstände des Versterbens. Es gibt verschiedene Formate für die Integration palliativmedizinischer Konzepte in die LVAD-Therapie.

Diskussion

Die frühzeitige und kontinuierliche Einbindung der Palliativmedizin im Verlauf einer LVAD-Therapie kann die Behandlungsqualität verbessern. Die Ausarbeitung von spezifischen Handlungsempfehlungen ist in Abhängigkeit vom Therapieziel (BTT oder DT) sinnvoll. Empfohlen werden Schulungen für Palliativmediziner und LVAD-Spezialisten.

The effects of excessive and compulsive online searching of COVID-19 information (“cyberchondria”) on general and COVID-19-specific anxiety and fear in romantic couples during lockdown

Introduction

Cyberchondria involves excessive and uncontrollable online searching of information about a perceived illness. This behavior can cause or maintain distress.

Objectives

Little is known about cyberchondria during the COVID-19 pandemic or how cyberchondria in one individual may cause distress in their significant other if they are self-isolating together; our study sought to fill these gaps.

Methods

We conducted a Qualtrics Panel survey with 760 cohabitating Canadian couples; in June 2020, participants retrospectively reported on their cyberchondria behavior, general anxiety, and COVID-19 fears during the month of April 2020, while adhering to stay-at-home advisories. Two separate actor-partner interdependence models (APIMs) used cyberchondria excessiveness and compulsion to predict generalized anxiety and COVID-19 danger/contamination fears in the actor and partner.

Results

Both cyberchondria excessiveness and compulsion were associated with higher general anxiety and higher COVID-19 danger/contamination fears in the individual (actor effects). Partner cyberchondria compulsion was associated with higher general anxiety in the individual whereas partner cyberchondria excessiveness was associated with higher COVID-19 danger/contamination fears in the individual (partner effects).

Conclusions

Findings suggest that excessive and uncontrollable searching of information about COVID-19 on the internet during lockdown may contribute to distress in both the individual engaging in the cyberchondria behavior, and in their romantic partner. Moreover, different aspects of cyberchondria in the partner (compulsion vs. excessiveness) appears to contribute to general vs. COVID-19-specific anxiety/fears in the partner, respectively. Future research should examine mechanisms underlying the observed partner effects (e.g., co-rumination, social contagion) and reasons for the differential partner effects of cyberchondria components.

Serial femtosecond and serial synchrotron crystallography can yield data of equivalent quality: A systematic comparison

For the two proteins myoglobin and fluoroacetate dehalogenase, we present a systematic comparison of crystallographic diffraction data collected by serial femtosecond (SFX) and serial synchrotron crystallography (SSX). To maximize comparability, we used the same batch of micron-sized crystals, the same sample delivery device, and the same data analysis software. Overall figures of merit indicate that the data of both radiation sources are of equivalent quality. For both proteins, reasonable data statistics can be obtained with approximately 5000 room-temperature diffraction images irrespective of the radiation source. The direct comparability of SSX and SFX data indicates that the quality of diffraction data obtained from these samples is linked to the properties of the crystals rather than to the radiation source. Therefore, for other systems with similar properties, time-resolved experiments can be conducted at the radiation source that best matches the desired time resolution.

Heifers with positive genetic merit for fertility traits reach puberty earlier and have a greater pregnancy rate than heifers with negative genetic merit for fertility traits

This study investigated the hypothesis that dairy heifers divergent in genetic merit for fertility traits differ in the age of puberty and reproductive performance. New Zealand's fertility breeding value (FertBV) is the proportion of a sire's daughters expected to calve in the first 42 d of the seasonal calving period. We used the New Zealand national dairy database to identify and select Holstein-Friesian dams with either positive (POS, +5 FertBV, n = 1,334) or negative FertBV (NEG, -5% FertBV, n = 1,662) for insemination with semen from POS or NEG FertBV sires, respectively. The resulting POS and NEG heifers were predicted to have a difference in average FertBV of 10 percentage points. We enrolled 640 heifer calves (POS, n = 324; NEG, n = 316) at 9 d ± 5.4 d (± standard deviation; SD) for the POS calves and 8 d ± 4.4 d old for the NEG calves. Of these, 275 POS and 248 NEG heifers were DNA parent verified and retained for further study. The average FertBV was +5.0% (SD = 0.74) and -5.1% (SD = 1.36) for POS and NEG groups, respectively. Heifers were reared at 2 successive facilities as follows: (1) calf rearing (enrollment to ∼13 wk of age) and (2) grazier, after 13 wk until 22 mo of age. All heifers wore a collar with an activity sensor to monitor estrus events starting at 8 mo of age, and we collected weekly blood samples when individual heifers reached 190 kg of body weight (BW) to measure plasma progesterone concentrations. Puberty was characterized by plasma progesterone concentrations >1 ng/mL in at least 2 of 3 successive weeks. Date of puberty was defined when the first of these samples was >1 ng/mL. Heifers were seasonally bred for 98 d starting at ∼14 mo of age. Transrectal ultrasound was used to confirm pregnancy and combined with activity data to estimate breeding and pregnancy dates. We measured BW every 2 wk, and body condition and stature at 6, 9, 12, and 15 mo of age. The significant FertBV by day interaction for BW was such that the NEG heifers had increasingly greater BW with age. This difference was mirrored with the significant FertBV by month interaction for average daily gain, with the NEG heifers having a greater average daily gain between 9 and 18 mo of age. There was no difference in heifer stature between the POS and NEG heifers. The POS heifers were younger and lighter at puberty, and were at a lesser mature BW, compared with the NEG heifers. As a result, 94 ± 1.6% of the POS and 82 ± 3.2% of the NEG heifers had reached puberty at the start of breeding. The POS heifers were 20% and 11% more likely to be pregnant after 21 d and 42 d of breeding than NEG heifers (relative risk = 1.20, 95% confidence interval of 1.03-1.34; relative risk = 1.11, 95% confidence interval of 1.01-1.16). Results from this experiment support an association between extremes in genetic merit for fertility base on cow traits and heifer reproduction. Our results indicate that heifer puberty and pregnancy rates are affected by genetic merit for fertility traits, and these may be useful phenotypes for genetic selection.

Prospective validation of classification of intraoperative adverse events (ClassIntra): international, multicentre cohort study

OBJECTIVE

To prospectively assess the construct and criterion validity of ClassIntra version 1.0, a newly developed classification for assessing intraoperative adverse events.

DESIGN

International, multicentre cohort study.

SETTING

18 secondary and tertiary centres from 12 countries in Europe, Oceania, and North America.

PARTICIPANTS

The cohort study included a representative sample of 2520 patients in hospital having any type of surgery, followed up until discharge. A follow-up to assess mortality at 30 days was performed in 2372 patients (94%). A survey was sent to a representative sample of 163 surgeons and anaesthetists from participating centres.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Intraoperative complications were assessed according to ClassIntra. Postoperative complications were assessed daily until discharge from hospital with the Clavien-Dindo classification. The primary endpoint was construct validity by investigating the risk adjusted association between the most severe intraoperative and postoperative complications, measured in a multivariable hierarchical proportional odds model. For criterion validity, inter-rater reliability was evaluated in a survey of 10 fictitious case scenarios describing intraoperative complications.

RESULTS

Of 2520 patients enrolled, 610 (24%) experienced at least one intraoperative adverse event and 838 (33%) at least one postoperative complication. Multivariable analysis showed a gradual increase in risk for a more severe postoperative complication with increasing grade of ClassIntra: ClassIntra grade I versus grade 0, odds ratio 0.99 (95% confidence interval 0.69 to 1.42); grade II versus grade 0, 1.39 (0.97 to 2.00); grade III versus grade 0, 2.62 (1.31 to 5.26); and grade IV versus grade 0, 3.81 (1.19 to 12.2). ClassIntra showed high criterion validity with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.76 (95% confidence interval 0.59 to 0.91) in the survey (response rate 83%).

CONCLUSIONS

ClassIntra is the first prospectively validated classification for assessing intraoperative adverse events in a standardised way, linking them to postoperative complications with the well established Clavien-Dindo classification. ClassIntra can be incorporated into routine practice in perioperative surgical safety checklists, or used as a monitoring and outcome reporting tool for different surgical disciplines. Future studies should investigate whether the tool is useful to stratify patients to the appropriate postoperative care, to enhance the quality of surgical interventions, and to improve long term outcomes of surgical patients.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03009929.

[Cooperation between intensive care and palliative care : The status quo in German Comprehensive Cancer Centers]

Hintergrund

Die interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit zwischen Intensivmedizin und Palliativmedizin kann die Versorgungsqualität verbessern. Das Ausmaß dieser Zusammenarbeit ist aber bisher kaum untersucht.

Ziel der Arbeit

Es sollten die angebotenen und in Anspruch genommenen palliativmedizinischen Unterstützungsangebote auf den Intensivstationen deutscher onkologischer Spitzenzentren erfasst werden.

Material und Methoden

Durchgeführt wurde eine quantitativ-qualitative, deskriptive Umfrage an den 16 von der Stiftung Deutsche Krebshilfe geförderten Zentren. Die im quantitativen Teil erfragten Häufigkeiten werden als Mittelwert und Median mit den jeweiligen Streumaßen dargestellt, während die im qualitativen Teil erhobenen Triggerfaktoren mit einer Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring ausgewertet wurden.

Ergebnisse

Von Juli bis August 2017 konnten Angaben aus 15 von 16 onkologischen Spitzenzentren (94 %) erfasst werden. Im Jahr 2016 wurden im Median 33 Intensivpatienten (Min. 0, Max. 100) palliativmedizinisch vorgestellt und 9 Patienten (Min. 1, Max. 30) auf eine Palliativstation verlegt. Regelmäßige intensivmedizinisch-palliativmedizinische Visiten sowie ein Screening-Tool zur Einbindung der spezialisierten Palliativmedizin sind an zwei onkologischen Spitzenzentren implementiert. Anhand von 23 genannten Triggern, die auf der Intensivstation eine palliativmedizinische Mitbehandlung ausgelöst haben, lassen sich nach qualitativer Analyse die drei Kategorien „Entscheidung und Einstellung des Teams“, „Zustand des Patienten“ und „Wunsch von Patienten und Angehörigen“ ableiten.

Diskussion

Trotz eines verfügbaren Angebots werden palliativmedizinische Ressourcen in den intensivmedizinischen Abteilungen der onkologischen Spitzenzentren immer noch selten genutzt. In die tägliche Routine integrierte Angebote wie Screening-Tools oder gemeinsame Visiten könnten die Ausnutzung der angebotenen palliativmedizinischen Ressourcen erhöhen und die Versorgungsqualität verbessern.

Comparison of haemodynamic- and electroencephalographic-monitored effects evoked by four combinations of effect-site concentrations of propofol and remifentanil, yielding a predicted tolerance to laryngoscopy of 90

This prospective study evaluates haemodynamic and electroencephalographic effects observed when administering four combinations of effect-site concentrations of propofol (Ce_PROP) and remifentanil (Ce_REMI), all yielding a single predicted probability of tolerance of laryngoscopy of 90% (P_TOL = 90%) according to the Bouillon interaction model. We aimed to identify combinations of Ce_PROP and Ce_REMI along a single isobole of P_TOL that result in favourable hypnotic and haemodynamic conditions. This knowledge could be of advantage in the development of drug advisory monitoring technology. 80 patients (18–90 years of age, ASA I–III) were randomized into four groups and titrated towards Ce_PROP (Schnider model, ug⋅ml⁻¹) and Ce_REMI (Minto model, ng⋅ml⁻¹) of respectively 8.6 and 1, 5.9 and 2, 3.6 and 4 and 2.0 and 8. After eleven minutes of equilibration, baseline measurements of haemodynamic endpoints and bispectral index were compared with three minutes of responsiveness measurements after laryngoscopy. Before laryngoscopy, bispectral index differed significantly (p < 0.0001) between groups in concordance with Ce_PROP. Heart rate decreased with increasing Ce_REMI (p = 0.001). The haemodynamic and arousal responses evoked by laryngoscopy were not significantly different between groups, but Ce_PROP = 3.6 μg⋅ml⁻¹ and Ce_REMI = 4 ng⋅ml⁻¹ evoked the lowest median value for ∆HR and ∆SAP after laryngoscopy. This study provides clinical insight on the haemodynamic and hypnotic consequences, when a model based predicted P_TOL is used as a target for combined effect-site controlled target- controlled infusion of propofol and remifentanil. Heart rate and bispectral index were significantly different between groups despite a theoretical equipotency for P_TOL, suggesting that each component of the anaesthetic state (immobility, analgesia, and hypnotic drug effect) should be considered as independent neurophysiological and pharmacological phenomena. However, claims of (in)accuracy of the predicted P_TOL must be considered preliminary because larger numbers of observations are required for that goal.

Effects of far-off and close-up transition cow feeding on uterine health, postpartum anestrous interval, and reproductive outcomes in pasture-based dairy cows

Background

In seasonal, pasture-based, dairy production systems, cows must recover from calving and become pregnant within two to 3 months. To achieve this, the uterus must involute and ovulation must occur and continue at regular intervals. As these processes are affected by the cows' nutritional or metabolic status post-calving, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cow feeding strategies on uterine health, the length of postpartum anestrous interval, and reproductive outcomes. The treatments consisted of two feeding strategies during late-lactation and early dry period (far-off period; starting 4-month pre-calving) and three close-up dry period feeding regimes (1-month pre-calving) in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. We randomly assigned 150 cows to one of two far-off treatments. During late lactation, the herds (n = 75 cows per herd) were either control-fed (Controlfed) or over-fed (Overfed) to achieve a low or high body condition score (4-month pre-calving; BCS; ~ 4.25 and ~ 4.75; 10-point scale) at cessation of lactation. Within each of these treatments, three feeding levels were applied during the close-up period (1-month pre-calving): ~ 65% (Feed65), ~ 90% (Feed90), or ~ 120% (Feed120) of metabolizable energy (ME) intakes relative to pre-calving requirements.

Results

Uterine health improved (i.e. polymorphonucleated (PMN) cells declined) with increased feeding during the close-up period for cows in the Overfed group. The reverse was evident for the Controlfed group with the greatest PMN at the highest intakes during the close-up period. The postpartum anoestrous interval (PPAI) was shorter in cows from the Overfed group when moderately fed (Feed90) during the close-up period; in comparison, the PPAI was shorter in the Controlfed group, when those cows were overfed in the close-up period (Feed120). The cows in the Overfed treatment had greater conception and pregnancy rates if cows had moderate dry matter intakes (Feed90) during the close-up period; these reproductive variables were less under excessive feed intakes (Feed120); yet, close-up dry matter intake had little effect on conception and pregnancy rates for the Controlfed group.

Conclusions

The far-off feeding strategies increased early reproductive outcomes at 3 weeks of mating. Additionally, the interaction between far-off and close-up feeding strategies resulted in high six-week pregnancy rate with a slight restriction during the close-up period but only in the far-off Overfed group. Thus, our hypothesis is supported under these conditions.

Hepatic one-carbon metabolism enzyme activities and intermediate metabolites are altered by prepartum body condition score and plane of nutrition in grazing Holstein dairy cows

Precalving feeding level and body condition score (BCS) alter postcalving energy balance and oxidant status of dairy cows. We hypothesized that the reported benefits of a controlled restriction precalving depend on precalving BCS. The objective was to identify alterations in activity and intermediates of the hepatic one-carbon metabolism, transsulfuration, and tricarboxylic acid pathways. Twenty-eight pregnant and nonlactating grazing dairy cows of mixed age and breed (Friesian, Friesian × Jersey) were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 treatment groups in a 2 × 2 factorial design: 2 prepartum BCS categories [4.0 (thin, BCS4) and 5.0 (optimal, BCS5); 10-point scale], by managing cows in late lactation to achieve the 2 groups at dry-off, and 2 levels of energy intake during the 3 wk preceding calving (75 or 125% of estimated requirements), obtained via allowance (m²/cow) of fresh pasture composed of mostly perennial ryegrass and white cover. Average (± standard deviation) age was 6 ± 2, 6 ± 3, 5 ± 1, and 7 ± 3 yr for BCS4 fed 75 and 125%, and BCS5 fed 75 and 125%, respectively. Breed distribution (average ± standard deviation) for the 4 groups was 79 ± 21, 92 ± 11, 87 ± 31, and 74 ± 23% Friesian, and 17 ± 20, 8 ± 11, 13 ± 31, and 25 ± 23% Jersey. Liver tissue was collected by biopsy at -7, 7, and 28 d relative to calving. Tissue was used for ¹⁴C radio-labeling assays to measure betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase (MTR), and cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) activity. Liver metabolomics was undertaken using a targeted liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry-based profiling approach. After initial liquid chromatography separation, mass spectra were acquired under both positive and negative ionization, whereas multiple reaction monitoring was used to measure target compound signal response (peak area count). Enzyme activity and metabolite peak area count were normalized with the homogenate protein concentration. Repeated measures analysis of variance via PROC MIXED in SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC), with BCS, feeding, and time as fixed effects, and cow as random effect was used. All enzyme activities were affected by time, with betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase activity peaking at 7 d, whereas CBS and MTR activity decreased postpartum. Overall, thin cows had greater MTR activity, whereas cows fed 125% requirements had greater CBS activity. An interaction was detected between BCS and feeding for CBS activity, as thin cows fed 125% of requirements had greater overall activity. Compared with liver from BCS4 cows, BCS5 cows had overall greater betaine, glycine, butyrobetaine/acetylcholine, serine, and taurine concentrations. The same metabolites, plus choline and N-N-dimethylglycine, were overall greater in liver of cows fed 75% compared with those fed 125% of requirements. An interaction of BCS and feeding level was detected for the aforementioned metabolites plus methionine, cystathionine, cysteinesulfinate, and hypotaurine, due to greater overall concentrations in BCS5 cows fed 75% of requirements compared with other groups. Overall, differences in hepatic enzyme activity and intermediate metabolites suggest that both BCS and feeding level can alter the internal antioxidant system (e.g., glutathione and taurine) throughout the periparturient period. Further studies are needed to better understand potential mechanisms involved.

Socio-behavioural characteristics and HIV: findings from a graphical modelling analysis of 29 sub-Saharan African countries

INTRODUCTION

Socio-behavioural factors may contribute to the wide variance in HIV prevalence between and within sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. We studied the associations between socio-behavioural variables potentially related to the risk of acquiring HIV.

METHODS

We used Bayesian network models to study associations between socio-behavioural variables that may be related to HIV. A Bayesian network consists of nodes representing variables, and edges representing the conditional dependencies between variables. We analysed data from Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 29 SSA countries between 2010 and 2016. We predefined and dichotomized 12 variables, including factors related to age, literacy, HIV knowledge, HIV testing, domestic violence, sexual activity and women's empowerment. We analysed data on men and women for each country separately and then summarized the results across the countries. We conducted a second analysis including also the individual HIV status in a subset of 23 countries where this information was available. We presented summary graphs showing associations that were present in at least six countries (five in the analysis with HIV status).

RESULTS

We analysed data from 190,273 men (range across countries 2295 to 17,359) and 420,198 women (6621 to 38,948). The two variables with the highest total number of edges in the summary graphs were literacy and rural/urban location. Literacy was negatively associated with false beliefs about AIDS and, for women, early sexual initiation, in most countries. Literacy was also positively associated with ever being tested for HIV and the belief that women have the right to ask their husband to use condoms if he has a sexually transmitted infection. Rural location was positively associated with false beliefs about HIV and the belief that beating one's wife is justified, and negatively associated with having been tested for HIV. In the analysis including HIV status, being HIV positive was associated with female-headed household, older age and rural location among women, and with no variables among men.

CONCLUSIONS

Literacy and urbanity were strongly associated with several factors that are important for HIV acquisition. Since literacy is one of the few variables that can be improved by interventions, this makes it a promising intervention target.

Construction and reconstruction of brain circuits: normal and pathological axon guidance

Perception of our environment entirely depends on the close interaction between the central and peripheral nervous system. In order to communicate each other, both systems must develop in parallel and in coordination. During development, axonal projections from the CNS as well as the PNS must extend over large distances to reach their appropriate target cells. To do so, they read and follow a series of axon guidance molecules. Interestingly, while these molecules play critical roles in guiding developing axons, they have also been shown to be critical in other major neurodevelopmental processes, such as the migration of cortical progenitors. Currently, a major hurdle for brain repair after injury or neurodegeneration is the absence of axonal regeneration in the mammalian CNS. By contrasts, PNS axons can regenerate. Many hypotheses have been put forward to explain this paradox but recent studies suggest that hacking neurodevelopmental mechanisms may be the key to promote CNS regeneration. Here we provide a seminar report written by trainees attending the second Flagship school held in Alpbach, Austria in September 2018 organized by the International Society for Neurochemistry (ISN) together with the Journal of Neurochemistry (JCN). This advanced school has brought together leaders in the fields of neurodevelopment and regeneration in order to discuss major keystones and future challenges in these respective fields.

Femtosecond Laser-Induced Electron Emission from Nanodiamond-Coated Tungsten Needle Tips

We present femtosecond laser-induced electron emission from nanodiamond-coated tungsten tips. Based on the shortness of the femtosecond laser pulses, electrons can be photoexcited for wavelengths from the infrared (1932 nm) to the ultraviolet (235 nm) because multiphoton excitation becomes efficient over the entire spectral range. Depending on the laser wavelength, we find different dominant emission channels identified by the number of photons needed to emit electrons. Based on the band alignment between tungsten and nanodiamond, the relevant emission channels can be identified as specific transitions in diamond and its graphitic boundaries. It is the combination of the character of initial and final states (i.e., bulk or surface-near, direct or indirect excitation in the diamond band structure), the number of photons providing the excitation energy, and the peak intensity of the laser pulses that determines the dominant excitation channel for photoemission. A specific feature of the hydrogen-terminated nanodiamond coating is its negative electron affinity that significantly lowers the work function and enables efficient emission from the conduction band minimum into vacuum without an energy barrier. Emission is stable for bunch charges of up to 400 electrons per laser pulse. We infer a normalized emittance of <0.20  nm  rad and a normalized peak brightness of >1.2×10^{12}  A m^{-2} sr^{-1}. The properties of these tips are encouraging for their use as laser-triggered electron sources in applications such as ultrafast electron microscopy as well as diffraction and novel photonics-based laser accelerators.

The p75 neurotrophin receptor is required for the survival of neuronal progenitors and normal formation of the basal forebrain, striatum, thalamus and neocortex

During development, the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75^NTR) is widely expressed in the nervous system where it regulates neuronal differentiation, migration and axonal outgrowth. p75^NTR also mediates the survival and death of newly born neurons, with functional outcomes being dependent on both timing and cellular context. Here, we show that knockout of p75^NTR from embryonic day 10 (E10) in neural progenitors using a conditional Nestin-Cre p75^NTR floxed mouse causes increased apoptosis of progenitor cells. By E14.5, the number of Tbr2-positive progenitor cells was significantly reduced and the rate of neurogenesis was halved. Furthermore, in adult knockout mice, there were fewer cortical pyramidal neurons, interneurons, cholinergic basal forebrain neurons and striatal neurons, corresponding to a relative reduction in volume of these structures. Thalamic midline fusion during early postnatal development was also impaired in Nestin-Cre p75^NTR floxed mice, indicating a novel role for p75^NTR in the formation of this structure. The phenotype of this strain demonstrates that p75^NTR regulates multiple aspects of brain development, including cortical progenitor cell survival, and that expression during early neurogenesis is required for appropriate formation of telencephalic structures.

[Amendment to the documentation of decisions to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining therapies in consideration of wish to donate organs : Recommendation of the Ethics Section and the Organ Donation and Transplantation Section of the German Interdisciplinary Association of Critical Care and Emergency Medicine (DIVI) in collaboration with the Ethics Section of the German Society of Medical Intensive Care Medicine and Emergency Medicine (DGIIN)]

The Ethics Section of the German Interdisciplinary Association of Critical Care and Emergency Medicine (DIVI) recently published a documentation for decisions to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining therapies. The wish to donate organs was not considered explicitly. Therefore the Ethics Section and the Organ Donation and Transplantation Section of the DIVI together with the Ethics Section of the German Society of Medical Intensive Care Medicine and Emergency Medicine worked out a supplementary footnote for the documentation form to address the individual case of a patient's wish to donate organs.

Methylation of L1RE1, RARB, and RASSF1 function as possible biomarkers for the differential diagnosis of lung cancer

Background

Lung cancer is the major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Differential diagnosis can be difficult, especially when only small samples are available. Epigenetic changes are frequently tissue-specific events in carcinogenesis and hence may serve as diagnostic biomarkers.

Material and methods

138 representative formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues (116 lung cancer cases and 22 benign controls) were used for targeted DNA methylation analysis via pyrosequencing of ten literature-derived methylation markers (APC, CDH1, CDKN2A, EFEMP1, FHIT, L1RE1, MGMT, PTEN, RARB, and RASSF1). Methylation levels were analyzed with the Classification and Regression Tree Algorithm (CART), Conditional Interference Trees (ctree) and ROC. Validation was performed with additional 27 lung cancer cases and 38 benign controls. TCGA data for 282 lung cancer cases was included in the analysis.

Results

CART and ctree analysis identified the combination of L1RE1 and RARB as well as L1RE1 and RASSF1 as independent methylation markers with high discriminative power between tumor and benign tissue (for each combination, 91% specificity and 100% sensitivity). L1RE1 methylation associated significantly with tumor type and grade (p<0.001) with highest methylation in the control group. The opposite was found for RARB (p<0.001). RASSF1 methylation increased with tumor type and grade (p<0.001) with strongest methylation in neuroendocrine tumors (NET).

Conclusion

Hypomethylation of L1RE1 is frequent in tumors compared to benign controls and associates with higher grade, whereas increasing methylation of RARB is an independent marker for tumors and higher grade. RASSF1 hypermethylation was frequent in tumors and most prominent in NET making it an auxiliary marker for separation of NSCLC and NET. L1RE1 in combination with either RARB or RASSF1 could function as biomarkers for separating lung cancer and non-cancerous tissue and could be useful for samples of limited size such as biopsies.

Characterization of exosomes from body fluids of dairy cows

Exosomes are a specific subpopulation of extracellular vesicles that are widely released by cells of different origins with divergent functions that make their way into body fluids that can be conveniently sampled. In the current study, we isolated and evaluated exosomes from concurrently collected samples of milk, plasma, saliva, and urine from a group of 6 pregnant Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (aged 7 mo, 174 to 203 d of gestation). The cows had BCS of 3.5 to 5.25 (on a scale of 1 to 10), and the milk production for the season to the time of sampling ranged between 5,118 and 6,959 kg. The low levels of extracellular vesicles in saliva and urine (more than 86% fewer compared to the extracellular vesicles in milk and plasma) precluded further detailed evaluation since utility for diagnostics was deemed unlikely. In exosomes isolated from milk and plasma, size distribution, morphology, and the presence of exosome markers was confirmed by nanoparticle tracking analysis, electron microscopy, and Western blot. In addition, a targeted proteomic approach using the quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer was also used in the study to screen for the exosome marker (e.g., Tumor susceptibility gene 101). Following confirmation of the presence of exosomes, the proteomic profiles of milk and plasma exosomes were evaluated using information-dependent acquisition-mediated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The milk exosomes contain proteins that differed greatly from the plasma exosomes, with only 8 similar proteins harbored in both the milk and plasma exosomes. The milk and plasma exosomes were found to contain proteins (e.g., immunoglobulin J chain and α2 macroglobulin) associated with specific biological processes and molecular functions. Hence, the fluid of origin required for exosome analysis will be dependent on the specific information needed. In conclusion, isolated exosomes from milk and plasma samples collected at the same time point from the same dairy cows encapsulated different profiles of proteins associated with different biological processes and molecular functions.